SCIENCE DEPARTMENT

YEAR 12 BIOLOGY

MAKE UP CAT EXAMIMNATION

TERM 2, 2022/2023

TIME: 1 HOUR

CANDIDATE NAME………………………………………………………………………….

YEAR GROUP…………………………………………………………………………………

DATE OF EXAMINATION……………………………………………………………………

SUBJECT TEACHER(S)……………………………………………………………………….

Instructions to Candidates________________________________________________________

 Use black or blue ink or ball-point pen.

 You may use a pencil for any diagrams or graphs.
 Answer all questions in the spaces provided on the question paper.
 You should show all your working on the question paper.
 The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.
 Total marks 55

Advice to Candidates____________________________________________________________

 Write your answers neatly and legibly.

©November2022. www.nairobiacademy.or.ke

32 Which blood vessels carry blood into the atria?

1 coronary artery
2 vena cava
3 pulmonary artery
4 pulmonary vein

A 1 and 2 B 1 and 3 C 2 and 3 D 2 and 4

33 Which statements about the cardiac cycle are correct?
1 The atrioventricular valves close during atrial systole.
2 The left and right ventricles contract together.
3 There is a time delay as the electrical impulse passes from the atrioventricular node to the sinoatrial node.
4 Electrical impulses pass along the Purkyne tissue to the ventricles.

A 1, 2 and 3 B 1, 3 and 4 C 2 and 4 D 3 and 4 only

34 At one point in the cardiac cycle, the pressure in the right ventricle is lower than that in the right
atrium and lower than that in the pulmonary artery.

Which row is correct?

35 Which statements about the formation of haemoglobinic acid are correct?

1 It is linked to the action of carbonic anhydrase.

2 It prevents blood from becoming too acidic by removing excess hydrogen ions.
3 It can only occur when oxygen associates with haemoglobin.

A 1, 2 and 3 B 1 and 2 only C 1 only D 2 and 3 only

36 The graph shows the dissociation curves for haemoglobin at two different partial pressures of
carbon dioxide.

At which position on the graph would most chloride ions be found in the red blood cells?

37 Oedema is caused by the accumulation of tissue fluid around body cells.

What would increase the amount of tissue fluid around body cells?
A lower blood pressure than normal
B lower blood plasma protein concentration than normal
C higher blood plasma protein concentration than normal
D lower tissue fluid protein concentration than normal

9700/13/O/N/22
32 The photomicrograph shows a blood smear.

Which cell is a monocyte?

33 The table shows some information about three blood vessels, P, Q and R, from a mammal.

Which row identifies blood vessels P, Q and R?

34 Ventricular septal defect (VSD) is a heart defect that people can have from birth. People with
VSD have a hole in the wall (septum) that separates the left and right ventricles.
What could happen in a person with VSD?
1 Blood will leak through the hole, mostly from right to left.
2 The volume of blood circulating through the lungs will be higher than in a person
without VSD.
3 Less oxygen will be delivered to the body tissues.
A 1, 2 and 3 B 1 and 2 only C 1 and 3 only D 2 and 3 only
35 Which statement about the structure of the heart is correct?
A The semilunar valves close when the pressure in the ventricles falls lower than the pressure
in the arteries.
B A muscle called the septum separates the atria from the ventricles.
C There is a small patch of tissue in the right atrium that acts to delay the electrical impulse.
D Closure of valves in the veins prevents backflow of blood into the ventricles.

36 What can be found in the wall of an alveolus in the lungs of a human?

37 What are the functions of cilia in the gas exchange system?

1 to move mucus
2 to trap pathogens and dust
3 to increase the surface area

9700/12/O/N/22

1 Artery walls can resist high pressure.

2 Arteries pump blood out of the heart.
3 Blood in arteries has the same flow rate as in veins.
4 The pulse in arteries is the result of a surge in blood that causes expansion of the
artery wall.
5 There are semilunar valves at the junction of arteries with the heart.
A 1, 2 and 4 B 1, 3 and 5 C 1, 4 and 5 D 2, 3 and 4
33 What happens during ventricular systole in a mammalian heart?

1 The atrioventricular node transmits an electrical signal to the apex of the heart.
2 The pressure in the ventricles drops below the pressure in the atria.
3 The atrioventricular valves close and the semilunar valves open.
A 1 and 2 B 1 and 3 C 2 only D 3 only
34 A shortage of protein in the diet of children can lead to a disease that causes excess tissue fluid to build up in
the abdomen.
What explains why a build-up of excess tissue fluid can occur in this disease?
A A shortage of plasma proteins decreases blood water potential; less tissue fluid returns to the
blood.
B A shortage of plasma proteins increases blood water potential; less tissue fluid returns to the
blood.
C A shortage of protein in the diet causes weak cardiac muscle, reducing hydrostatic pressure.
D A shortage of protein in the tissue fluid decreases its water potential; more water leaves the
blood.

35 Red blood cells may contain a molecule known as 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG).

When 2,3-BPG binds to haemoglobin, a higher partial pressure of oxygen is needed to bring
about 50% saturation of haemoglobin with oxygen.
Which statements about the effect of 2,3-BPG are correct?
1 2,3-BPG in red blood cells causes the oxygen dissociation curve to shift to the right.
2 The binding of 2,3-BPG to haemoglobin reduces the Bohr effect.
3 The binding of 2,3-BPG to haemoglobin lowers the affinity of the haemoglobin for
oxygen.
4 When 2,3-BPG is not present, oxyhaemoglobin is less likely to unload oxygen.

A 1 and 2 B 1 and 3 C 2 and 3 D 3 and 4

36 Carbon dioxide is continually produced by respiring cells. It diffuses into red blood cells and
dissociates into hydrogen ions (H+) and hydrogen carbonate ions (HCO3–). HCO3– then diffuses
out of the cell in exchange for chloride ions (Cl –) in the chloride shift.
What is the importance of the chloride shift?
A It helps to maintain a neutral pH in the red blood cell by acting as a buffer.
B It maintains a balance of positive and negative charge between the cell and the plasma.
C It causes the oxygen dissociation curve to shift to the left, releasing more oxygen.
D It prevents carbon dioxide combining with haemoglobin, allowing haemoglobin to combine
with oxygen.
37 The photomicrograph shows a section through a bronchus.
Which annotated label is correct
9700/11/O/N/22

2 Fig. 2.1 is a simplified diagram of the human circulatory system

(a) (i) State why the human circulatory system is described as a closed, double circulation.
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(ii) Identify blood vessel Q and blood vessel R, shown in Fig. 2.1.
Q .......................................................................................................................................
R ........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(iii) Blood leaving the heart passes through valves before it enters blood vessel R.
Describe the differences between the structure of blood vessel Q and the structure of
blood vessel R. Do not refer to valves in your answer.
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9700/21/O/N/22

1 The mammalian circulatory system is adapted for the long-distance transport of the respiratory
gases, oxygen and carbon dioxide.
The system is described as a closed double circulation.
(a) Name:
• the two different circulations of the double circulatory system of mammals
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• the main vein returning deoxygenated blood to the heart.
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[3]
(b) In a closed circulation, blood is kept within vessels at all times.
Name the type of blood vessel that connects capillaries and veins.
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(c) Fig. 1.1 is a diagram of a section through the heart.
On Fig. 1.1:
• add a label line and the letter L to show the artery that takes blood from the heart to
the lungs
• add a label line and the letter R to show the valve that closes when the right ventricle is
in systole. [2]

(d) The entry of carbon dioxide into red blood cells results in the production of hydrogencarbonate
ions. This involves the enzyme carbonic anhydrase.
Complete the passage summarising the production of hydrogencarbonate ions by:
• writing the correct biological term in the spaces provided
• writing the molecular formula for two of the terms in the spaces in brackets.

Carbonic anhydrase has an overall spherical shape and is known as a

............................................... protein. The enzyme acts within the cell so can be described
as an ............................................... enzyme. When blood passes into the capillary network
through actively respiring tissues, carbon dioxide (CO2) diffuses into red blood cells and
carbonic anhydrase catalyses a reaction where ............................................... (.................)
is combined with CO2 to form ............................................... (H2CO3), which rapidly forms
............................................... ions (.................) and hydrogencarbonate ions (HCO3–). [5]
[Total: 11]
4 The airways of the gas exchange system are lined with epithelium. Gradual changes in the
structural features of this epithelium occur as the airways branch and become increasingly narrow.
(a) Table 4.1 shows the changes that occur in the number of goblet cells in the epithelium of the different
structures of the gas exchange system.
Table 4.1
Goblet cells produce mucus, which is important in maintaining the health of the airways.
The smallest bronchioles closest to the alveoli are known as respiratory bronchioles.
Suggest and explain why respiratory bronchioles do not have any goblet cells.
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............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(b) Fig. 4.1 is a photomicrograph of a section through a bronchiole, which is surrounded
by alveoli.

(i) There are structural differences between the epithelium of the bronchiole and the
epithelium of an alveolus.
Describe the differences between the epithelium of bronchioles and the epithelium of
alveoli, other than differences in the number of goblet cells.
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..................................................................................................................................... [3]
(ii) Tissue X, shown in Fig. 4.1, is located in the wall of the bronchiole.
 Name tissue X and outline the function of tissue X in the bronchiole.
tissue X = ........................................................
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..................................................................................................................................... [3]
[Total: 8]
9700/22/O/N/22
6 Fig. 6.1 shows some of the events that occur when a red blood cell flows through a capillary in the lungs.

Fig. 6.1
(a) State why there are transport proteins in the membranes of red blood cells to allow the
movement of hydrogencarbonate ions (HCO3–) and chloride ions (Cl –).
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) Fig. 6.1 shows that chloride ions move out of the red blood cells.

Explain why this movement is necessary when red blood cells flow through capillaries in
the lungs.
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...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(c) State why carbon dioxide molecules diffuse from the red blood cells into the plasma.
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............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(d) State the name of the compound indicated by X.
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............................................................................................................................................. [1]
[Total: 4]
9700/23/O/N/22