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Lec3 Single Stage PDF
Lec3 Single Stage PDF
•Basic Concepts
•Common Source Stage
•Source Follower
•Common Gate Stage
•Cascode Stage
Hassan Aboushady
University of Paris VI
References
1
Single Stage Amplifiers
•Basic Concepts
•Common Source Stage
•Source Follower
•Common Gate Stage
•Cascode Stage
Hassan Aboushady
University of Paris VI
Basic Concepts I
In this lecture:
• Low frequency behavior of single stage CMOS amplifiers:
• Common Source, Common Gate, Source Follower, ...
• Large and small signal analysis.
• We begin with a simple model and gradually add 2nd order effects
2
Approximation of a nonlinear system
3
Single Stage Amplifiers
•Basic Concepts
•Common Source Stage
•Source Follower
•Common Gate Stage
•Cascode Stage
Hassan Aboushady
University of Paris VI
Vout = VDD − RD I D
µ nCox W
M1 in the saturation region: Vout = VDD − RD (Vin − VTH ) 2
2 L
µC W
M1 in limit of saturation: Vin1 − VTH = VDD − RD n ox (Vin1 − VTH ) 2
2 L
M1 in the W ⎡ 2
Vout ⎤
Vout = VDD − RD µ nCox (V − V )V
⎢ in TH out − ⎥
linear region: L 2 ⎦
⎣
H. Aboushady University of Paris VI
4
Common Source Stage with Resistive Load
5
Example 1
Sketch ID and gm of M1 as a function of the Vin:
µ nCox W W⎡ Vout2
⎤
ID = (Vin − VTH ) 2 I D = µ nCox ⎢(Vin1 − VTH )Vout − ⎥
2 L L⎣ 2 ⎦
∂I W ∂I W
g m = D = µ nCox (Vin − VTH ) g m = D = µ nCox Vout
∂VGS L ∂VGS L
VDD
Vout =
W
1 + µ nCox RD (Vin − VTH )
H. Aboushady L University of Paris VI
Av = − g m RD
W V
Av = − 2 µ nCox I D RD
L ID
W VRD
Av = − 2 µ nCox
L ID
How to increase Av ?
Trade-offs:
6
Taking Channel Length Modulation into account
Calculating Av starting from the Large Signal Equations:
µ nCox W
Vout = VDD − RD (Vin − VTH ) 2 (1 + λVout )
2 L
∂Vout W
Av = = − RD µ nCox (Vin − VTH )(1 + λVout )
∂Vin L
µ nCox W ∂Vout
− RD (Vin − VTH ) 2 λ
2 L ∂Vin
Av = − RD g m − RD I D λ Av
RD g m λ I D = 1 / rO rO RD
Av = − Av = − g m
1 + RD λ I D rO + RD
7
Example 2
Assuming M1 biased in saturation,
calculate the small signal voltage gain :
Av = − g m rO
µ nCox W
I D1 = (Vin − VTH ) 2 (1 + λVout ) = I1
2 L
• Constant Current:
As Vin increases, Vout must decrease such that the
product remains constant
H. Aboushady University of Paris VI
8
CS with Source Degeneration
Large Signal model: Small Signal model:
∂I ∂I ∂VGS
Gm = D = D
∂Vin ∂VGS ∂Vin
VGS = Vin − I D RS
∂VGS ∂I
= 1 − D RS
∂Vin ∂Vin
⎛
∂I D ∂I ⎞
Gm = ⎜⎜1 − RS D ⎟⎟ ∂I D
∂VGS ∂Vin ⎠ ID g mV1
⎝ gm = Gm = =
∂VGS Vin V1 + g mV1RS
Gm = g m (1 − RS Gm )
gm gm
Gm = Av = −Gm RD Gm =
1 + g m RS 1 + g m RS
g m RD
Av = −
1 + g m RS
H. Aboushady University of Paris VI
gm 1
Gm = = for RS >> 1 / g m Gm ≈ 1 / RS
1 + g m RS 1 / g m + RS
I out g m rO
Gm = =
Vin RS + [1 + ( g m + g mb ) RS ]rO
9
With and Without Source Degeneration
g m rO
Gm =
1 + [1 + ( g m + g mb ) RS ]rO
RS = 0 RS ≠ 0
g m RD RD
Av = − =−
1 + g m RS 1 / g m + RS
Example:
RD
Av = −
1 / g m1 + 1 / g m 2
10
Output Resistance of Degenerated CS
V1 = − I X RS
The current flowing in rO :
I X − ( g m + g mb )V1
= I X + ( g m + g mb ) RS I X
VX = rO [ I X + ( g m + g mb ) RS I X ] + I X RS
VX
Rout = = rO [1 + ( g m + g mb ) RS ] + RS
IX
Rout = [1 + ( g m + g mb )rO ]RS + rO
Vout g m rO RD
=−
H. Aboushady
Vin RD + RS + rO + ( g m + g mb ) RS rO University of Paris VI
11
Voltage Gain of Degenerated CS
Vout g m rO RD
=−
Vin RD + RS + rO + ( g m + g mb ) RS rO
Vout g m rO RD [ RS + rO + ( g m + g mb ) RS rO ]
=−
Vin RS + [1 + ( g m + g mb ) RS ]rO RD + RS + rO + ( g m + g mb ) RS rO
Vout
= Gm (Rout // RD )
Vin
Lemma:
Av = −Gm Rout
12
Single Stage Amplifiers
•Basic Concepts
•Common Source Stage
•Source Follower
•Common Gate Stage
•Cascode Stage
Hassan Aboushady
University of Paris VI
M1 turns on in saturation:
Vout = I D RS
µ nCox W
Vout = (Vin − Vout − VTH ) 2 RS
2 L
To calculate gm :
∂Vout W ∂V ∂V
= µ nCox (Vin − Vout − VTH )(1 − out − TH ) RS
∂Vin L ∂Vin ∂Vin
Since, (
VTH = VTH 0 + γ 2ΦF + VSB − 2ΦF )
∂ VTH ∂ VTH ∂ VSB γ ∂ VSB
= =
∂ Vin ∂ VSB ∂ Vin 2 2ΦF + VSB ∂ Vin
∂ Vout
=η
H. Aboushady
∂ Vin University of Paris VI
13
Source Follower Voltage Gain
∂Vout W ∂V ∂V
= µ nCox (Vin − Vout − VTH )(1 − out − TH ) RS
∂Vin L ∂Vin ∂Vin
∂Vout W ∂V ∂V
= µ nCox (Vin − Vout − VTH )(1 − out − η out ) RS
∂Vin L ∂Vin ∂Vin
W
∂Vout
µ nCox (Vin − Vout − VTH ) RS
= L
∂Vin 1 + µ C W (V − V − V ) R (1 + η )
n ox in out TH S
L
W
We also have, g m = µ nCox (Vin − Vout − VTH )
L
g m RS
Av =
1 + ( g m + g mb ) RS
Vout g m RS
Av = =
Vin 1 + ( g m + g mb ) RS
Since: g mb = η g m
1
Av ≈
(1 + η )
14
Source Follower Output Resistance
Rout : the output resistance when the input voltage is set to zero.
V1 = VBS = −VX
VX 1
I X − g mVX − g mbVX = 0 Rout = =
I X g m + g mb
1 1 1
Rout = // =
g m g mb g m + g mb
15
Source Follower Thévenin Equivalent
1
g mb gm
Av = =
1 1 g m + g mb
+
g m g mb
1
// rO1 // rO 2 // RL
g mb
Av =
1 1
// rO1 // rO 2 // RL +
g mb gm
16
Source Follower Characteristics
+ High input impedance and Moderate output impedance
- Nonlinearity - Limited voltage swing
Example:
VTH α VSB
RL AvCS ≈ − g m RL
AvSF ≈
RL + 1 / g m
Assuming RL=1/gm
AvSF ≈ 1 / 2 AvCS ≈ −1
17
Single Stage Amplifiers
•Basic Concepts
•Common Source Stage
•Source Follower
•Common Gate Stage
•Cascode Stage
Hassan Aboushady
University of Paris VI
Assuming M1 in saturation:
µ nCox W
Vout = VDD − (Vb − Vin − VTH ) 2 RD
2 L
∂Vout W ⎛ ∂V ⎞
= − µ n Cox (Vb − Vin − VTH )⎜⎜ − 1 − TH ⎟⎟ RD
∂Vin L ⎝ ∂Vin ⎠
∂Vout W
= µ n Cox (Vb − Vin − VTH )(1 + η )RD
∂Vin L
Av = g m (1 + η ) RD
H. Aboushady University of Paris VI
18
Common Gate Stage Input Resistance
1
Rin =
g m + g mb
Body Effect:
• increases Av
• decreases Rin
Vout
The current through RS is equal to -Vout / RD : V1 − RS + Vin = 0
RD
The current through rO is equal to -Vout / RD - gmV1 - gmbV1 :
⎛ −V ⎞ V
rO ⎜⎜ out − g mV1 − g mbV1 ⎟⎟ − out RS + Vin = Vout
⎝ RD ⎠ RD
⎡ −V ⎛ R ⎞⎤ V
rO ⎢ out − ( g m + g mb )⎜⎜Vout S − Vin ⎟⎟⎥ − out RS + Vin = Vout
⎣ RD ⎝ RD ⎠⎦ RD
H. Aboushady University of Paris VI
19
Common Gate Gain
Common Gate Amplifier:
( g m + g mb )rO + 1
AvCG = RD
RD + RS + rO + ( g m + g mb )rO RS
Since V1 = -VX :
VX = RD I X + rO [I X − ( g m + g mb )VX ]
VX RD + rO
=
I X 1 + ( g m + g mb )rO
RD 1
Rin ≈ +
( g m + g mb )rO ( g m + g mb )
• Assume RD = 0 : • Replace RD by ideal current source:
1
Rin = Rin = ∞
1 / rO + ( g m + g mb )
20
Common Gate Stage Output Impedance
•Basic Concepts
•Common Source Stage
•Source Follower
•Common Gate Stage
•Cascode Stage
Hassan Aboushady
University of Paris VI
21
Biasing of a Cascode Stage
The cascade of CS stage and a CG stage is called “cascode”.
M1 : the input device
M2 : the cascode device
Biasing conditions:
• M1 in saturation:
VX = Vb − VGS 2
Vb − VGS 2 ≥ Vin − VTH 1
Vb ≥ Vin + VGS 2 − VTH 1
• M2 in saturation:
Vout − VX ≥ Vb − VX − VTH 2
Vout ≥ Vin − VTH 1 + VGS 2 − VTH 2
Output Resistance:
• Same common source stage with
a degeneration resistor equal to rO1
Rout = [1 + ( g m 2 + g mb 2 )rO 2 ]rO1 + rO 2
Rout ≈ ( g m 2 + g mb 2 )rO 2 rO1
• M2 boosts the output impedance of M1
by a factor of gmr02
22
Cascode Stage Voltage Gain
Av = −Gm Rout
Gm ≈ g m1
Shielding Property
Assume VX is higher than VY by ∆V.
Calculate the resulting difference between ID1 and ID2 (with λ ≠ 0 ).
µ nCox W
I D1 − I D 2 = (Vb − VTH ) 2 (λVDS 1 − λVDS 2 )
2 L
µC W
I D1 − I D 2 = n ox (Vb − VTH ) 2 (λ ∆VDS )
2 L
rO1 ∆V
∆VPQ = ∆V ≈
[1 + ( g m 3 + g mb3 )rO 3 ]rO1 + rO 3 ( g m3 + g mb 3 )rO 3
µ nCox W λ ∆V
I D1 − I D 2 = (Vb − VTH ) 2
2 L ( g m3 + g mb 3 )rO 3
23
Folded Cascode
M1 M2
RS rO1 // rO3
24