Tissue and Blood Leishmania Leishmania Trypanosoma brucei Trypanosoma brucei

Leishmania donovani Trypanosoma cruzi

flagellates braziliensis tropica gambiense rhodesiense
*L. tropica major
*L donovani infantum
& L. tropica
(O.W) *L. braziliensis Previously known as:
Synonym aethiopica (O.W.)
*L. donovani chagasi complex Schizotrypanum cruzi
*L. Mexicana
(N.W)
(N.W.)

Kala-Azar disease Chiclero ulcer

Dum-dum fever Pian bois Oriental sore
Common/Local West African sleeping East African sleeping
Black disease Espundia Jericho boil Chaga’s disease
name sickness sickness
American UTA Delhi boil
Leishmaniasis Aleppo boil
Mucocutaneous Cutaneous American (chronic) African (acute) African
Pathogenesis Visceral Leishmaniasis
Leishmaniasis Leishmaniasis trypanosomiasis trypanosomiasis trypanosomiasis
Africa, M.E.,
India, Sudan,
India, Kenya,
Bangladesh, N.Asia , Brazil, Costa Rica, Latin, South, Central Tsetse belt of Africa: West Tsetse belt of Africa: East
Endemic locations Afghanistan,
M.E, S.Europe, NW Paraguay, Panama America and Central and South
Uzbekistan,
Africa, S.America
Armenia
10 days or 2 to 4
Incubation period
months
(amastigotes)
RES of the visceral Skin and mucous
Reticuloendothelial cells
organs: spleen, liver, membrane
RES and lymphoid in the liver and spleen Reticular and connective tissue spaces of organs, esp.
Habitat mesenteric lymph Cartilaginous and
tissue cells and lymphatic cells in spleen and lymph nodes; cerebrospinal fluid
nodes, and bone soft tissues of the
cardiac, smooth and
marrow nasal system
skeletal muscles
Vector
Triatomine/ Reduviid Tsetse fly (Glossina Tsetse fly (Glossina
(intermediate Sand fly (phlebotomus spp.) Lutzomyia
bug palpalis) morsitans)
insect host)
Infected form to
Promastigote Metacyclic trypomastigote
MAN
Infected form to
Amastigote Typ. trypomastigote
Vector
Flat ulcerated
Chagoma (local
Enlarged visceral lesions, Red, papule
inflammation),
organs esp. liver and degeneration of the infection @ the Chancre, Winterbottom’s sign
Romaña’s sign (swelling
Symptoms spleen, edema, cartiagenous and site of infection, (swollen lymph nodes), heart involvement, sleepiness,
of preauricular lymph
extreme soft tissues of the lesions like a menignoencephalitis
node, conjunctiva of the
hepatosplenomegaly buccal and nasal volcano, myiasis
eye, edema of eyelids)
system
Laboratory iD Tissue biopsy, serology Thick and Thin Blood smears, Tissue biopsy, serology
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Specimen source Bone marrow, spleen, lymph node Blood, tissue

(isolation) NNN Tissue biopsy from
Slit skin smear, Novi-Nicolle-McNeal Wet preparation with Giemsa or field stain (motile
culture, serodiagnosis, the lesion, PCR, Q.
Diagnosis PCR, Q. buffy coat culture, xenodiagnosis, tryp.), Thick and thin blood smears with Field stain, Q.
Q. buffy coat and buffy coat and
and smear ELISA, IFA buffy coat tech.
smear smear
Stibogluconate and Meglumine Nifurtimox and
Treatment Miltefosine Pentamidine & Suramin ( Early stage) ; Melarsoprol
Pentamidine antimonite Beznidole
(LAB) Amastigote (splenic smear stained with Geimsa)
Leishmania donovani Leishmania Leishmania Trypanosoma brucei Trypanosoma brucei
Trypanosoma cruzi
braziliensis tropica gambiense rhodesiense
Blue or violet
Cytoplasm (vacuolated with short Vacuolated with short axoneme Granulated and with vacuoles
axoneme)
1 large nucleus,
(deeply stained) with
Nucleus Small nucleus with large kinetoplast
rod-shaped
kinetoplast
Shape Round/ovoid Round/ovoid Spheroid
Size 2-3 um 2.5-5.0 um 1.5-4.0 um
(LAB) Trypomastigote ( Peripheral blood smear stained with Geimsa)
Leishmania Leishmania Trypanosoma brucei Trypanosoma brucei
Leishmania donovani Trypanosoma cruzi
braziliensis tropica gambiense rhodesiense
Cytoplasm Bluish
Red/purple stain with
Large, oval nucleus with central karyosome, kinetoplast
Nucleus red/purple dot
posterior
kinetoplast @ posterior
Spindle shaped (C-
Shape shaped); posterior end Long, slender
pointed
Size 16-20 um 15-35 um by 1.5-4.0 um
locomotion Corkscrew, rapid Wavy, spiral motion
flagellum @ anterior &
originates from
Flagellum kinetoplast following Conspicuous undulating membrane
with undulating
membrane

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Iodamoeba Entamoeba Entamoeba Naegleria Blastocystis

Amoeba Entamoeba coli Endolimax nana
buetschlii histolytica gingivalis fowleri hominis
Common Dwarf intestinal Iodine cyst of
name bug Wenyon
Amoeba coli,
Entamoeba
Entamoeba tetragena, Amoeba
Amoeba coli,
williamsi, Entamoeba gingivalis,
Endamoeba Entamoeba
Entamoeba dispar, Amoeba Amoeba
Synonym hominis, Loschia nana, Endolmax
buestchlii, dysenteriae, buccalis,
coli, Councillmania intestinalis
Endolimax Endamoeba Entamoeba
iafleuri
williamsi histolytica, buccalis
Endamoeba
dysenteriae
Non-
Pathogenesis Non-pathogenic Amoebiasis
pathogenic
Host Man Man, swine Man
Mouth; in
pyorrhoea
pockets
Lumen of the large intestine (caecum), sometimes in the colon, Feeds on
Habitat between
bacteria and other protozoa
teeth, gums
and tonsil
crypts
Cosmopolitan; Worldwide; less
Geographic Worldwide; Worldwide;
warm climate common than Cosmopolitan
dist. usually tropics usually tropics
countries E.coli or E.nana
Each all have 5 stages: (cyst,metacyst, metacystic trophozoite, trophozoite, Trophozoite
Morphology
precyst) only
Mode of Droplet spray
Ingestion of mature cyst in contaminated food and water
transm. from mouth
amoebic
dysentery,
Symptoms/ May cause
amoebic
disease Gingivitis,
hepatitis, liver
abscess

3
Demonst. of

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Diagnosis stool examination; Fecal smear (direct/stained to reveal heavy infections)
troph. In
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scrapings from
the mouth
Infected
form to man
intestinal
amoebae
*E.nana cysts
*survives
undergo Tissue invading
petrification
desiccation and Most common amoeba
*First described by
putrefaction; amoeba to Third most
Lewis (1870)
Other info. *troph.stage is swine (maybe common cause Atrial amoeba
*Fecal
difficult to the original of parasitic
examination:
differentiate host) death in the
diarrheic- troph.
with world
Semi-formed-
E.histolytica ;
troph and cyst
Well formed- cyst
(LAB) Trophozoite
Iodamoeba Entamoeba Entamoeba Naegleria Blastocystis
Entamoeba coli Endolimax nana
buetschlii histolytica gingivalis fowleri hominis
5-35 um (ave.
Size 15-50 um 6-15 um 6-25 um
10-20 um)
Condensed,
Shape Irregular Irregular irregular
round mass
(IH prep.)
Grayish violet; Definite zone
(IH prep.)
no clear of
Greyish violet,
distinction (IH prep.) demarcation
highly
Cytoplasm between Granular & between clear
vacuolated with
ectoplasm and vacuolated ectoplasm and
ingested
endoplasm granulated
bacteria
(highly endoplasm
vacuolated)
Mono nucleated; 1 small nucleus ((IH prep.) 2-4 um
Spherical, with large Mon nucleated Spherical lined
Nucleus surrounded by eccentrically ;spherical with with closely

4
thick nuclear centered large, eccentric packed

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membrane; with karyosome densely chromatin
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large, connected to chromatic granules with

eccentrically achromatic karyosome with well defined
centered strands to the unstained karyosome
karyosome nuclear ‘halo’; nuclear with
membrane membrane’s achromatic
devoid of threads to the
chromatic nuclear
granules memb.
Slow, slug-like
locomotion sluggish Slow Quick motility
motility
Nucleus is lined
with coarse short, blunt
Encystment
chromatin hyaline
short, blunt does not
granules; pseudopodia;
Other features hyaline occur.
vacuoles ONLY have large
pseudopodia; Multiple
CONTAINS glycogen
pseudopodia
BACTERIA—no vacuoles
RBC
(LAB) CYST
Iodamoeba Entamoeba Entamoeba Naegleria Blastocystis
Entamoeba coli Endolimax nana
buetschlii histolytica gingivalis fowleri hominis
Size 10-33 um 6-10 um 6-25 um
Shape spherical ovoid Irregular
(IH prep.)
(IH prep.) (IH prep.)
Granular,
Greyish violet, Greyish violet,
greyish violet
granular, with granular, with
with smooth,
definite cystic definite cystic
definite cystic
wall wall
wall
(NSS prep.) (NSS prep.)
Cytoplasm (NSS prep.)
colorless Colorless
Colorless
cytoplasm with cytoplasm with
cytoplasm with
refractile cystic Refractile cyst
Refractile cyst
wall wall
wall

5
(I2 prep.) (I2 prep.)
(I2 prep.)

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yellowish brown Yellowish
Yellowish
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brown
(immature cyst)
(mature cyst) 1-8
1-2 nuclei with
nuclei (rarely 18- Mono- or bi-
chromatid
Nucleus 32); chromatoid nucleated; (IH
strands
bodies are prep.)- visible
(mature cyst) 4
irregular
nuclei, rarely 8
(IH prep. And (IH & NSS prep.)
NSS prep.) with Unstained large
unstained Typical cysts are glycogen
Other features glycogen mass found in stained vacuole
( I2 prep.) dark fecal films ( I2 prep.) dark
brown glycogen brown glycogen
v. v.

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