Professional Documents
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2
Objectives
• Generating continuous HFU (Lithofacies & Permeability) at well location for
cored and uncored Intervals/or wells (Prediction) using core data (RCA and
SCAL)
HFU for Cored Intervals
Prediction Algorithms
Core Data Continuous K (mD)
Continuous HFU
3
Data Availability
Logs
Conventional: NPHI, RHOB, DT, GR, Resistivity, CALI
Calculated: SW, PHIE, Lithology Volumes
• Well logs are 1D with measurements being made very
close to borehole
• Must extrapolate
4
Core Data Uncertainty
6
RockTyping Concepts
7
PetroFacies (ElectroFacies) Concept
8
Petrofacies Example
Core
PetroFacies
Photos
PF1
PF2
Clay Content
PF3
PF4
9
RRT Definition (Archie, 1950)
• Similar PC profile
rock type)
10
Definitions
Rocks with common Lithology, grain size & texture which related to
the depositional environment
11
Permeability Calculation Example
Winland/Pittman
(1992)
RQI/ FZI
(Amaefule 1993)
Graphic Methods
13
Winland & Pittman Method
14
HFU Pore Throat Radius
@ R35 PORT
HFU1 R35 = 1 μm
HFU2 R35 = 3 μm
Dan J. Hartmann
15
Poro-Perm Regression Equations
Equation Modified
y = (1014*(FZI**2)*(x**3))/(1-x)**2
Perm = (1014*(FZI**2)*(CPOR**3)) /(1-CPOR)**2
These equations can be shown graphically on a standard poro-perm chart, and can be
applied to a log derived porosity to create a log derived permeability.
The permeability data is then used in several ways: flow estimation, height function
calculations and upscaled for use in the reservoir model.
16
RQI/FZI Method
Run the FZI Interactive Charts Generate phi-K Equations Poro-Perm Regression Equations
to help identify trends in the
core data
18
Capillary Pressure
(Reservoir Condition)
19
PC Applications
• Saturation-height models
• Original saturations
• Problems with resistivity logs
• Swirr and Sro determinations
• Derivation of free water level (FWL)
• Differences in contacts between wells
20
Migration & Reservoir Fill
Reservoir rocks are initially filled with formation water and are assumed to
be water wet 21
Cont. Migration & Reservoir Fill
22
Capillary and Buoyancy Pressure
PC Pb
24
Reservoir Heterogeneous Pore System
25
Reservoir Water Pore System
Depth
PC/HAFWL
Pressure
0 1 FWL (PC=0)
Water Saturation
The reservoir start fill so the buoyancy pressure increases and is balanced
by the capillary pressure
FWL
Depth
Pressure
PC/HAFWL
0 1 FWL (PC=0)
Water Saturation
Once the entry pressure has been passed, the oil will enter the pore system
and fill the pore spaces connected by the large pore throats, decreasing the
water saturation
28
Pressure and Saturation Development
Depth
FWL
Pressure
PC/HAFWL
0 1 FWL (PC=0)
Water Saturation
A further increase in the buoyancy pressure will result in entry into smaller
pore throats connecting more pore spaces, further decreasing the water
saturation
29
Pressure and Saturation Development
Depth
FWL
Pressure
PC/HAFWL
0 1 FWL (PC=0)
Water Saturation
30
Pressure and Saturation Development
Plateau
Entry Pressure
0 1 FWL (PC=0)
SWi Water Saturation
31
PC/SW During Production
During production the Pc/Sw relationship changes due to water returning to
replace the produced oil, some of which remains trapped in the pore system
forming residual oil pockets
Imbibition:
33
Hydrocarbon / Transition and Water Zones
PC
Transition
Mixed Hydrocarbon Zone
and Water
Production
Chalk 4 mD
Sandstone
8 mD
Sandstone
350 mD