Power rule ( d n

dx
x : )
n n

d n
x = lim
( x+ ∆ x )n−( x )n ∑ (C nr ∙ x n−r ∆ x r )−( x )n ∑ (C nr ∙ x n−r ∆ x r )−( x )n
r =0 r =0
dx ∆ x→ 0 ∆x ¿ lim ¿ lim
∆ x→ 0 ∆x ∆ x→ 0 ∆x
n
(C ∆ x ) +(C ∙ x ∆ x ) + ∑ ( Cr ∙ x ∆ x ) −( x )
n n−0 0 n n−1 1 n n−r r n
0 ∙x 1
r=2
¿ lim
∆ x→ 0 ∆x

(∑ ( )
n
( x n ) + ( n x n−1 ∆ x ) + ( ∆ x2 ) ∆ x ) −( x )
n n +2−r r n
C r +2 ∙ x ( n x n−1 ∆ x ) n−1
r=0 ¿ lim ¿n x
¿ lim ∆ x→ 0 ∆x
∆ x→ 0 ∆x
d n n−1
∴ x =n x
dx

By the power rule: d 1

()
d −1
= x = (−1 ) x (−1 )−1 =−x
dx x dx
−2

{ [ ( )]}( x+ dx) =( x )( 1x )=−1x [ 1x + d ( 1x )]= x+1dx

Graphically :
1 1
− −d
x x 2

d ( 1x )= x+1dx − 1x = ( x )−dx
( x+ dx )
−dx
∴
dx x
= ()
d 1 ( x )( x +dx )
dx
=
−1 −1
= 2
( x ) ( x + dx ) x