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 Discuss the different kinds of law. ((TS) May-16, Q10 | (TS) March-16, Q1
Ans. The different kinds of laws are as follows,
Ans. Law
International Law: International law is a
1.
body of rulesssuitable for the relations among Intenational Law Natlonal Law
states. It is not formulated by any sovereign
authority. It is applicable only in those states of
the world in which it is recognized and accepted. Constitutional Law Ordinary Law

2.
National Law : National law is formulated
and implemented by the sovereign state. It
controls all the people in the state. National Private Law Public Law
law is further classified into two types, they
are constitutional law and ordinary law.
General Law
(1) ConstitutionalLaw:Constitutional law is the Administrative Law
collection of fundamental principles of the
government which is in authority in a state. Common Law
A special constituted body i.e., 'Constituent Statutory Law
Assembly frames this Constitutional law. Flgure: Classiflcatlon of Law
() Ordinary Law: Ordinary law is under constitutional law and is formulated and implemented by
an efficient authority of the state. It describes the relationship between citizens and society,
government and state. Ordinary law is again classified into two types; they are public law and
private law.
(a) Private Law: Private law estimates the relationship among citizens and maintains Jf you
them. It specifies the behaviour of acitizen in the society. It provides freedom to Miss me

citizens to enjoy their rights. Based on this private law,courts settle the private you will get
Bouncer
disputes. It is also referred as civil law.
(b) Public Law: Public law handles the relationships between state and individuals.
It describes the fundamental structure and functions of the state. In contrast to
interference of the state, it includes basic rights of citizens; which must be obeyed
by them. Violation of these rights results in punishment. It is again divided into two types, namely,
administrative law and general law.
Administrative Law : Administrative law smoothens the functioning of administration. It is
formulated by government agencies. It brings discipline among government personnels and
maintains the administrative relations between authorities and citizens. It also differentiates public
officers from privatecitizens.
General Law: The laws except administrative laws are known as General laws. It deals with the
relationship between personal issues of an individual and state. It includes all the laws concerned
with marriage, divorce, contract, etc. It is further classified into two types, they are statutory law
and common law.
Ans.
Polltical Science the state".
Garner, "Political Science begins and ends with
1. According to ).W the scientific study of importance
"Politicalscience is
'According to Robert Dahl,
VIP
2
and influence."
question
of power, authority
the
The scope of politicalscience can be understood from
Scope of Political Science:
following points, dnd Government(Aristotle stated thatman
Respect to the Society, State the establishment
1. . Study of Manwithanimal, but also political animal. Bolitical science deals with
is not only a social
relation between man and society, state and government. functions and nature
ßf
studies varioustheories of origin, evolution,
2. Study of State :Politicalscience citizens.
with the
of the state and its relation science also studies its relation with the government.
Political
tudy of the Government ( programs for welfare of the pegple\ Through this
Government structures the policies, and structure, advantages
science also concentrates on the
Political
government, state gets its objectives.
government.
anddisadvantages of the concerned with the study of various
Political science
Study of Assoclations and Institutions(. with the state.texplains their structure, nature and
institutions and their relation
associations,
also studies the responsibilitý of various voluntary organisations in
function) Political science
political processes.
studigs the rights and duties of citizens.Recently,
duties
Study of Rights and Dutles : Political a l e 6 d t sand
science
rights and civil socioh in this study.
ci
Cvl rights, human studies the issues related to
and Internatlonal Issues Political science
Study of Natlonal klernatiOna-issues like armaments and
naionika tyyitoriat-integrity and t sverctgnty-ont law, international
disarmament balance of power, defence and security studies, internatio al
-organization.
7. Study of Modern Polltlcal Analysis: The modern political science of 20" century /s considered
as the study of sharing and shaping of powe and its execution in everyday politi(sThe modern
political science fcudes the aspects such asdpolitial scialization, participation, elopment,
culture andcommunication.
Study of gmpret Government and Politles : Politicalscience studies the stfucture and
functionalty of various governments and veltionthip aADrg Various political systems in the
worlA
Study pf Publc Policley According to David Easton, Gabriel A. Almond, Charles Merriam.
Pofical science ts a pdicy scienc. lt s the study of formulation, execution and evalsation of
public policies and influence of pólitical parties, pressufe groups, mass media and organs of the
policlés, , also studler'major policies like Agriculture policy, Industria
government on publle polcen,
policy, Environmnental policy, ROservation policy and Bducational policy; ete.
Therefore, n modern period, the neope of polithcal seience has ekaiedd and became one of h
 lalism: Hughan consiered soCialism as a political movement of the working class, whose target is
exploitation through collective ownership and
toeradicateexDloitation democraticmanagement of the instruments
production and distribution.
of
Some of the definitions of socialism are as follows,

1. Betrand Russell defined "Socialism is the advocacy of common ownership of land and property".
2. George Bernard Shah stated, "Socialism means equality ofincomes and nothing else.
Rosic Principles of Socialism :Some of the basic principles of socialism are as follows,
1. Importance to Society :Socialism gives more importance to the society instead of individuals. It
production of luxurious goods
is not concerned with the profit for wealthy and also believes that,
those goods which are required
is waste and unnecessary. Instead of this, it gives high priority to
for common people.
in capitalist society ca enjo"
2. Organic Unity of Society : According to socialism, labourers invole themselves i
freedom. It provides certain opportunities for common men to
Iiberty and
Socialism represents asociety, where there exists basic facilities for ever
production activities.
dividual and no restrictions over them.
 olitical Science (CIVics) riTSt Year

3. Abolitionof Capltalism : The main objective of socialism is to abolish capitalism. In capitalists

society, the aim of capitalists is to attain morecapital and profits. They are not considered with
provisions of salaries, allowances and other basic facilities for labourers as per the law. Due to
this, labourers are in poor condition. Therefore, socialists felt that interests of labourers can be
protected, only if capitalism is abolished.
4. Abolition of Competition : Socialism opposes competition and suggests for cooperation in
economic affairs particularly in production activities. It is because, competition results in corruption,
monopolies, illegal acts,deterioration of values. It also results in over or under production, due
to which common man suffers.
5. Belief in Equality :Eventhough socialism did not support absolute equality, proposed for relative
equality among the people. It stated that merit, outstanding efficiency, talent, skill, etc., are some
parameters which create disparities among the people. It also mentioned that long time inequalities
among people should be cleared and a new society must be created.
6. Opposition to Private Property : Socialism is against the individual ownership and control of an
individual over lands, buildings, factories and other productive means. It stated that, productive
means are not meant for personal use and profits. It also stated that, land and other thing are not
created for a single person and their quantity cannot be altered.
7. SocialOwnership of Material Factors
Socialism strongly believes that, all material factors such as factories, industries, mines, etc., must
be kept under the ownership of society. Due to this, it proposes for the nationalization of material
factors, Socialism considers private property as the property held by thieves. Therefore, to remove
this, socialism suggests for the social ownership of material factors.
8.
Centralised Planning System
Socialism believes that, centralised planning system is necessary for the growth of the nation and
is a means to attain fast economicdevelopment.