Excavator

Date : 6 March 2023

By : Brei O.
Kartodikromo R.
Posetiko J.
Tjon-A-Tham P.
Clas : PN 3.01.34
s

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Audience and scope

The following description serves as a guide on how to construct a excavator from scrap material.
You can find the various components and required tools needed and an explanation of how the
components and materials are put together to make an accurate model of the excavator.

Constructing a escavator from Scrap material is an effective way to apply engineering principles
and knowledge we have obtained throughout the years. Upon reading this report, you will learn
how to construct such a model from scrap for yourselves.

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Contents
1. Introduction..............................................................................................................................4
2. Components/parTs of a excavator............................................................................................5
3. Required tools...........................................................................................................................6
4. How does a excavator work.....................................................................................................7
5. Estimate of the cost and real cost of the excavator..................................................................8
6. How to clean and maintain an excavator..................................................................................8
How to clean an Excavator..........................................................................................................8
How to maintain an Excavator....................................................................................................9
Safety tips..................................................................................................................................10
7. Advantages of an excavator...................................................................................................11
8. LIMITATIONS OF AN EXCAVATOR................................................................................11
9. CONCLUSION......................................................................................................................12

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 1. Introduction

Excavators are heavy construction equipment consisting of a boom, dipper (or stick), bucket and
cab on a rotating platform known as the "house". The house sits atop an undercarriage with
tracks or wheels. They are a natural progression from the steam shovels and often mistakenly
called power shovels. All movement and functions of a hydraulic excavator are accomplished
through the use of hydraulic fluid, with hydraulic cylinders and hydraulic motors. Due to the
linear actuation of hydraulic cylinders, their mode of operation is fundamentally different from
cable-operated excavators which use winches and steel ropes to accomplish the movements.

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 2. Components/parTs of a excavator

1 :
Bucket = is a part used to dig.
2 :
Arm = is a part that moves the bucket.
3 :
Boom = is the main lever for moving the arm.
4 :
Base Frame = consists of machine, counterweight, cabin, and
other components.
5 : Track Shoe = like the wheel.
6 : Track Frame = consists of crawler frames and center frames used
as the operation foundation.

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 3. Required tools

Cutter
Ruler

Scissor
Drill

Pen

Glue

Electric hot glue gun Compass

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 4. How does a excavator work

An excavator works by using a combination of hydraulic cylinders and motors to

control the movement of its various parts. The operator sits in the cab and uses
joysticks to control the boom, dipper, and bucket. These joysticks control the flow of
hydraulic fluid to the different cylinders, which in turn move the parts of the excavator.

The boom: This is the long arm that extends out from the front of the cab. It is typically
made up of several sections that are connected together by hinges.

The dipper: The stick or dipper is attached to the end of the boom and is used to dig
into the earth.

The bucket: This is attached to the end of the dipper and is used to scoop up and move
the excavated material.

The undercarriage: Consists of tracks or wheels that allow it to move around the job
site. The tracks are powered by a separate hydraulic motor and are controlled by the
operator using foot pedals in the cab.

The excavator also has an engine that powers the hydraulic system. It pumps the oil
through a series of valves and into the cylinders to make the excavator move.

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 5. Estimate of the cost and real cost of the excavator
Estimate of the cost project:
The project of our excavator cost between Srd 100,- and Srd 150,- .

Real cost of an excavator:

If you are going for small excavators (weight between ten and 15 tons), you will pay between
$75,000 and $150,000, although this will also depend on the accessories you want. A mid-sized
excavator, one that weighs between 15 and 20 metric tons, will cost you between $100,000 and
$200,000, and sometimes more.

6. How to clean and maintain an excavator

How to clean an Excavator

Cleaning excavator is a little risky. So it's important to protect yourself with the right safety gear.
Before you clean the excavator, make sure you have:

● Insulated coveralls that protect your arms and legs from flying debris and hot water
● Anti-slip footwear with toe protection
● Face and eye protection to prevent burns and contamination
● Heavy-duty gloves to protect your hands
Along with your safety gear, you'll need to learn about pressure-washing safety. High-speed
water comes with some risks, so you want to make sure anyone cleaning the machines knows
how to use the tools. Pressure washers usually have small-diameter hoses that can pump out up
to 10 gallons a minute.

How to maintain an Excavator

Excavators are subject to harsh conditions, often working in the mud, sun, snow and rain.
Regular maintenance is necessary to keep your excavator working as it should.

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Signs Your Excavator Needs Repairs
If you notice these issues with your excavator, you may need a repair:

● Warning light indicators turned on: A warning light lets you know a component in your
equipment isn’t working correctly.
● Abnormal noises: When components make unusual noises, it’s often a sign that
something is wrong. Sounds like hissing, screeching or grinding often indicate a need for
corrective action.
● Malfunctioning part or system: A component breakdown can start a chain reaction
throughout your excavator, causing a feature or system to stop working.

These maintenance tips will help you get the most out of your excavator:

● Clean the undercarriage: Remove the built-up dirt and debris on the undercarriage with a
shovel or pressure washer. Debris can cause premature component wear.
● Check the track tension: The track tension should allow a bit of slack. Excess tension can
put pressure and cause wear on the chain and sprockets.
● Follow proper digging techniques: The original equipment manufacturer (OEM)
operation and maintenance manual has tips for minimizing wear and tear on the tracks. Adhere to
these guidelines to help your components last.

Safety tips

● Read the operators’ manual to get familiar with the controls of the
equipment.

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● Read the warning labels and stickers as well as maintenance information, specification
charts, and other important information posted around the machine.
● Check all the attachments of the excavator. See if everything is in its proper place.
● Walk around the equipment and check loose bolts, trash build-up, oil leaks, or damaged
parts.
● Always use seat belts as they are provided for comfort and safety.
● Excavators have only one seat where the operator should sit, apart from that no one
should be allowed in the bucket, cab or anywhere else on the machine.
● Don’t start the equipment before you are in full control.
● Match speed with job conditions.
● The excavator speed should be reduced while working on rough terrain or within
congested areas.
● The bucket should be kept lower to the ground during transportation as this can increase
visibility and machine stability.
● You should never dig underneath the excavator.

7. Advantages of an excavator

Excavator can be used for:

● Dig trenches, foundations, pools, or even graves
● Handle and haul material like soil and gravel

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 ● Mine
● Dredge rivers
● Load haul trucks

And with the right kind of specialized attachment, excavators can:

● Break down other machinery when needed
● Cut trees and brush
● Create mulch
● Demolish buildings and other structures
● Drive piles and shafts
In short, they're a jack-of-all-trades around the job site, and that's why virtually every job site has
at least one excavator on hand.

8. LIMITATIONS OF AN EXCAVATOR

With advantages, hydraulic excavator also has few disadvantages.

 It is more expensive than the mechanical one.
 Heavier weight and more noise make it unsuitable for certain jobs.
 Maintenance and repair cost is higher.
 The viscosity of the oil temperature can greatly influence the transmission efficiency.

9. CONCLUSION
Excavators don't only provide tremendous digging power, but they can be used for everything
from material handling to mining. And they are found everywhere from rivers where they can be
used for dredging rivers to working in established blueberry fields.

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SOURCES
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excavator

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