j. Oration.

This is a formal treatment of a subject and is intended to

LESSON 1: WHAT IS LITERATURE?
• The world is derived from the Latin word “litera” which means
letter or words.
• Literature is the total of preserved writings/spoken words
belonging to a given language or people.
• Literature interprets the meanings of nature and life (thoughts,
emotions/feelings) in words of charm and power, touched
with the personality of the author, in artistic forms of
permanent interests.
• It is a product of life and about life.
• It uses language as medium.
• Imaginative literature or “literature of power” includes poems,
short stories, novels, and plays. It interprets
human experience by presenting fictitious persons, incidents,
or situations, not by actual truths about particular events.
• Non-fiction or “literature of knowledge” includes biographies
and essays which presents actual facts, events, experiences
and ideas.
• Literature expresses significant human experiences.
• Literature can generally be divided into two types: (based on
structure and based on content)
GENERAL TYPES OF LITERATURE
BASED ON STRUCTURE
(1) Prose consists of those written within the common flow of
conversation in sentences and paragraphs, and (2) Poetry refers to
those expressions in verse, with measure and rhyme, line and
stanza and has a more melodious tone.
be spoken in public. It appeals to the intellect, to the will or to the
emotions of the audience.
POETRY
• Literary work in which special intensity is given to the
expression of feelings and ideas by the use of distinctive style
and rhythm.
• Writing that formulates a concentrated imaginative
awareness of experience in language chosen and arranged
to create a specific emotional response through meaning,
sound and rhythm.
ELEMENTS OF POETRY
STANZAS
• Stanzas are a series of lines grouped together and separated
by an empty line from other stanzas. They are the equivalent
of a paragraph in an essay. One way to identify a stanza is to
count the number of lines. Thus:
 couplet (2 lines)
 tercet (3 lines)
 quatrain (4 lines)
 cinquain (5 lines)
 sestet (6 lines) (sometimes it's called a sexain)
 septet (7 lines)
 octave (8 lines)
VERSE
• It is a single line of a poem. It may come short or long but
whatever, it serves as a basic unit of stanza.
RHYME
• Rhyme is the repetition of similar sounds. In poetry, the most
common kind of rhyme is the end rhyme, which occurs at the
end of two or more lines. It is usually identified with lower case
letters, and a new letter is used to identify each new end
sound.

RHYME SCHEME
• The pattern in which end rhyme occurs. This is done by
assigning letters in each set of end rhymes within the poem.

RHYTHM
• The pattern of beats or stresses in a poem. Poets use patterns
of stressed and unstressed syllables to create a regular
rhythm.

PROSE
• There are many types of prose. These include novels or
biographies, short stories, contemporary dramas, legends,
fables, essays, anecdotes, news and speeches.
IMAGERY
• It is the concrete representation of a sense impression, feeling,
or idea that triggers our imaginative ere-enactment of a
sensory experience. Images may be visual (something seen),
aural (something heard), tactile (something felt), olfactory
(something smelled), or gustatory (something tasted).
Imagery may also refer to a pattern of related details in
a poem.
WORD SOUNDS
• Common types of sound play emphasize individual sounds
between and within words:

a. Novel. This is a long narrative divided into chapters. The a. Alliteration: The repetition of consonant sounds at
characters and events are taken with some degree of the beginning of the words.
realism…and span a long period of time. There are many
characters involved. Ex: Big bad Bob bounced bravely

b. Short Story. This is a narrative involving one or more characters, b. Assonance: The repetition of vowel sounds (anywhere in the
one plot and one single impression. middle or end of a line or stanza).

c. Plays. This is presented on a stage, is divided into acts and each c. Consonance: The repetition of consonant sounds (anywhere
act has many scenes. in the middle or end of a line or stanza).

d. Legends. These are fictitious narrative, usually about origins.
e. Fables. These are also fictitious and they deal with animals and
inanimate thins who speak and act like people and their purpose is
to enlighten the minds of children to events that can mold their
ways and attitudes.
f. Anecdotes. These are merely products of the writer’s imagination
and the main aim is to bring out lessons to the reader. It can be
stories about animals or children.
d. Onomatopoeia: Words that sound like that which
they describe - Boom! Crash! Pow! Quack! Moo! Caress…
e. Repetition: The repetition of entire lines or phrases
to emphasize key thematic ideas. The repetition of certain
sounds creates a rhythmic pattern that, in turn, gives lines of
words a certain musical or song-like quality.
f. Anaphora: A technique where several phrases or phrases
begin with the same words.

g. Essay. This expresses the viewpoint or opinion of the writer about g. Epistrophe: A technique where several phrases or phrases
a particular problem or event. The best example of this is the end with the same words.
editorial page of a newspaper.
THREE TYPES OF POETRY
h. Biography. This deals with the life of a person which may be
about himself, his autobiography or that of others. NARRATIVE POETRY
• This form describes important events in life either real or
i. News. This is a report of everyday events in society, government, imaginary.
science and industry, and accidents, happening nationally or not. • The different varieties are:
a. Epic. This is an extended narrative about heroic exploits often
under supernatural control.
b. Metrical Tale. This is a narrative which is written in verse and
can be classified either as a ballad or a metrical romance.
c. Ballads. Of the narrative poems, this is considered the shortest
and simplest. It has a simple structure and tells of a single
incident. There are also variations of these: love ballads, war
ballads, and sea ballads, humorous, moral, and historical or
mythical ballads. In the early time, this referred to a song
accompanying a dance.
LYRIC POETRY
• Originally, this refers to that kind of poetry meant to be sung
to the accompaniment of a lyre, but now, this applies to
any type of poetry that expresses emotions and feelings of
the poet. They are usually short, simple and easy to
understand.
a. Folksongs (Awiting Bayan). These are short poems intended
to be sung. The common theme is love, despair, grief, doubt,
joy, hope and sorrow.
b. Sonnets. This is a lyric poem of 14 lines written in iambic
pentameter dealing with an emotion, a feeling, or an idea.
c. Elegy. This is a lyric poem which expresses feelings of grief
and melancholy, and whose theme is death.
d. Ode. This is a poem of a noble feeling, expressed with dignity,
with no definite number of syllables or definite number of lines
in a stanza.
e. Psalms. This is a song praising God or the Virgin Mary and
containing a philosophy of life.
f. Awit (Song). These have measures of twelve syllables
(dodecasyllabic) and slowly sung to the accompaniment of
a guitar or banduria. Example: FLORANTE AT LAURA
g. Corridos (Kuridos). These have measures of eight syllables
(octosyllabic) and recited to a martial beat. Example: IBONG
ADARNA
DRAMATIC POETRY
• Comedy. The word comedy comes from the Greek term
“komos” meaning festivity or revelry. This form usually is light
and written with the purpose of amusing, and usually has a
happy ending.
• Tragedy. This involves the hero struggling mightily against
dynamic forces; he meets death or ruin without success and
satisfaction obtained by the protagonist in a comedy.
• Social Poems. This form is either purely comic or tragic and it
pictures the life of today. It may aim to bring about changes
in the social conditions.
• Dramatic Monologue. A combination of drama and poetry. It
presents some line or speech of single character in a
particular but complicated situation and sometimes in
a dilemma.
• Character Sketch. This is a poem which the writers
concerned less with the elements of story. He presents his
observations and comments to a particular individual.
BASED ON CONTENT
(1) Fiction refers to plot, settings, and characters created from the
imagination, while nonfiction refers to factual stories focused on
actual events and people.
• Fiction or “literature of power”
 Myths
 Poems
 Short stories
 Novels
 Plays
• Non-fiction or “literature of knowledge”
 Biographics
 News
WHY STUDY LITERATURE?
• To express one’s self
• To have access culture
• To recognize human dreams and struggles
• To develop mature sensibility and compassion for the
condition of all creation
• To appreciate beauty
• To shape one’s own goals and values and clarify one’s own
identity
• To develop wider perspective of events
LITERARY STANDARDS
The seven literary standards are: artistry, suggestiveness,
intellectual value, spiritual value, permanence, universality and
style. These are a set of characteristics to determine whether or not
a work is literary.
1. UNIVERSALITY
• It appeals to everyone regardless of culture, race, sex, and
time which are considered significant. Universality describes a
piece of writing that appeals to the hearts and minds
of almost any reader. The appeal is considered universal due
to its ability to cross gender, racial and cultural barriers,
regardless of the time it’s written.
2. PERMANENCE
• It endures across time and draws out the time factor:
TIMELINESS (occurring at a particular time), and TIMELESSNESS
(remaining invariably throughout time). Permanence is
determined by a written work’s ability to stand the test of time,
which makes it impossible to determine at the moment
of writing. Novels that continue to be read over and over
again across decades, either for enjoyment or for fresh
insights and ideas, meet this criteria. Many novels enjoy initial
popularity but ultimately fade into obscurity with time,
failing the permanence test.
3. ARTISTRY
• It has an aesthetic appeal to everyone and thus possesses a
sense of beauty. Artistry describes literature that is
aesthetically appealing and reveals or conveys hidden truth
and beauty. This type of literature appeals to broad
audiences and possesses a sense of beauty in the
writing that could even feel poetic.
4. INTELLECTUAL VALUE
• It stimulates critical thinking that enriches the mental
processes of abstract reasoning, making, and realizes the
fundamental truths of life and its nature. Literature with
intellectual value promotes critical thinking that enhances
both abstract and reason-based thought processes and
makes readers focus on the fundamental truths of life and
nature.
5. SUGGESTIVENESS
• It unravels and conjures man’s emotional power to define
symbolism, nuances, implied meanings, images and message,
giving and evoking visions above and beyond the planes of
ordinary life and experiences. A suggestive piece of literature
relies on emotional power to convey nuances, symbolism,
implied meanings, imagery and messages. The power of
suggestion allows the work to inspire and provoke thoughts
and understanding beyond the actual words written on the
page.
6. SPIRITUAL VALUE
• It elevates the spirit and the soul and thus have the power to
motivate and inspire, drawn from the suggested morals or
lessons of the different literary genres. Literature with spiritual
value lifts up the inner spirit and soul and has the power to
motivate and inspire readers. It typically draws on
the suggested lessons and moral codes of society that are
depicted in various literary genres.
7. STYLE
• Style refers to the distinct way the author expresses his or her
thoughts. Words can be used in unique, creative and
entertaining ways that make the work memorable. Style is
another element that is subject to interpretation by readers
in terms of its appeal. It presents peculiar ways on how man
sees life as evidenced by the formation of his ideas, forms,
structures, and expressions which are marked by their
memorable substance.
LITERARY DEVICES
• They are common structures in writing that make up the
components of literature. We use these devices to help us
interpret and analyze literary works.
• It refers to the typical structures used by writers in their works to
convey his or her message/s in a simple manner to his or her
readers.
• Literary Devices have two aspects. They can be treated as
either Literary Elements and Literary Techniques.
• Literary Elements have an inherit existence in literary piece
and are extensively employed by writers to develop a literary
piece. They are the essentials parts of storytelling that are
found in almost all types of literary and narrative writing. The
following are all literary elements: plot, character, conflict,
setting, theme, and pint of view.
1. Plot
 2. Setting
3. Protagonist
4. Antagonist
5. Point of View
6. Conflict
7. Mood
8. Tone
9. Theme
 The plot is how the author arranges events to develop
his basic idea. It is the sequence of events in a story or
play. The plot is a planned, logical series of events
having a beginning, middle, and end. There are five
essential parts to the plot: introduction, rising action,
climax, falling action, and resolution.
 The plot can only exist with characters. The main
character is placed in a situation that contains a
problem he or she must overcome; therefore, conflict
exists. More stories also have minor characters who
either help or hinder the main character’s attempt to
solve the conflict. There can be many different types of
characters within a story.
a. Protaganist - the main or central character.
b. Antagonist - this character opposes the protagonist. Often,
he or she is an opponent to the main character.
c. Round (Dynamic) Characters - a character affected by the
events of the story. These characters are usually fully
developed in terms of personality. They are described in more
detail and their personalities emerge more fully. Round
characters usually become enlightened, learn, grow, or
deteriorate by the end of the story.
d. Flat Character - a character who doesn’t go through a
change. These characters are usually one-dimensional.
e. Stereotyped Characters - a character who is so well known
that little has to be said about him/her. These characters are
immediately recognizable because of the role he/she plays.
• Literary Techniques are tools that an author may choose to
use to enhance their writing and to convey meaning in a
certain way. Figurative language and sound devices are
examples of literary techniques. They are structures usually a
words or phrases in literary texts that writers employ to
achieve not merely artistic ends but also readers a greater
understanding and appreciation of their literary works.
1. SYMBOLISM
• It refers to when a symbol, such as an object, color, person or
place, is used to represent an abstract idea or concept.
• It refers in using an object or action that means something
more than its literal meaning.
Examples:
a. Pink - the fight against breast cancer
b. The Statue of Liberty – freedom
c. Roses stand for romance
2. FLASHBACK
• It is when an author reveals an event that took place in the
past.
• It tells an interjected scene of the story that takes it back in
time from the current point in the story and often used to tell
the events that happened before another important event.
3. FLASH FORWARD
• It tells a scene that takes the narrative to a future time from
the current point of the story.
4. CLIFFHANGER
• It tells and abrupt ending which places the main characters in
a perilous situation with no resolution.
5. FORESHADOWING
• It is when the author gives hints or clues to suggest what will
happen as the story progresses.
• Important hints that an author drops to prepare the reader for
what is to come, and help the reader anticipate the
outcome .
Example:
a. A pipe is going to burst, but before it does, the author
writes a scene where the family notices a small dark
spot on the ceiling, but ignores it.
6. TONE
• The author’s or narrator’s attitude toward the story or the
subject.
7. MOOD
• The general atmosphere of the story or the overall feelings of
the readers get while reading a story.
8. IMAGERY
• It is the use of figurative language to create visual
representations of actions, objects and ideas in our mind in
such a way that they appeal to our different senses i.e:
 taste (gustatory imagery)
 sight (visual imagery)
 smell (olfactory imagery)
 touch(tactile imagery)
 hear (aural imagery)
Examples:
a. The room was dark and gloomy. -The words “dark” and
“gloomy” are visual images.
b. The river was roaring in the mountains. – The word
“roaring” appeals to our sense of hearing.
9. SIMILE AND METAPHOR
• Both compare two distinct objects and draws similarity
between them.
• The difference is that Simile uses “as” or “like” and Metaphor
does not.
Examples:
a. “My love is like a red rose” (Simile)
b. He is an old fox very cunning. (Metaphor)
• METAPHOR is a figure of speech in which a word or phrase is
applied to an object or action, though it is not literally
applicable.
Examples:
a. "Time is a thief." Time is not literally a thief, but it does
often seem to disappear. Therefore, though time itself
cannot literally be a thief, the figure of speech implies
that it's like a thief in that it seems to disappear
quickly before our eyes.
b. Another example is "This weekend was a roller coaster."
The weekend wasn't actually a roller coaster, but it felt
as chaotic as a roller coaster can make one feel.
• SIMILE is a figure of speech in which one thing is used in
comparison with another thing of a different kind. It uses
words such “as” and “like”.
Examples:
a. "She's as sly like a fox." A fox is a sly animal and, therefore,
someone who is sly could be sly like a fox.
b. Another example is "He's as salty as a pretzel." This
means that someone is agitated because "salty" is a
colloquialism for being agitated, and pretzels are also
salty.
10. PERSONIFICATION
• It is an attribution of human qualities to something that is
non-human like objects and animals.
Example:
a. The flowers are dancing beside the lake.
b. Have you see my new car? She is a real beauty!
c. My clock yelled at me in the morning.
• PERSONIFICACTION is when an attribution of a personal
nature or human characteristic is used to describe
something nonhuman.
Examples:
a. "The wind whistled in the night." The wind does not
actually whistle like a human can. Instead, the wind
made noise that sounded like a whistle.
b. Another example is "a spitting sprinkler." A sprinkler
doesn't actually spit, but it does spew water.
11. HYPERBOLE
• It is deliberate exaggeration of actions and ideas for the sake
of emphasis.
Example:
a. I’m so sad that I’m drowning in tears!
b. I have got a million issues to look after!
• HYPERBOLE is an exaggerated statement or claim that is not
meant to be taken literally.
Examples:
a. "Her smile was a mile wide." While someone cannot
actually have a mile-wide smile, the figure of speech
simply means that they have a very big smile.
b. Another example is that someone's feet are "as big as
clown's feet." No one really has feet as big as a clown's
feet, but someone with big feet might be described
this way.
12. IRONY
• It is use of the words in such a way in which the intended contributes to a story (some, or all, of these aspects may be
meaning is completely opposite to their literal meaning. present in a story).

Examples: a. Place - Geographical location. Where is the action of the

a. The bread is soft as a stone. story taking place?
b. So nice of you to break my new PSP!
b. Time - When is the story taking place? (historical period, time
LITERARY APPROACHES of day, year)

FEMINISM c. Weather conditions - Is it rainy, sunny, stormy, etc?

• Feminist literature is often associated with literary pieces
written by women that deal with women in the society. d. Social conditions – What is the character's daily life like? Is
• It also involves characters which hide the common gender the character influenced by particular customs
norms dominated with masculinity. or mannerisms of a place?
• This approach gives an impact to the voice of women.
e. Mood or atmosphere - What feeling is created at the
NEW HISTORICISM beginning of the story? Is it bright and cheerful or dark
• It deals with the cultural context during writing of the piece of and frightening?
literature.
• This approach interprets literature for it’s meaning or idea in a • A theme is the author's underlying meaning, message or
particular socio-historical atmosphere. main idea that he is trying to convey. The theme may
be the author's thoughts about a topic such as life, society
FORMALISM OR NEW CRITICISM or his/her view of human nature. Themes often explore
• The formalists’ interpretation of work of art is formulated by timeless and universal ideas and may be implied rather
the information and details of the piece itself. than stated explicitly. The title of the story usually points to
• Formalists focus is on rhetorical and logical connections within the theme.
the writing. • Point of view is the angle from which the story is told.
Although every story has a point of view, the type used is up
LESSON 2: SUMMARY OF PHILIPPINE LITERARY WORKS to the author. The person or voice telling the story is called
the narrator and there are two common ways to tell a short
7 TYPES OF CONFLICT story:

• There are two basic kinds of conflict: EXTERNAL and INTERNAL. a. First person narration - The story is told by the protagonist or
another character who is part of the action (using I, me, we, etc).
EXTERNAL CONFLICTS
• It pits the character against some exterior force or world-view
b. Third person narration - The story is told by someone who is not
and happens outside the character’s body.
part of the action (using he, she, it, they etc).
1. Person vs. Person
• Also called man vs. man and protagonist vs. antagonist, this is AUTHORS OF DIFFERENT LITERARY WORKS
the most common type of external conflict. It is clear and
universally understood as a good vs. evil story in which an 1. TATA SELO by Rogelio Sikat
unambiguous challenger opposes the main character. 2. SI MABUTI by Genoveva Matute
3. THE CHERISHED DAUGHTER translated by Nguyen Ngoc Bich
2. Person vs. Nature 4. Travel Brunei Darussalam Poem - Bandar Seri Begawan by
• This type of conflict counters a character against some force John Tiong Chung
of nature, such as an animal or the weather. 5. The Kindergarten Teacher – Aung Thinn

3. Person vs. Society SUMMARY OF KWENTO NI MABUTI

• When a novel sets a character against a tradition, an
institution, a law, or some other societal construct, it is a GENOVEVA EDROZA-MATUTE
Person vs. Society story. • She is a feminist writer. One of her masterpiece is “Kwento ni
Mabuti”.
4. Person vs. Technology • Won in Palanca Award for Short Story in Filipino on 1951.
• When science moves beyond human control, conflicts of
Person vs. Technology develop. TITLE BACKGROUND
• It is all about the life of a teacher named Mabuti and how she
5. Person vs. Supernatural handles the problem as a teacher and mother to her child.
• Vampires, werewolves, aliens, and ghosts – any typically
unbelievable, supernatural, or inexplicable phenomena. CHARACTERS
• Mabuti – an ordinary public school teacher who is trying to
INTERNAL CONFLICTS make her students realized the importance of studying.
• The two remaining types of conflicts are internal – ones that • Fe – student of Mabuti.
happen inside the character’s mind or heart.
TYPE OF CONFLICT
1. Person vs. Self MAN VS. HERSELF
• A character battling inner demons, one who has an inner • The main character is hiding her emotions towards to the
moral conflict, or is simply striving to become a better person. circumstances.

2. Person vs. Destiny (Fate/Luck/God) SUMMARY

• This is an ambiguous conflict type. Sometimes aspects of it get
split up and parsed out among the other categories.
• Conflict is essential to plot. Without conflict, there is no plot.
Conflict does not involve just arguments, but rather it is any
form of opposition that faces the main character.
1) Man vs. Man - The leading character struggles with his or her
physical strength against other characters, forces of nature,
or animals.
2) Man vs. Circumstances - The leading character struggles
against fate, or the circumstances of life facing him/her.
There is a teacher named Mabuti. It is not her real name but her
students used to call her Mabuti. She is teacher in public school.
One day, she heard and saw her student crying in one corner of
the library and she asked her student if she wanted to share the
reason behind those tears. Mabuti was also crying that time. Fe
tried to ask Mabuti why she is crying and Mabuti just responded
that Fe is too young to understand. Mabuti has one child and she
wanted her to be a doctor. She didn’t tell something about her
husband. One day, Fe heard that the father of Mabuti’s child died
but not laid in their house but to other woman’s house. And now,
Fe understand why Mabuti is not telling story about her husband.
SUMMARY OF TATA SELO

3) Man vs. Society - The leading character struggles against
ideas, practices, or customs of other people.
4) Man vs. Self - The leading character struggles
with himself/herself; with his/her own soul, ideas of right
or wrong, physical limitations, choices, etc.
• The time (when) and location (where) in which a story takes
place is called the setting. For some stories the setting is very
important, while for others it is not. There are several aspects
of a story's setting to consider when examining how setting
ROGELIO SICAT
• sometimes referred to as “Rogelio Sikat”,
• a prolific Filipino novelist, playwright and short story writer.
• One of his masterpiece is the story of “Tata Selo” which won
the second prize in the Carlos Palanca Award for 1963.
TITLE BACKGROUND
• It is based on Rogelio Sikat on the main character of the story
of a male farmer named Tata Selo. Primarily, it is based on the
real-life land reform issues and recurring political cruelties in
the Philippines.

TYPE OF CONFLICT
MAN VS. SOCIETY
• In the story, the main character, Tata Selo, fought with other
people around him so that he could defend himself in the
case he faced regarding the hacking and accidental death
of Kabesang Tano.
SUMMARY
The story of Tata Selo is about an old man who just wanted to be
able to farm their land that was sold because his wife got sick. Tata
Selo wanted their land returned to them but due to lack of money
it could not be returned to them so he just asked Kabesa Tano to
farm his land. Until one day while Tata Selo was farming, Kabesa
Tano talked to him and left his farm because there were other
farmers then. Tata Selo begged but Kabesa Tano did not listen to
him so Tata Selo accidentally killed him. And Tata Selo was
imprisoned.
LECTURE 3: VIETNAM, BRUNEI, MYANMAR, & THAILAND LITERATURE
VIETNAM LITERATURE
• Vietnam literature consists of two parts, namely folk and
written literature. Folk literature is oral literature; meanwhile,
written literature includes kanji, “chu Nom” (Nom letters) and
“chu Quoc ngu” (national language) literature.
• From early 20th century, “chu Quoc ngu” (national language)
was widespread over nationwide. With the development of
printing technology, together with the exposure of Western
and Eastern literature, literature in Vietnam witnessed a great
number of new literary genres, in which the prose occupied
an important position in the literature forum with poems
reigned before. Changes in the literary life appeared with the
advent of the New Poetry movement in the 1930s. This was a
modern movement to liberate Vietnamese poetry from
restrictive rules of classical Chinese poetry. In the field of the
prose, the activities of “Tu Luc Van Doan” group influenced
by the West created modern Vietnam novel. Vietnam
literature from this period set a presence of many movements.
It can be named some of them, such as works in romanticism,
works according to realism, or works associated with politics –
revolutionary literature flow.
GENRE
• FOLK LITERATURE
• MYTHS
• CADAO
• The literary arts, especially poetry, have traditionally been
highly prized in Vietnam. There are three main types of
Vietnamese literature:
1) Truyen (traditional oral literature);
2) Han Viet (Chinese-Vietnamese literature);
3) Quoc Am (modern literature, or anything written in the
romanticized quoc ngu alphabet).
TONE RULE
• Tones are among the most important elements in most of
Vietnamese verse forms.
• In poetry, the tones of Vietnamese language are divided
based on their falling and rising nature into two categories:
1) bằng (flat) Bằng category comprises two tones: ngang
and huyền.
2) trắc (sharp or non-flat). Trắc category comprises four
tones: sắc, hỏi, ngã, nặng.
RHYME SCHEME RULE
• There are two kinds of rhymes in Vietnamese poetry.
1) Vần giàu (rich rhymes)
2) Vần nghèo (poor rhymes)
BRUNEI LITERATURE
INTRO AND HISTORY
• Brunei was known to be trading with and paying tribute to
China in the 6th century CE. It then came under Hindu
influence for a time through allegiance to the Majapahit
empire, based in Java.
• Brunei duly gained independence on January 1, 1984, and
an Islamic sultanate was proclaimed. The Legislative Council,
which had become an entirely appointed body by decree of
the sultan in 1970, was suspended.
GEOGRAPHY
• Brunei, with a population of 415,717 people, is located in
Southeastern Asia and has a land area of 5,765 square
kilometres. The country borders the South China Sea and
shares a border with Sarawak, an eastern Malaysian state
which divides Brunei into two, an eastern part and a western
part. The Temburong District makes up the eastern half while
the Brunei-Maura, Tutong and Belait Districts comprise the
western half.
LANGUAGE
• Brunei Malay (Bahasa Melayu Brunei) or Kedayan (Kedaian),
sometimes conflated as Brunei-Kadaian is the national
language of Brunei and a lingua franca in parts of East
Malaysia.
• Standard Malay
• Arabic is the language of the Quran
BRUNEI-MALAY ENGLISH DICTIONARY
• Saya/Aku = I/me
• Awak/Kau = You
• Kami = We/us
• Si Awang = That Boy
• Si Dayang = That Girl
• Lelaki/Laki-laki = Guys/Boys/Men
• Perempuan/Bini-bini = Girls/women
• Budiman = Gentlemem
• Kebawah Duli = his majesty
• Makan = eat
• Cinta = love
• Suka = like
• Terima Kasih = thank you
• The Language and Literature Bureau promotes the
development of literature and folklore and publishes
textbooks in Malay and English for use in primary and
secondary schools.
• Sajak form of poetry which is popular to school children
• Sya’ir Awang Simawn – epic poem, most famous work of
traditional literature which recounts the exploits of the culture
hero.
MYANMAR LITERATURE
LANGUAGE
• BURMESE - the mother tongue of the Bamar and official
language of Myanmar.
• It is written in a script consisting of circular and semi-circular
letters, which comes from the Mon script.
THAILAND LITERATURE
• A country at the center of the Indo china peninsula in
Southeast Asia.
• It is bordered to the north by Burma and Laos, to the east by
Laos and Cambodia, to the south by Gulf of Thailand and
Malaysia, and to the west by the Andaman Sea and the
Southern extremity of Burma.
• Its maritime boundaries include Vietnam on the Gulf of
Thailand to the southeast, and Indonesia and India on the
Andaman Sea to the southwest.
• Capital and Large City: Bangkok
• Official Language: Thai
• With a total area of approximately 513 000 km2 (198 000 sq
mi), Thailand is the world’s 51st-largest country.
POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT
• constitutional monarchy
• The prime minister is the head of the government and
hereditary monarch is head of state.
• The judiciary is independent of the executive and the
legislative branches.
• Maha Vajiralongkorn (KING OF THAILAND): He is the only son
of King Bhumibol Adulyadej and Queen Sirikit. In 1972, at the
age of 20, he was made crown prince by his father.
RELIGION
• Theravada Buddism
• Muslims constitute the second largest religious group in
Thailand. 4.6% of the population.
CULTURE
• Thai culture has been shaped by many influences, inclkuding
Indian, lao, Burmese, Camboduan and Chinese.
• The traditional thai greeting the “wai” is generally offered first
by the younger of the two people meeting, with their hands
pressed together, fingertips pointing upwards as the head is
bowed to touch face to finger tips, usually coinciding with the
spoken words “sawatdi khrap” for male speakers, and
“sawatdi kha” for females.
THAI SOCIETY
• Hierarchical society
• The social position and the age is decisive for the behavior of
the Thais among one another.
• Generally the oldest or socially highest ranking person
receives the most respect.