ENG173 Onomatopoeia - Words that are used to represent
particular sounds. ex. Bang, crash, boom and zip
Po·et·ry
• The language of imagination expressed in verse.
(Webster’s Dictionary)
• It can be defined as ‘literature in metrical form’ or a
‘composition forming rhythmic lines’.
• A poem follows a particular flow of rhythm and meter.
• Compared to prose, where there is no such restriction,
and the content of a piece flows according to story, a poem
may or may not have a story, but definitely has a structured
method of writing.
ELEMENTS OF POETRY
Elements of poetry
• Elements of poetry can be defined as a set of
instruments used to create a poem. Many of these were
created thousands of years ago and have been linked to
ancient story tellings. They help bring imagery and emotion
to poetry, stories, and dramas.
Stanza- A Stanza consists of two or more
lines of poetry that together form
one of the divisions of a poem.
Some different types of stanzas are as follows:
Couplets- stanzas of only two lines which usually rhyme.
Tercets - stanzas of three lines. The three lines may or may
not have the same end rhyme. If all three lines rhyme, this
type of tercet is called a triplet.
Quatrain- stanzas of four lines which can be written in any
rhyme scheme.
Types of Quatrains
Alternating Quatrain- a four line stanza rhyming "abab."
From W.H. Auden's "Leap Before You Look“
Envelope Stanza- a quatrain with the rhyme scheme
"abba", such that lines 2 and 3 are enclosed between the
rhymes of lines 1 and 4. Two of these stanzas make up the
Italian Octave used in the Italian sonnet. This is from
Auden's "Look Before You Leap"
Rhyme Scheme
•The pattern in which end rhyme occurs.
• Rhymes are types of poems which have the repetition of
the same or similar sounds at the end of two or more words
most often at the ends of lines.
• This technique makes the poem easy to remember and is
therefore often used in Nursery Rhymes.
Rhythm- The pattern of beats or stresses in a poem.
• Poets use patterns of stressed and unstressed syllables to
create a regular rhythm.
Rhyme
• The repetition of the same or similar sounds,usually in
stressed syllables at the ends of lines, but sometimes within
a line.
Alliteration
• The repetition of consonant sounds at the beginnings of
words.
Imagery - Representation of the five senses: sight, taste,
touch, sound, and smell.
Visual imagery: visual descriptions so vivid they seem to
come to life in the reader's mind when they read.
Auditory imagery: descriptions of sound so vivid the
reader seems almost to hear them while reading the poem.
Images of smell (olfactory imagery): descriptions of
smells so vivid they seem almost to stimulate the reader's
own sense of smell while reading
Tactile or "physical" imagery: descriptions conveying a
strong, vivid sense of touch or physical sensation that the
reader can almost feel himself or herself while reading
FIGURES OF SPEECH
• Figures of speech are a special kind of imagery.
• They create pictures by making comparisons.
Simile
• A comparison using like or as.
Metaphor
• Describes one thing as if it were another.
Personification
• Gives human characteristics to something non-human.
Tone or Mood- refers to the writer's attitude towards the
subject of a literary work as indicated in the work itself.
Refrain • The repetition of one or more phrases or lines at
certain intervals, usually at the end of each stanza.
The word 'Refrain' derives from the Old French word
‘refraindre’ meaning to repeat.
Repetition • A word or phrase repeated within a line or
stanza.
Theme • The theme of the poem talks about the central
idea, the thought behind what the poet wants to convey
Symbolism • A poem often conveys feelings, thoughts and
ideas using symbols, this technique is known as symbolism
Sleep is often related to death.
• Dreams are linked to the future or fate.
• Seasons often represent ages: spring--youth, summer--
prime of life, autumn--middle age, winter--old age or death.
• Water is sometimes linked to the idea of birth or
purification.
• Colors are often linked to emotions: red--anger, blue--
happiness, green--jealousy. They are also used to
represent states of being: black--death or evil, white--purity
or innocence, green--growth.
• Forests are often places of testing or challenge.
• Light--as the sun, the moon, stars, candles--often
symbolizes
good, hope, freedom.
• Darkness is associated with evil, magic or the unknown.
• The moon has several associations. It is sometimes a
feminine symbol, sometimes associated with madness,
sometimes with resurrection.
 TYPES OF POETRY • It presents some line or speech of single character in a
Lyrical Narrative Dramatic Special particular but complicated situation and sometimes in a
I I I types dilemma
Sonnet Epic Dramatic I Soliloquy • The speaker of the poem or the character in a
I I Monologue Haiku play delivers a passage.
Elegy Ballad I I • The thoughts and emotions are heard by the author and
I I Character Cinquain the audience as well.
Ode Social sketch I Oration • This Is a formal address elevated in tone and
I Limeck usually delivered on some notable occasion.
Soliloquy I Character Sketch • This is a poem in which the writer is
I Name poem concerned less with the elements of the story.
Oration
SPECIAL TYPES OF POEMS
Lyrical Poetry Haiku • Special type of poetry which originated from Japan.
• Expresses personal thoughts and emotions. It consists of three lines that generally do not rhyme. The
• is a short poem which has the characteristics of a song lines should have five, seven, and five syllables in them.
Sonnet Cinquain • This is a five-line poem which also originated in
• The Name sonnet derives from the Italian word ‘sonetto’ Japan.There are many different variations of cinquain
which means little song. including American Cinquains, didactic cinquains, reverse
• is a relatively short poem consisting of merely fourteen cinquains, butterfly cinquains and crown cinquains.
lines. It is known to follow a strict pattern of rhyme. Free Verse • A loosest type of poem.
Elegy • This is a lyric poem which expresses lament and • It can consist of as many lines as the writer wants and
mourning of the dead, feeling of grief and melancholy. either rhyme or not and has no fixed metrical pattern.
Ode • This is a poem of nobeling feeling, expressed with • This type of poem is openly called as “Poem with no
dignity and praise for some persons, objects, events or rules.”
ideas. Name poem • A special type of poetry belongs to
descriptive poetry that uses an adjective to describe a
NARRATIVE POETRY person that begins with each letter of that person's name.
Narrative Poetry
• Types of poet that narrates a story through the use of WEEK 2
poetic diction either real or imaginary. Classification of Short Story
Epic Story of characters - It focuses on the character as an
• This is a long and narrative poem that normally tells a element of a narrative.
story about a hero or an adventure. Story of setting - aka local color. It focuses on the setting
Epics can be oral stories or can be poems in written as an element of a narrative.
form. Story of theme - It focuses on the theme as an element of
1. Popular or ancient poetry is usually without a definite a narrative.
author and slow in the development. Story of plot - It focuses on the theme as an element of a
2. Modern epic poetry has a definite author. narrative.
Drabble - An extremely short work of fiction which has
Ballad • It also tells a story, like epic poems. however, exactly 100 words in length.
ballad poetry is often based on a legend or a folk tale. Flash fiction - It is characterized by its extreme brevity.
• Most ballads are written in four- six stanzas and has a Flash prose - A very short work of fiction which has
regular rhythms and rhyme schemes. between 500 and 1,500 words.
Social poem • This is either purely comic or tragic and Tale
pictures the life of today. 1. Cautionary tale 5. Frame tale
• It may aim to bring changes in social conditions. 2. Fairy tale 6. Urban legend
3. Folk tale 7. Old wives
DRAMATIC POETRY 4. Fable 8. Tall tale
Dramatic Poetry another type of tale
• Has elements related closely to the drama Legend - It narrates the origin of a thing.
• It uses a dramatic technique and may unfold a story. Myth - It narrates about gods and goddesses.
• It emphasizes the character rather than the narrative. Fable - A short story whose characters are animals or
Dramatic monologue plants or both.
• This is a combination of drama and poetry. Parable - It teaches a virtue through the use of biblical
characters or events.
 Classification of Novels
Picaresque Novel - adventure fiction. focuses on character
who travel to places.
Romantic/ Romance Novel - about love, romance, or
heterosexual relationship as its theme.
Novel of the soil - relates the life of a farmer or deals with
agricultural problems.
Novel of the Sea - relates the life of a fisherman or deals
with marine problems.
Novel of the Adventure - relates the adventure of the
protagonist.
Detective Novel - focuses on solving a crime. (often times
a murder mystery, spy, crime stories.)
Historical Novel - is set in a genuinely depicted historical
context that predates the lif of the author.
Regional Novel - the setting has a significant impact on the
characters and plot structure.
Social Novel - the plot centers on the social environment
and incorporates persuasive language as it calls for social
reform.
Religious/Christian Novel -deals with man’s relationship
with the divine or god or christianity.
Symbolic Novel - it employs symbolism.
Realistic Novel - depicts the reality of the times.
Stream of Consciousness Novel - focuses on
introspection and inner consciousness.
Bildungsroman - tackles the protagonist journey from
childhood to adult in essence of personal growth. (german
term for New Information)
Vignette - It depicts impressionistic scenes that focus on
one moment or give a trenchant impression about a
character, a place, or an idea.
Feghoot - it is humorous and ends in an atrocious pun.
Molbo story - A short tale about Molboers or the
inhabitants of Molboland.
Short prose - a short work of fiction of about less than
1,000 words, which may or may not be narrative.
Sketch story - contains little or no plot; it is descriptive of
impressions of people or place.
Horror Novel - incites fear on the part of the reader by
means of scary experiences of the characters.
Fantasy Novel - deals with fantastic beings and events.
Scientific Novel - Also called science fiction, it focuses on
subjects that pertain to the sciences.
Philosophical Novel - Also called a novel of ideas, it is a
novel which focuses on a philosophical ideology.
ELEMENTS OF A NARRATIVE
SETTING - the time and place in which the event takes
place. Setting is not only the physical environment but also
the ideas, customs, values, and beliefs of a particular time
and place.
Types of Setting
Locale - the place where story takes place;
Time - The time when story takes place;
CHARACTER - it is anything that possess life in the story.
Types of Character
Protagonist - The character around whom the story
revolves; main character.
Antagonist - The character who is opposed to the
protagonist.
Confidant - The character upon whom the protagonist
relies; support.
Foil - The character who serves as a contrast with the
protagonist but does not necessarily oppose the latter.
Background Character - The character who provides
reality in the story by their presence.
CHARACTER - it is anything that possesses life in the
story.
Types of Character
Round Character - A character who shows varied and
contradictory traits.
Flat Character - A character who shows only one
personality.
Stereotype - A flat character of a familiar or often repeated
type
Unseen/Absent Character - The character who is
mentioned in the story but doesnt have any involvement.
Dynamic Character - A character who changes their
personality as the story progress
PLOT - the series of event or actions that comprise the
story; (exposition, rising action, complication, climax,
resolution, falling action, and conclusion.)
Types of Plot
Linear - Shows events in their proper order from exposition
to conclusion.
In medias res - It starts in the middle of the story and
provides flashbacks to promote reader's understanding of
the story.
Circular - It is structured in a way that it ends where it has
started as in a cycle.
Exposition - Shows the initial part in which the settings and
character is introduced.
PLOT - the series of event or actions that comprise the
story; (exposition, rising action, complication, climax,
resolution, falling action, and conclusion.)
Types of Plot
Rising Incident/s - Shows the event that leads to
complication.
Complication - It is where the conflict develops.
Crisis - The problem of the story.
Climax - The highest point of the story in which the reader's
know how to resolve the conflict.
Resolution - Shows the conflict is resolved.
Falling Incident - The event or incident that leads to
conclusion.
Conclusion - Last part of the plot that gives the story
finality.
CONFLICT - It is the driving force that involves both Language Colloquial English Standard English
characters and readers in the narrative. Very Literary Scientific/technical and
Types of Conflict impersonal

Social (man vs man) - exist between the protagonist and Diction Literary terms Scientific or technical
antagonist. jargon
Physical (man vs nature) - exist between the protagonist
Style Personal Impersonal
and any of the natural forces.
Metaphysical (man vs supernatural beings) - exist Objectivity Subjective Objective
between the protagonist and supernatural beings/forces.
Point of View First person Third person,
Internal/Personal/Psychological (man vs himself) - exist sometimes second
between the protagonist and his own self. person

Readership General public Select groups of

POINT OF VIEW - the angle of narration: refers to“who is
the narrator” and “how is the narration done”
Types of POV
Autobiographical (first-person POV) - The narrator is the
central character or one of the major/minor characters.
Omniscient (third-person POV) - The narrator is an
objective observer who reports only the speech (what he
hears) and the action (what he sees) of the characters.
Selective third-person POV - The narrator is both
omniscient and an objective observer.
THEME - idea or concept of the author expressed in a
concise statement: message of the story.
Types of Theme
Tone - Refers to the attitude of the writer towards his
subject; (love, hatred, disgust, and so on.)
Mood - It refers to the feeling that an author creates in the
story. (quality of a setting.)
Moral - a practical lesson about right and wrong conduct
contained in the narrative.
Symbol - a person, a place, a thing, or an experience that
represents something else.
Values - classified into aesthetic, social, psychological, and
things that make literary pieces important to its reader or
users.
ELEMENTS OF AN ESSAY
Theme - The main idea, moral, or a message, of an essay
(almost always timelines, universal, and implied) which may
be about life, society or nature.
Style - The manner in which the writer presents his ideas in
composition, such an essay.
Organization - The combination or arrangement of the
distinct artistic parts (ideas) to form a unified essay.
Point of view - The perspective used by the writer or of the
narrative voice, the pronoun used in narration.
Diction - The used in the selection.
Informal Essay VS. Formal Essay
Point of contrast Informal essay Formal essay
Length short Generally longer
than an informal
essay
persons professionals
Authorship Anybody or Experts or specialists
any writer in their fields
CLASSIFICATION OF ESSAYS
Basis of Classifying
1. Form of Discourse
2. Subject Matter
FORM OF DISCOURSE
Expository Essay - It deals with a definition, a comparison,
a contrast, a causation, and the like.
Descriptive Essay - It serves to describe or give the
characteristics of a person, place, object, idea, or event.
Narrative Essay - It serves to tell a story.
Argumentative/Persuasive Essay - It serves to convince
or actuate (let the reader to take an action).
SUBJECT MATTER
Editorial Essay - It states the opinion of the editor or
publisher regarding a controversial issue or subject matter.
Didactic Essay - It serves to preach or teach its readers a
moral.
Nature Essay - It describes things of nature.
Naturalistic Essay - It focuses on naturalism as a school of
thought.
Scientific Essay - It serves to inform its readers about
science items and issues.
Philosophical Essay - It serves to expound on an ideology
or a philosophical issue.
Religious Essay - It deals with God, the divine, the
supernatural, or with man’s relationship with God.
Reflective Essay - It involves the writer’s views and
feelings about his chosen subject.
Critical Essay - An argumentative essay which offers an
analysis, interpretation, and/or evaluation of a literary work
or a work of art.
Biographical Essay - A narrative essay which tells about
the life of an individual.
tAutobiographical Essay - A narrative essay which tells
about the life of the writer himself.

Subject Any topic under Usually scientific

the sun topics, serious subject
matter