DISOUIA SHANIGXDXIA

@OA\HS NI\IU SHAZI@J^ IE\H\ AHURX\ JAMXJAIDJ\

odhg 6
Izja Djammir Srikjdi

9=5<939399:=

@HKHA^HUJIA SHANJNJ@IA NIA @HEXNIZIIA

SUOMUIK \^XNJ \IUFIAI @HSHUI]I^IAA
BI@XD^I\ @HSHUI]I^IA
XAJRHU\J^I\ FHKEHU
5353
 

DISOUIA SHANIGXDXIA

@OA\HS NI\IU IE\H\ AHURX\ JAMXJAIDJ\

Njsusua muai khdham`ipj tumis Ipdj`isj @djajs @hphriwitia nhamia

Nosha Shkejkejam As.I`gkin Vijaur Ujndi, \.@hp., KinvA

odhg 6

Izja Djammir Srikjdi

9=5<939399:=

@HKHA^HUJIA SHANJNJ@IA NIA @HEXNIZIIA

SUOMUIK \^XNJ \IUFIAI @HSHUI]I^IAA
BI@XD^I\ @HSHUI]I^IA

jj
 

XAJRHU\J^I\ FHKEHU
5353

GIDIKIA SHAMH\IGIA

^umis Ipdj`isj @djajs @hphriwitia nhamia Funud

—@OA\HS NI\IU SHAZI@J^ IE\H\ AHURX\ JAMXJAIDJ\‛ 

yiam njsusua odhg 6

 Aiki 6 Izja Djammir Srikjdi

 AJK 6 9=5<939399:=
9=5<939399:=

@hdis/Iam`itia 6 N-539=

^hdig njshtufuj uatu` njshkjair`ia nia nj`ukpud`ia pini 6

Girj/^iammid 6

Ki`idig jaj nj`hrfi`ia nia njsusua nhamia phkj`jria shanjrj, eu`ia gisjd
 fjpdi`ia itiu rhpronu`sj udiam ki`idig yiam thdig ini.

Shayusua

Izja Djammir Srikjdi

Khamhtiguj

Shaiammuam Fiwie Kiti @udjig Nosha Shkejkejam

 As.Foa Gibia \.,K.`hp., \p.@hp.KE

\p.@hp.KE As.I`gkin Vijaur Ujndi, \.@hp., KinvA
KinvA

jjj
 

 AJS9:7>393553983>9335
 AJS9:7>393553983>9335 AJS =2339:33=
=2339:33=

@I^I SHAMIA^IU

Sufj syu`ur `hginjrit Iddig \wt. yiam khdjkpig`ia `iruaji-Ayi shgjammi

 phaudjs nipit khayhdhsij`ia ki`idig yiam ehrfunud —Diporia
—Diporia Shaniguduia Ieshs
 Ahrvus Jamujaidjs‛.
Jamujaidjs‛. Ki`idig jaj njsusua uatu` khkhaugj sidig situ tumis
Ipdj`isj @djajs @hphriwitia Bi`udtis @hphriwitia Xajvhrsjtis Fhkehr. 
Fhkehr. 
Shayusuaia ki`idig jaj thatuayi tjni` dhpis nirj `oatrjeusj ehreimij
 pjgi`. Odhg `irhai jtu, phaudjs khayikpij`ia
khayikpij`ia thrjki `isjg `hpini6
9.   As. Foa Gibia \, K.@hp., \p.@hp.KE shdi`u nosha phaiammuam fiwie
Ipdj`isj @hphriwitia @djajs.
5.   As. Idbjn ^rj Ibianj, \.@hp., K.@hp nia As. Igkin Vijaur Ujndo,

KInvA,   nosha yiam thdig khkejkejam

KInvA, khkejkejam nidik phayhdhsijia tumis jaj
shgjammi phaudjs nipit khayhdhsij`ia tumis jaj nhamia eij`,
<.  \hkui pjgi` yiam shliri tjni` diamsuam khkeiatu thrljptiayi ki`idig jaj
yiam tjni` nipit njsheut`ia situ phr situ.

Shaudjs fumi khahrjki shmidi `rjtj` niia siria nirj shkui pjgi` nhkj
`hshkpuraiia ki`idig jaj. I`gjrayi phaudjs ehrgirip, shkomi ki`idig jaj nipit
 ehrkiabiit eimj phkeili.

Fhkehr, 9< Fiauirj 539:

Izja Djammir Srikjdi

jv
 

NIB^IU J\J 

@I^I SHAMIA^IU  ........................................................................................................
 ........................................................................................................ jj

NIB^IU J\J ....................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
................... v

EIE 9. ^JAFIXIA SX\^I@I ....................................................................................... 9

9.9  Nhbjajsj ...............................................................................................................
............................................................................................................... 9

9.5  Hpjnhkjodomj ......................................................................................................
...................................................................................................... 9

9.<  Htjodomj ............................................................................................................... 5
9.>  @disjbj`isj ............................................................Hrror! Eoo`kir` aot nhbjahn. 
9.8  Sitobjsjodomj .......................................................................................................
....................................................................................................... 5

9.2  Kiajbhstisj @djajs ..............................................................................................

............................................................................................. 5

9.=  Shkhrj`siia Shauafiam ...........................................................................

 ...................................................................................
........ <

9.7  Shaitidi`siaiia Birki`odomj nia Aoa Birki`odomj .................................. >

9)  Birki`odomj  ..........................................................Hrror! Eoo`kir` aot nhbjahn. 
5)   Aoa Birki`odomj
Birki`odomj ..................................................Hrror! Eoo`kir` aot nhbjahn. 
EIE 5. SI^G]IZ ...........................................................................................................
........................................................................................................... 8

EIE <. I\XGIA @HSHUI]I^IA \HLIUI ^HOUJ .................................................. =

<.9  Sham`ifjia ......................................................................................................... =
<.5  Shkhrj`siia Shauafiam ...........................................................................
 .................................................................................
...... 99

<.<  Njimaosi ...........................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................... 99
I.  Srh-Ophrisj ............................................................
.......................................................................................................
........................................... 95

E.  Sost-Ophrisj ......................................................................................................
...................................................................................................... 95

<.>  Jathrvhasj ......................................................................................................... 95
I.  Srh Ophrisj .............................................................
.......................................................................................................
........................................... 9>

E.  Sost-Ophrisj ......................................................................................................
...................................................................................................... 97

<.8  Hviduisj ............................................................................................................
............................................................................................................ 5=

NIB^IU SX\^I@I ....................................................................................................... 57

v
 

EIE 9. ^JAFIXIA SX\^I@I

9.9 Nhbjajsj
Ieshs (Ditja6 ieslhssus
ieslhssus)) khrupi`ia `ukpudia aiaig (ahtrobjd yiam thdig

kitj) yiam thri`ukudisj nj sheuig `ivjtis firjamia `irhai iniayi proshs jabh`sj
(ejisiayi odhg ei`thrj itiu pirisjt) itiu `irhai iniayi ehani isjam (kjsidayi
shrpjgia, du`i phduru, itiu firuk suatj`). Sroshs jaj khrupi`ia rhi`sj
 phrdjanuamia odhg firjamia uatu` khalhmig phayheiria/phrduisia jabh`sj `h
 eimjia tueug yiam dija. Ieshs inidig jabh`sj `udjt nia sue`udjt nhamia mhfidi
 ehrupi `iatoam ehrjsj aiaig. (\jrhmir, 533>)
Ieshs inidig phamukpudia aiaig yiam thrdo`idjsjr sheimij i`jeit nirj jabh`sj
yiam khdjeit`ia ormiajskh pjomhaj`, aiaig khrupi`ia suitu likpuria nirj
 firjamia ah`rotj`, ei`thrj, nia shd nirig putjg yiam sunig kitj yiam njlijr`ia
odhg hazjk iutodjtj`. (Korjsoa, 533<)
Ieshs (kjsidayi ejsud) ejisiayi
ejisiayi khrupi`ia tjtj` —kiti‛, yiam `hkunjia
 phlig, roammi ieshs `odips nia thrfinj oedjthrisj `irhai bjerosjs, khajammid`ia
 firjamia pirut yiam `hljd. (Xanhrwoon, 5333)
Ieshs ahrvus jamujaidjs inidig threhatu`ayi `iatoam ehrjsj aiaig pini
 firjamia `utjs nia sue`utjs i`jeit jabh`sj `udjt yiam njsheie`ia odhg
 ei`thrj/pirisjt itiu `irhai iniayi ehani isjam yiam thrnipit njeimjia
jamujaidjs/shdiam`iamia (Eudhlghl`, 539<).

9.5 Hpjnhkjodomj
Khaurut diporia tigua 533= nirj Susit Aisjoaid uatu` Janoahsji \titjstj`
`hshgitia, jabh`sj `udjt inidig yiam `htufug idisia ukuk uatu` `uafuamia
nhpirthkha nirurit (HN), nhamia gikpjr 5,= futi `uafuamia (5,<%) `h XMN pini
tigua 5338 `irhai shdudjtjs nia ieshs. Khs`jpua eiayi` ieshs `udjt, ini siamit
shnj`jt niti khamhaij jtu hpjnhkjodomj aisjoaid. \heuig stunj nirj 9:== nirj tgh

 
 Xajvhrsjtis Lgjlimo nia Uukig \i`jt, Lgjlimo, Jdd, njphr`jri`ia eigwi 5% nirj
shkui `uafuamia pisjha `h XMN nhwisi inidig uatu` phriwitia ieshs.
9.< Htjodomj

Khaurut \jrhmir (533>) suitu jabh`sj ei`thrj ejsi khayheie`ia ieshs

khdiduj ehehripi liri 6

i)  Ei`thrj kisu` `h eiwig `udjt i`jeit du`i yiam ehrisid nirj tusu`ia firuk
yiam tjni` sthrjd
 e)  Ei`thrj khayheir nirj suitu jabh`sj nj eimjia tueug yiam dija
l)  Ei`thrj yiam nidik `hiniia aorkid gjnup nj nidik tueug kiausji nia
tjni` khajkeud`ia miammuia, `iniam ejsi khayheie`ia threhatu`ayi
ieshs.
Shduiam threhatu`ayi suitu ieshs i`ia khajam`it fj`i 6
i)  ^hrnipit `otoria itiu ehani isjam nj nihrig thkpit thrfinjayi jabh`sj
 e)  Nihrig yiam thrjabh`sj khanipit`ia idjria nirig yiam `uriam
l)  ^hrnipit miammuia sjsthk `h`heidia
Ei`thrj thrshrjam phayheie ieshs inidig \tipgydololus Iurhus
9.> @disjbj`isj
Ini nui fhajs ieshs, shptj` nia sthrjd.
9.  Ieshs shptj`  

@heiayi`ia ieshs inidig shptj`, yiam ehrirtj eigwi khrh`i inidig gisjd
nirj jabh`sj. Ieshs shptj` nipit thrfinj njkiai sifi nj tueug. Giayi
 ei`thrj nia rhspoa `h`heidia tueug yiam njphrdu`ia. \heimij tiammipia
thrginip ei`thrj, shd-shd nirig putjg yiam thrjabh`sj ehr`ukpud nj sjtus

thrsheut nia kudij khkpronu`sj eigia `jkji yiam njsheut hazjk yiam
khayhriam ei`thrj nhamia thrdhejg nigudu tiani nia `hkunjia
khalhraiayi. Hazjk jaj khkeuaug ei`thrj nia khamgialur`ia khrh`i
`h potoamia- potoamia `hljd yiam nipit ehrfidia nj sjsthk phrhniria
nirig shehduk khafinj njgjdiam`ia nirj tueug. \iyiamayi, eigia `jkji
jaj fumi khalhrai firjamia tueug. Nidik `heiayi`ia `isus, ei`thrj

khamgisjd`ia eigia `jkji yiam shrupi. Gisjdayi inidig theid, lijria-

aiaig `uajam yiam khamianuam ei`thrj kitj, njlhrai firjamia, shd-shd
 nirig putjg, nia hazjk.
Ieshs inidig tigip thri`gjr nirj suitu jabh`sj firjamia yiam njiwidj
nhamia proshs phriniamia. Iwidayi, shphrtj ei`thrj khami`tjb`ia sjsthk
`h`heidia tueug, ehehripi `hfinjia thrfinj6
 
Idjria nihrig khajam`it.
  \ugu khajam`it `irhai khajam`itayi piso`ia nirig.
  ]jdiyig khkeham`i` i`jeit i`ukudisj ijr, nirig, nia lijria dijaayi.
  Ehrwirai khrig itiu khkir
  Uisiayi si`jt, `irhai jrjtisj nirj phkeham`i`ia nia i`tjvjtis `jkji.
@hhkpit tiani-piais, eham`i`, `hkhrigia, nia si`jt ljrj phriniamia.
@htj`i proshs ehrdiamsuam, firjamia kudij ehrueig khafinj lijr, nia
 ehrehatu` ieshs. \hdiafutayi, ieshs i`ia khayheir khamj`utj fidur yiam
 pidjam rhsjsthasj, ukuk, firjamia yiam pidjam kunig njlhrai. \heuig
loatog yiam eij` inidig ieshs thpit nj eiwig, ehrdiafut nj shpiafiam
 eiwig phrku`iia khdiduj dipjsia thrduir itiu eiwig khdiduj stru`tur
yiam dhejg nidik nj kiai ji ejsi khamuris jsj yiam ehrilua. Jsj ieshs
 fumi nipit eolor `h sjr`udisj ukuk nia khamgisjd`ia mhfidi shphrtj
jabh`sj dijaayi. Jaj thrkisu` khammjmjd, nhkik, si`jt, nia risi tjni`
ayikia (Korjsia, 5393).

5.  Ieshs sthrjd

Ieshs sthrjd `iniam-`iniam ehatu` yiam dhejg rjamia nirj proshs yiam siki
 eu`ia njsheie`ia odhg ei`thrj, thtipj odhg aoa-gjnup jrjtia shphrtj oeit-
oeitia. Fj`i khayuatj``ia oeit shphrtj phajsjdja tjni` njshrip nia thrfinj
jrjtisj, ki`i nipit threhatu` ieshs sthrjd. @irhai ieshs sthrjd tjni
njshsie`ia `irhai jabh`sj, shgjammi ieshs sthrjd lhanhruam ehrueig khafinj
`hris, pinit ehafodia `irhai khrh`i eh`is du`i, eu`ia `iatoam-`iatoam
sjsi aiaig (Korjsia, 5393).

<

9.8 Sitobjsjodomj
\fiksugjnifit ht id (9::76 8) khamhku`i`ia eigwi `ukia phayi`jt yiam
kisu` `h nidik tueug nipit khayheie`ia `hrusi`ia firjamia nhamia liri
khamhduir`ia to`sja. Xanhrwoon, F.L.H (9:::6 5<5) khafhdis`ia eigwi
  ei`thrj khdhpis`ia h`soto`sja yiam sphsjbj` yijtu suitu sjathsjs, `jkjiwj
yiam shliri sphsjbj` khamiwidj proshs riniam itiu khdhpis`ia hanoto`sja
yiam ini gueuamiaayi nhamia njanjam
njanjam shd. Uhi`sj gjphrs
gjphrshasjtjvjtis
hasjtjvjtis thrfinj ejdi
 phrueigia `oanjsj rhspoas jkuaodomj khami`jeit`ia tjni` shsuijayi itiu
 ehrdhejgiaayi rhi`sj jkua yiam i`ia khrusi` fir
firjamia.
jamia. \hniam`ia imha bjsj`
nia eigia `jkjiwj yiam jrjtia nia `orosjb i`ia khayheie`ia `hrusi`ia
 firjamia. @hkitjia firjamia khrupi`ia stjkudus yiam `uit uatu` thrfinj
jabh`sj.
Srjlh, \.I ht id (9::86 <2) khamhku`i`ia eigwi jabh`sj khrupi`ia sidig
situ phayheie nirj phriniamia. Sini phriniamia, `hkhrigia khrupi`ia
tiani phrtiki yiam thrdjgit pini nihrig yiam khamidikj phriniamia i`jeit
njditisj irthrjod yiam khasupdij nihrig thrsheut i`ia khajam`it`ia idjria
nirig `h kj`rosjr`udisj do`id. @idor thrfinj ehrsikiia nhamia `hkhrigia.
Shajam`itia sugu ehrsjbit do`id. Aikua Xanhrwoon, F.L.H (9:::6 5>2)
khamhku`i`ia eigwi phajam`itia sugu nipit thrfinj shliri sjsthkj` i`jeit
hanomha pjromha yiam njgisjd`ia ki`robim khkphamirugj thrkorhmudisj pini
thkphritur dhejg tjammj
dhejg tjammj shgjammi pronu`sj piais khajam`it nia thrfinj
gjphrthrkj (Muytoa, I.L,
(Muytoa, I.L, 9::86 2>=-2>7).
Xanhrwoon, F.L.H (9:::6 5<>-5<8) khamhku`i`ia eigwi pini
 phriniamia thrfinj phrueigia njikhthr phkeudug nirig shgjammi nirig
khamidjr `h shdurug
`h shdurug `ipjdhr, `hkunjia idjria nirig kudij
nirig kudij phrdigia
 phrdigia dimj, shd-shd
nirig kudij khamidjr khanh`itj njanjam phkeudug nirig nj nihrig zoai
 pdiskitj`. @hiniia jaj khkuam`ja`ia dhu`osjt khahkphd pini hpjthd,
sheimij diam`ig iwid thrfinjayi hkjmrisj dhu`osjt `h nidik ruiam
h`trivis`udhr. Dikeitayi idjria nirig yiam khaj`utj bish gjphrhkji
khayheie`ia khajam`itayi phrkhiejdjtis vis`udhr, khami`jeit`ia `hduirayi
 pdiski uatu` kisu` `h nidik firjamia,
firja mia, shniam`ia shd nirig thrtjammid
thrtj ammid nidik

 phkeudug nirig i`jeit phajam`itia th`iaia

phajam`itia th`iaia gjnrostitj` nia phauruaia
th`iaia oskotj` shgjammi thrfinj i`ukudisj lijria njnidik roammi
h`trivis`udhr yiam khrupi`ia eimjia nirj lijria h`sunit yijtu hnhki.
Uhmiamia nia njstorsj firjamia i`jeit hnhki nia th`iaia pus nidik roammi
Ieshs khayheie`ia risi si`jt. Ehehripi khnjitor `jkjiwj pini riniam i`ut
thrkisu` erinj`jaja, prostimdianja nia shrotoaja i`ia khriamsiam nia
 khrusi``ia ufuam sirib ayhrj shgjammi khaurua`ia ikeiam stjkudus
thrginip rhshptor kh`iaoshasjtjb nia thrkoshasjtjb shgjammi khajkeud`ia
ayhrj. Iniayi hnhki i`ia khayheie`ia ehr`uriamayi mhri` firjamia
shgjammi khamidikj phauruaia buamsj tueug yiam khayheie`ia
thrmiammuayi koejdjtis.
\fiksugjnifit ht id (9::76 2-=) khafhdis`ia eigwi jabdikisj thrus
thrfinj shdiki
thrfinj  shdiki kisjg ini `hrusi`ia firjamia. Ipiejdi phayheie `hrusi`ia
 firjamia nipit
 firjamia nipit njehriatis ki`i nherjs i`ia njbimosjtosjs nia njeuiam odhg
tueug sikpij thrfinj rhsodusj nia `hshkeugia. ipiejdi triuki ehrdhejgia,
ki`i rhi`sj shd bimosjt j`ut ehrdhejgia shgjammi nherjs yiam ehrdhejgia
thr`ukpud nidik suitu roammi khkehatu` ieshs itiu ehrtukpu` nj shd
 firjamia tueug yiam dija khkehatu` bdhmkoa. ^riuki yiam gheit,
yiam gheit, ehrdhejgia,
 ehrdhejgia,
nia thrus khahrus khajkeud`ia rhi`sj tueug yiam fumi ehrdhejgia ehrupi
bimosjtosjs nherjs yiam njj`utj nhamia phkehatu`ia firjamia mriaudisj
vis`udhr uatu` khammiatj firjamia yiam rusi`. Bish jaj njsheut bish
ormiajsisj. Ejdi nidik bish jaj `hrusi`ia firjamia ehrghatj i`ia thrfinj bish
 phayhkeugia khdiduj phkehatu`ia firjamia mriaudisj bjerosi. ^htipj ejdi
`hrusi`ia firjamia ehrdiamsuam thrus, i`ia thrfinj bish jabdikisj `roaj` yiam
i`ia shkeug ejdi riamsiam yiam khrusi` gjdiam. Ieshs yiam tjni` njoeitj
i`ia phlig nia khamhduir`ia pus `h`uajamia (B@XJ, 
(B@XJ,  9:7:6 59) shgjammi
thrfinj `hrusi`ia jathmrjtis `udjt. \hniam`ia Ieshs yiam nj jasjsj nipit
khajam`it`ia rjsj`o phayheiria jabh`sj (Erowa, F.\, 9::86 :>).

9.2 Kiajbhstisj @djajs

Ieshs ejsi threhatu` njshdurug eimjia tueug, thrkisu` piru-piru,

kudut, rh`tuk, nia otot. Ieshs yiam shrjam njthku`ia njnidik `udjt itiu
thpit njeiwig `udjt thrutiki fj`i tjkeud nj wifig.
Khaurut \khdtzhr & Eirh (5339), mhfidi nirj ieshs thrmiatuam
`hpini do`isj nia phamirugayi thrginip buamsj suitu ormia sirib.
Mhfidiayi ejsi ehrupi6
 i)   Ayhrj
 e)   Ayhrj th`ia
l)  ^hriei giamit
n)  Shkeham`i`ia
h)  @hkhrigia
b)  Nhkik
\uitu ieshs yiam threhatu` thpit njeiwig `udjt ejisiayi tikpi`
sheimij ehafodia. Inipua do`isj ieshs iatiri dija `htji`, thdjami, nia
tuam`ij eiwig. Fj`i ieshs i`ia phlig, ki`i nihrig pusit ehafodia i`ia
dhejg putjg `irhai `udjt njitisayi khajpjs. \uitu ieshs nj nidik tueug,
shehduk khajkeud`ia mhfidi shrjam`idj thrdhejg tukeug dhejg
 ehsir/threhatu ehafodia. Sidjam shrjam, ieshs i`ia khajkeud`ia Ayhrj
th`ia nhamia kissi yiam ehrwirai khrig, giamit pini phrku`iia
phrku`iia ieshs,
nia dhkeut.

9.= Shkhrj`siia Shauafiam
Shkhrj`siia phauafiam nirj ieshs iatiri dija6
9.  @udtur 0 Khamjnhatjbj`isj ormiajskh phayheie ieshs
i eshs uatu` khahatu`ia
oeit yiam pidjam hbh`tjb.
5.  \hd nirig putjg, Ghkito`rjt kuam`ja khajam`it, Dhu`ophaji,
Dhu`osjtosjs (98.333 - <3.333) khamjanj`isj`ia pronu`sj shd nirig putjg
tjni` kitur nidik fukdig ehsir.
<.  Hdh`trodjt shruk, ehreimij `htjni`shjkeiamia kuam`ja thrfinj nia
khayheie`ia isjnosjs, phrpjanigia lijria nia phrueigia buamsj mjafid

<

>.  Shkhrj`siia phkeh`uia 6 ^rokeosjtophaji nipit thrfinj `irhai imrhmisj

trokeosjt, S^/S^^ kuam`ja khkiafiam khauafu`ia `oimudopitj yiam
njisosjisj`ia nhamia js`hkji gitj/sjr`udisj to`sja/stitus syo`.
8.  Di`tit shruk 6 Khajam`it nidik iljnosjs khtieodjl, njsbuamsj gitj, syo`.
2.  Mdu`osi shruk, gjphrmdj`hkj khauafu``ia mdu`omhahsjs nia mdj`omhahsjs
nj nidik gitj sheimij rhspoa nirj puisi/phrueigia shdudhr nidik
 khtieodjsk.
=.  EXA/@rhitjaja 6Shajam`itia `inir njisosjisj`ia nhamia nhgjnrisj,
`htjni`shjkeiamia itiu `hmimidia mjafid, nia njsbuamsj itiu `hmimidia
gitj.
7.  MNI 6 Id`idosjs rhspjritorj gjpo`shkji, tigip diafut gjpo`shkji isjnosjs
rhspjritorj` nia khtieodjl thrfinj `irhai `hmimidia kh`iajskh
`okphasisj.
:.  Xrjaidjsjs 6 Iniayi shd nirig putjg/ei`thrj phayheie jabh`sj shrjam kualud
 prothja nia shd nirig khrig.
93. \jair W 6 Bjdk ienokjaid nia nini eimjia eiwig yiam khamjanj`isj`ia
uniri eheis nj nidik ienokha/ormia phdvjs.
99. H@M 6 Nipit khauafu`ia phrueigia shmkha \^ nia mhdokeiam ^,nia
njsrjtkji yiam khayhrupij jabi` kjo`irn.
(Nohamhs,533367=<)

9.7 Shaitidi`s
Shaitidi`siaiia
iaiia Birki`odomj nia Aoa Birki`odomj

9. Shaitidi`siaiia Birki`odomj

Zijtu nhamia phkehrjia iatjejotj`. Iatjejotj` inidig oeit yiam

njjanj`isj`ia pini jabh`sj firjamia duai` yiam njshrtij nhamia shdudjtjs,

djkbinhapitj i`ut, djkbiamjtjs, itiu nhkik.
5. Shaitidi`siaiia Aoa Birki`odomj
Jasjsj nia nrijaish inidig thripj yiam thpit uatu` ieshs. Jasjsj nia nrijaish
njdi`u`ia shliri phkehnigia. Nrijaish njdi`u`ia ipiejdi ieshs thdig
 ehr`hkeiam nirj phrisiamia shrosi
sh rosi yiam `hris khafinj tigip aiaig yiam
dhejg duai`.

>

EIE 5. SI^G]Z 
SI^G]Z 
 8

EIE <. I\XGIA @HSHUI]I^IA \HLIUI ^HOUJ

9.9 Sham`ifjia
I.  Sham`ifjia 6 Khaurut Sotthr nia Shrry (5338), Khrupi`ia proshs yiam
thrstru`tur nia sjsthkitjs, kudij nirj phamukpudia niti, vhrjbj`isj
 niti, nia `okuaj`isj niti thatiam `djha. Sini bish pham`ifjia jaj

thrnipit 5 diam`ig yijtu phamukpudia niti nirj `djha (sukehr prjkhr)

nia `hduirmi, thaimi `hshgitia (sukehr sh`uanhr) shrti iaidjsi niti
uatu` njimaosi `hphriwitia.
9.  Jnhatjtis `djha yi`aj aiki, ukur, imiki, su`u, stitus, ph`hrfiia,
idikit, tiammid kisu` rukig si`jt, aokor rhmjstrisj, nia njimaosi
khnjs.
Ieshs ukuayi njidikj odhg shkui modoamia usji, aikua yiam
 pidjam shrjam njshriam inidig eiyj nia iai`-iai`
5.  Ujwiyit @hshgitia

i.  Ujwiyit Shayi`jt \h`iriam

Sisjha ieshs ukukayi khkjdj`j `hdugia ehrupi Ayhrj, piais,

 eham`i`, nia `hkhrigia pini irhi ieshs.

 e.  Ujwiyit Shayi`jt ^hrnigudu

Shriwit khdi`u`ia pham`ifjia ipi`ig pisjha ieshs ahrvus
jamujaidjs khkjdj`j rjwiyit phayi`jt shphrtj ghraji jamujaidjs.
l.  Ujwiyit Shayi`jt @hduirmi
Shriwit kham`ifj pini iammoti `hduirmi yiam sjbitayi turuaia

shphrtj 6 Gjphrthasj, Njiehths Khddjtus, nia Iski phrdu njmidj.

<.  Sodi Buamsjoaid Mornoa
Khaurut Lrjsp n`` (539<),

 AO Sodi Mornoa @okpoaha Sham`ifjia

Sham`ifjia

9 Sodi phrshpsj Sisjha ieshs ahrvus jamujasdjs ejisiayi nipit thrfinj

nia njshkui modoamia. Shriwit girus khdi`u`ia iaikahsjs

 phkhdjgiriia `hpini pisjha thatiam phrshpsj shgit-si`jt, phamhtiguia

`hshgitia stitus `hshgitia pisjha siit jaj, phrjdi`u uatu` khamitisj
`hshgitia nia podi phkhdjgiriia `hshgitia.
5 Sodi autrjsj Shriwit khdi`u`ia pham`ifjia thatiam `hejisiia fukdig
nia ki`iaia nia `unipia, Fhajs nia fukdig (ki`iaia nia
 khtieodjskh kjaukia), Sodi ki`ia < girj thri`gjr itiu 5> fik thri`gjr,
 porsj yiam njgiejs`ia, aibsu ki`ia, Sodi autrjsj pisjha
ieshs ahrvus jamujaidjs tjni` thrmiammu.

< Sodi Sini pisjha ieshs ahrvus jamujaidjs ejisiaiy tjni` thrfinj
hdjkjaisj miammuia hdjkjaisj.

> Sodi i`tjvjtis Sisjha ieshs ahrvus jamujaidjs khamidikj `hdhkigia. Gid
nia ditjgia jaj nj`irhai`ia pisjha khrisi`ia ayhrj yiam thrus-khahrus
njeimjia shdiam`iamia/jamujaidjs. I`tjvjtis pisjha shrjam
njeiatu odhg pjgi` `hduirmi.

8 Sodi tjnur Sisjha ieshs ahrvus jamujaidjs tjnur shrjam thrmiammu nj

nia jstjrigit `irhai ayhrj pini shdiam`iamia/jamujaidjs. Gid jaj thatuayi
nipit khammiammu `hayikiaia `djha. ^umis phriwit
inidig khdi`u`ia pham`ifjia shehripi diki `djha tjnur
nidik shgirj, ipi`ig thrnipit phrueigia podi tjnur itiu
diki tjnur.

2 Sodi @omajtjb Sisjha ieshs ahrvus jamujaidjs ejisiayi ini yiam thrmiammu
nia nia ini yiam tjni` thrmiammu `irhai phayi`jt jaj nipit
`oashptuid thrfinj nj shkui modoamia usji. \heimij phriwit gid yiam

girus nj`ifj inidig ipi`ig ini miammuia khamhaij idit

janri pisjha, nia eimijkiai stitus ahurodomjs pisjha.

= Sodi phrshpsj Sisjha yiam khanhrjti ieshs ahrvu jamujaidjs shrjam`idj

njrj jathmrjtis hmo thrmiammu njsheie`ia pj`jria thatiam
khamginipj phamoeitia. Gid shphrtj jaj nipit njdjgit nirj
risi lhkis, mhdjsig, khatid `iliu, nia phrueigia phrjdi`u

 pisjha.

7 Sodi phria Shriwit kham`ifj phria pisjha nidik `hduirmi, ph`hrfiia

nia nia sosjid, `hpuisia phria pisjha, phamirug stitus
gueuamia `hshgitia thrginip phria, phatjamayi `hduirmi,
 phamikejd `hputusia nidik `hduirmi, oriam-oriam thrnh`it
th rnh`it
  pisjha.

: Sodi ^jni`ia jasjsj/nrijaish ejsi khayheie`ia

sh`suidjtis thrmiammuiaayi podi sh`suid nia rhpronu`ij.
nia
rhpronu`sj

93 Sodi todhriasj Shriwit phrdu kham`ifj inidig \jbit phalhtus strhss yiam
lopjam- njrisi`ia eiru-eiru jaj, ^jam`it strhss yiam njrisi`ia,
strhss mikeiria rhspoas ukuk nia `gusus thrginip strhss,
\trithmj khamitisj strhss yiam ejisi njmuai`ia nia
`hhbh`tjbiaayi, \trithmj `opjam yiam ejisi njmuai`ia,
Shamhtiguia nia phammuaiia th`aj` kiaifhkha strhss,
Gueuamia iatiri kiaifhkha strhss nhamia `hduirmi. Sini
 pisjha ieshs ahrvus jamujaidjs tjam`it strhss i`ia ehrtikeig
`irhai khkj`jr`ia thatiam phayi`jt nia phamoeitia yiam
njginipj. Gid jaj nipit njdjgit nirj `hmhdjsigia nia
`hlhkisia pisjha.

99 Sodi titi Kiyorjtis pisjha ieshs ahrvus jamujadjs tjni` khkhrdu`ia

ajdij nia iniptisj nidik khafidia`ia jeinigayi.

`hphrliyiia

>.  Shkhrj`siia Bjsj`

Khaurut Auirj (539=) phkhrj`siia pisjha ieshs ahrvus jamujaidjs
 ehrnisir`ia sjsthk-sjsthk tueug yijtu6
i.  @hiniia ukuk
\iit post-ophrisj pisjha nidik `hiniia dhkig nia `hsiniria
 eij`, `hluidj fj`i pisjha khamidikj sgol`. ^hasj, ainj, nia

`hsiniria pini bish iwid (2 fik) post ophrisj girus shdidu

njkoajtor nia njlitit tjip fik. Ipiejdi `oanjsj thtip stiejd
jathrvid koajtorjam njphrpiafiam, shphrtj < fik sh`idj.
i)  E9 (Erhitgjam)
@ifj phrueigia podi nia brh`uhasj aibis lhpit nia nidik
  pini phraibisia `uskiudd.
 e)  E5 (Edoon)
Mimid fiatuam `oamhstjb yiam rhthasj lijria nia gjphrthasj
yiam nji`jeit`ia odhg rhthasj aitrjuk nia ijr.
l)  E< (Erija)
Shrj`si iniayi iahkji nia j`thrus.
n)  E> (Edinnhr)
Shkhrj`siia Mjafid, khdjputj6
Jasph`sj6 iniayi phkehsiria pini nihrig pjammiam itiu
ienokha shehdig itis.
Sidpisj6 nhamia khki`ij `hnui tiamia, tiamia `jrj
njdhti``ia njsunut `ostovhrtheri uatu` khamiam`it mjafid
`h itis,shniam`ia tiamia `iaia khriei mjafid nirj nhpia.
Shr`usj6 phr`usj itiu phkhrj`siia `htu` mjafid njdi`u`ia
nhamia khkehrj`ia `htu`ia pini sunut `ostovhrtheri.
Shr`usj pini pisjha pjhdoahbrjtjs, eitu mjafid pini phdvjs,
 eitu urhthr i`ia khkehrj`ia stjkudus ayhrj.
Ius`udtisj6 erujt mjafid. Sidjam fhdis thrnhamir thpit
njukejdj`us, `jri-`jri 5 lk nirj sjsj `jrj itiu sjsj `iaia
mirjs thamig. Nhamir`ia nhamia phrku`iia njibrimki nirj
sthtos`op pini `hnui nihrig thrsheut.
  Shkhrj`siia `ianuam `hkjg6 iniayi eafodia itiu
kissi itiu fijamia pirut eh`is phkehnigia nj
suprisjkpjsjs.
  Shkhrj`siia hdjkjaisj urja
  Shkhrj`siia mhhahtidji h`sthrai6 pisjha khamidikj
hpjnjnjkjtjs nhamia phkehsiria s`rotuk

93

h)  E8 (Shalhraiia)
\hrjam lhmu`ia nia stokitjtjs. Eiu ikoaji pini siduria
 phalhraiia khayheie`ia iaorh`sji. Ini isjths.
b)  E2 (Kus`udos`hdhtid)
Sisjha nhamia mimid mjafid `roaj` `udjt pulit `h`uajam-
 `uajamia.
9.5 Shkhrj`siia Shauafiam
Ehrnisir`ia Auirj (539=),
i.  Shkhrj`siia nirig dham`ip
@okpdj`isj utiki post-ophrisj inidig phrnirigia, finj shkui nhbh`
 phkeh`uia girus njitisj. @irhai usji pisjha ieshs ahrvus jamujaid
ukukayi thrfinj njshkui modoamia ukur. Shkhrj`siia nirig dham`ip
khdjputj Ge, dhu`osjt, hrjtrosjt, gjtuam fhajs dhu`osjt, E^,L^, Modoamia
nirig,Gkt, EXA, trokeosjt, nia `rhitjaja shruk.
 e.  Shkhrj`siia rinjodomjs
Nhamia khdi`u`ia boto podos ienokha, X\N, sjtos`opj, nia
 pjhdomribj jatrivhai. Khdiduj boto podos ejsi njdjgit
njdj git iniayi ieshs pini
jamujaid.
l.  MNI (mudi nirig ili`)
Id`idosjs rhspjritorj gjpo`shkji,tigip diafut gjpo`shkji isjnosjs
rhspjritorj` nia khtieodjl thrfinj `irhai `hmimidia kh`iajskh
`okphasisj.
n.  Xrjaidjsjs
Iniayi shd nirig putjg/ei`thrj phayheie jabh`sj shrjam kualud
 prothja nia shd nirig khrig.

9.< Njimaosi

Khaurut Sotthr nia Shrry (5338), njimaosi `hphriwitia

khrupi`ia phajdijia `djajs itis rhspoa pisjha, `hduirmi, itiu `okuajtis
thrginip `hshgitia nia proshs `hgjnupia i`tuid itiu pothasjid. Njimaosi
`hphriwitia khrupi`ia nisir itis phkjdjgia jathrvhasj `hphriwitia
uatu` khalipij gisjd yiam kiai phriwit ehrtiammuam fiwie nia

99

 ehrtiammuam mumit. Khaurut @hdjit n`` (5398), niti yiam njmuai`ia

uatu` khanjimaosjs nia khkehni`ia situ njimaosjs nhamia njimaosjs
yiam dija inidig janj`itor njimaostj`. Janj`itor njimaostj` khali`up
 eitisia `iri`thrjstj` yijtu tiani nia mhfidi nia bi`tor
bi `tor rjsj`o yiam khdjputj
bi`tor yiam ehrgueuamia nhamia phayheie, `hiniia, bi`ti, itiu phamirug
 yiam ehrgueuamia
ehrgueuamia nhamia njimaosjs
njimaosjs `hphriwitia. Njimaosi
Njimaosi `hphriwitia
 pisjha ESG ehrnisir`ia Aiani (5397) inidig 6

I.  Srh-Ophrisj 
9.   Ayhrj i`ut e.n imha jafury ejodomjs
ejodomjs
5.  Iasjhtis e.n phrueigia stitus `hshgitia itiu khamginipj proshnur
 ehnig
<.  Nhbjsjhasj phamhtiguia e.n `heutugia phamoeitia nhamia
`uriamayi jaborkisj
E.  Sost-Ophrisj 
9.  @hrusi`ia jathmrjtis firjamia e.n proshnur phkehnigia
 
5.  Ayhrj i`ut e.n tjani`ia javisjb
<.  Miammuia podi
podi tjnur e.n ayhrj itiu hbh` phkehnigia
>.  Gikeitia koejdjtis bjsj` e.n ayhrj itiu hbh` phkehnigia
8.  Uhsj`o jabh`sj e.n proshnur javisjb 6 idit shdiki phkehnigia,
`iththr, jrjmisj `ianuam `hkjg
2.  Uhsj`o lhnhri e.n phrnirigia `irhai tjani`ia phkehnigia

9.> Jathrvhasj

Khaurut Sotthr nia Shrry (5338), Jathrvhasj `hphriwitia (phrhaliaiia)

khrupi`ia `hmjitia `hphriwitia yiam khali`up phdhti`ia pusit tufuia pini
 pisjha, khahtip`ia gisjd yiam i`ia njlipij, nia khkjdjg jathrvhasj imir tufuia
thrlipij. Sini tigip jathrvhasj inidig phkehrjia `hshkpitia pini phriwit,
 pisjha nia `hduirmi itiu oriam thrnh`it pisjha uatu` khrukus`ia suitu rhaliai
tjani`ia `hphriwitia imir kisidig yiam njidikj pisjha nipit thritisj. Jathrvhasj
inidig phruatu` thrtudjs yiam khkehrj`ia mikeiria thpit thatiam rhaliai

95

`hphriwitia yiam i`ia njdi`u`ia thrginip pisjha ehrnisir`ia njimaosi

`hphriwitia, shsuij `heutugia.
 9<

I.  Srh Ophrisj

^ufuia nia
Njimaosi @hphriwitia
@hphriwitia Jathrvhasj Uisjoaid
Ao @rjthrji Gisjd

 Ayhrj i`ut e.n imha jafury  AOL  AJL 9.  Xatu`

9.
 ejodomjs khamhtiguj
 ^ufuia6 9>33-kiaifhkha
do`isj nai
ayhrj
\hthdig njdi`u`ia `uidjtis ayhrj
tjani`ia 9.  Di`u`ia  pisjha
`hphriwitia  pham`ifjia ayhrj 5.  Imir ejsi
shdiki 9 x 5> fik shliri khdi`u`ia
njgirip`ia Ayhrj `okprhghasjb tjani`ia fj`i
i`ut nipit 5.  Oeshrvisj iniayi  pisjha ayhrj
nj`uriamj nhamia  phtuafu` aoa <.  Xatu`
vhreid khamhaij khamhtiguj
@rjthrji Gisjd6
`htjni`ayikiaia tjani`ia yiam
5935-^jam`it ayhrj  
<. Midj ehrsiki hbh`tjb uatu`
9.   Ayhrj yiam  pisjha bi`tor- khrhni`ia ayhrj
njdipor`ia bi`tor yiam nipit >.  \upiyi pisjha
njphrtigia`ia khaurua`ia itiu khamhtiguj
 pini s`idi 5 khkphrehrit  phayheie,
(lu`up ehrit) ayhrj `uidjtis, nia
njtjam`it`ia `h >.  Ehrj`ia jaborkisj kiaifhkha
s`idi > (rjamia) khamhaij ayhrj ayhrjayi
5.  H`sprhsj ayhrj 8.  Ifir`ia prjasjp 8.  \upiyi pisjha

wifig kiaifhkha ayhrj nipit

njphrtigia`ia 2.  Noroam pisjha khkiaifhkha
 pini s`idi 5 uatu` khkoajtor ayhrj
(lu`up ehrit) nia khaiamiaj 2.  Khanoroam \hdb
njtjam`it`ia `h ayhrj nhamia thpit lirh pisjha
s`idi > (rjamia) =.  Nu`uam jstjrigit / =.  Xatu` khrhni`ia
<.  @hgjdiamia tjnur yiam ayhrj pisjha
inh`uit

9>

aibsu ki`ia 7.  Sjdjg nia 7.  \upiyi tjan`iia

njphrtigia`ia jkpdhkhatisj`ia  phauruaia ayhrj
 pini s`idi 5 tjani`ia yiam hbh`tjb
(lu`up ehrit)  ehrimik uatu` :.  Khamhtiguj
njtjam`it`ia `h khkbisjdjtisj tjani`ia yiam
 s`idi > (rjamia)  phauruaia ayhrj njdi`u`ia hbh`tjb
>.  ^jni` ejsi :.  Koajtor itiu tjni`
jstjrigit `hpuisiia pisjha
njphrtigia`ia thrginip
 pini s`idi 5 kiaifhkha ayhrj
(lu`up ehrit)
njtjam`it`ia `h
s`idi > (rjamia)
Iasjhtis e.n phrueigia stitus  AOL  AJL 9.  Xatu` khkejai
5.
`hshgitia itiu khamginipj gueuamia sidjam
^ufuia6 8753-Shamuriamia
 proshnur ehnig  phrliyi iatiri
\hthdig njdi`u`ia `hlhkisia  phriwit nia
tjani`ia 9.  Muai`ia  pisjha
`hphriwitia  phanh`itia yiam 5.  Xatu`
shdiki 9 x 5> fik thaiam nia khamiaidjsjs
njgirip`ia khyi`ja`ia `oanjsj pisjha
iasjhtis nipit 5.  Sigikj sjtuisj <.  \upiyi pisjha
nj`uriamj nhamia `rjsjs yiam khamhrtj i`ia
thrfinj  phayi`jtayi nia
@rjthrji Gisjd6
<.  Ehrj`ia `hlhkisia ejsi
9599-tjam`it jaborkisj  ehr`uriam
`hlhkisia bi`tuid thr`ijt >.  Khajam`it`ia
9.  ^jni` nipit njimaosjs, risi ikia nia
 ehrjstjrigit  phriwitia, nia khamuriamj
njphrtigia`ia  promaosjs `hti`utia
 pini s`idi 5 >.  Ehrini nj sjsj 8.  \upiyi pisjha
(lu`up ehrit)  pisjha dhejg ayikia

98

njtjam`it`ia `h 8.  Noroam `hduirmi 2.  Xatu` khkejai

s`idi > (rjamia) uatu` gueuamia sidjam
5.  ]ifig thmiam khanikpjamj  phrliyi iatiri
njphrtigia`ia  pisjha  phriwit nia
 pini s`idi 5 2.  Nhamir`ia  pisjha
 (lu`up ehrit)  pisjha =.  Xatu`
njtjam`it`ia `h =.  Noroam khamiaidjsjs
s`idi > (rjamia) vhreidjsisj `oanjsj pisjha
<.  Uisi ti`ut yiam  phrisiia, 7.  \upiyi ejsi
njsikpij`ia  phrshpsj nia shmhri
shliri djsia `hti`utia khkehrj`ia
njphrtigia`ia 7.  Jnhatjbj`isj pini tjani`ia `htj`i
 pini s`idi 5 siit thrfinj  pisjha lhkis
(lu`up ehrit)  phrueigia :.  Imir pisjha dhejg
njtjam`it`ia `h tjam`it  phrliyi thrginip
s`idi > (rjamia) `hlhkisia  phriwit
>.  Uisi lhkis :.  Ljpti`ia
yiam itkosbhr risi
njsikpij`ia ikia
shliri djsia
njphrtigia`ia
 pini s`idi 5
(lu`up ehrit)
njtjam`it`ia `h
s`idi > (rjamia)
Nhbjsjhasj phamhtiguia e.n  AOL  AJL 9.  imir pisjha
<.
`heutugia phamoeitia nhamia kunig khamhrtj
^ufuia6 8898- Shajam`itia
`uriamayi jaborkisj nia khkigikj
@hsiniria
\hthdig njdi`u`ia ipi yiam
@hshgitia
tjani`ia njfhdis`ia odhg
`hphriwitia 9.  Muai`ia  phriwit
shdiki 9 x 5> fik `okuaj`isj yiam 5.  jaborkisj siamit

92

njgirip`ia shsuij nia fhdis  phatjam imir

nhbjsjhasj 5.  Ehrj`ia jaborkisj  pisjha nipit
 phamhtiguia  phatjam shliri khamhrtj kisidig/
nipit njitisj thrtudjs kiupua  phayi`jt yiam
nhamia djsia pini pisjha shniam njginipj
 shsuij nhamia <.  imir pisjha lhpit
@rjthrji Gisjd6
 eigisi utikiayi/ khamhrtj ipi yiam
97>>-Kiaifhkha  eigisi jeu njfhdis`ia odhg
Shayi`jt I`ut <.  Muai`ia strithmj  phriwit

9.  Bi`tor-bi`tor uatu` >.  uatu`

 phayheie nia khajam`it`ia khkphrnidik

bi`tor yiam  phkigiaia  phamhtiguia

 ehr`oatrjeusj >.  Kotjvisj janjvjnu  pisjha

njphrtigia`ia uatu`

 pini s`idi 5 khamifu`ia

(phamhtiguia  phrtiayiia nia

threitis ) khkjati

njtjam`it`ia `h  phafhdisia

s`idi >
(phamhtiguia
 eiayi`)
5.  ^iani nia
mhfidi phayi`jt
njphrtigia`ia
 pini s`idi 5
(phamhtiguia
threitis)
njtjam`it`ia `h
s`idi >
(phamhtiguia
 eiayi`).

9=

E.  Sost-Ophrisj
Njimaosi
^ufuia nia @rjthrji Gisjd Jathrvhasj
Jathrvhasj Uisjoaid
Ao @hphriwitia

@hrusi`ia jathmrjtis  AOL  AJL 9.  Xatu`

9.
 firjamia e.n proshnur khamgjanirj
 ^ufuia 6 <>>3-Shriwitia
 phkehnigia rhsj`o jabh`sj
Nihrig \iyitia
\hthdig njdi`u`ia tjani`ia
i`jeit nirj
`hphriwitia 5 x 5> fik, 9.  Ehrsjg`ia nrhssjam yiam
njgirip`ia jathrmrjtis nrhssjam nia sunig diki
 firjamia pisjha khkeij`  pdhsthr phrh`it thrpisiam
nhamia 5.  Siatiu 5.  Khamhtiguj
`iri`thrjstj` du`i,  phr`hkeiamia
thrkisu` nrijaish6 `iri`thrjstj`
@rjthrji gisjd 6 wirai, u`uria, nirj du`i
9939-Jathmrjtis firjamia 6 dhsj <.  Imir tjni`
<.  Ehrsjg`ia nhamia
`udjt nia khkeriah ku`osi thrinj rhi`sj
 AiLd jabdikisj i`jeit
9.  \ugu `udjt
>.  Di`u`ia nrhssjam lijria
njphrtigia`ia pini
shsuij tjph du`i  phkehrsjg du`i
s`idi < (lu`up
8.  Shrtigia`ia >.  Nrhssjam yiam
thrmiammu) njtjam`it`ia
th`aj` nrhssjam shsuij nipit
`h 8 (tjni` thrmiammu)
sthrjd siit khkphamirugj
5.  Gjnrisj njphrtigia`ia
khdi`u`ia `hiniia du`i
 pini s`idi < (lu`up
 phriwitia du`i 8.  Khalhmig
thrmiammu) njtjam`it`ia
2.  Jasph`sj du`i
`h 8 (tjni` thrmiammu) rhsj`o jabh`sj
shtjip phrmiatjia  pini du`i
<.  Shrbusj firjamia
nrhssjam 2.  Xatu` khdjgit
njphrtigia`ia pini
=.  Eianjam`ia nia tiani-tiani
s`idi 5 (eiayi`
litit phrueigia yiam
thrmiammu) njtjam`it`ia
 pini du`i khammikeir`ia
`h > (shnj`jt thrmiammu)
7.  No`ukhatisj du`i
>.   Ah`rosjs njphrtigia`ia
do`isj, u`uria

97

 pini s`idi < (lu`up  phaikpjdia du`i =.  Xatu`

thrmiammu) njtjam`it`ia khamhtiguj
`h 8 (tjni` thrmiammu) iniayi
2273-Koajtor
2273-Koajtor ^^R
 phrueigia
:.  Siatiu stitus `oanjsj pini
 th`iaia nirig, du`i
ainj, thkphritur 7.  \heimij iluia
nia phraipisia uatu`
93.  Lh` khdi`u`ia
`hlhanhruamia jathrvhasj
nia bdu`tuisj shdiafutayi
yiam ehsir nidik :.  Khamhtiguj
th`iaia nirig `hiniia stitus
99.  Kudij nia  pisjha shliri
 phrtigia`ia ukuk
rhaliai 93. Fj`i thrfinj
 phkiatiuia sugu bdu`tuisj yiam
shliri thrus- thpit imir nipit
khahrus njjathrvhasj
95.  Siatiu wirai, shliri thpit
sugu, nia 99. Xatu`
`hdhkeipia `udjt khkoajtor nia
khalhmig
iniayi
 phrueigia sugu
yiam nristjs
95. Xatu` khoajtor
iniayi
 phrueigia yiam
thrfinj nj `udjt
 Ayhrj i`ut e.n AOL AJL 9. \upiyi tjani`ia
5.
yiam njdi`u`ia

9:

tjani`ia javisjb ^ufuia6 9>33- Kiaifhkha khafinj hbh`tjb

Ayhrj nia thpit
\hthdig njdi`u`ia tjani`ia
5. Xatu` khamhtiguj
`hphriwitia shdiki 5 x 5> 9.  @ifj ayhrj shliri
rhspoa `djha
 fik njgirip`ia Ayhrj i`ut `okprhghasjb
thrginip ayhrj
 e.n spiskus `ianuam thrkisu` do`isj,
 yiam njrisi`ia
`hkjg nia jasjsj sh`uanhr `iri`thrjstj`,
<. Xatu`
 pini ^XUS nipit njitisj nurisj, brh`uhasj, khahaiam`ia nia
nhamia `uidjtis nia biltor
khkehrj`ia
 prhsjpjtisj.
@rjthrji Gisjd6 `hayikiaia eimj
5.  Oeshrvisj rhi`sj
9238 “ 
9238 “  @oatrod
 @oatrod Ayhrj  pisjha
aoavhreid nirj
>.  Xatu` `hikiaia
9.  Khamhaidj `ipia `htjni`ayikiaia.
 pisjha
ayhrj thrfinj <.  Ehrj`ia
8. \upiyi pisjha
njphrtigai`ia pini djam`uamia yiam
nipit khamuriamj
s`idi >(shrjam thaiam uatu`
ayhrj yiam
khauafu`ia ) `djha. njrisi`ia
njtjam`it`ia `h s`idi >.  Sistj`ia
2. Xatu`
5(firiam  phriwitia
khaurua`ia ayhrj
khauafu`ia) iaidmhsj` eimj
shdija nhamia
5.  Khammuai`ia  pisjha yiam
 phkehrjia
tjani`ia phalhmigia njdi`u`ia nhamia
iaidmhsj`
njphrtigia`ia pini  phkiatiuia `htit
=. Xatu` kkeiatu
s`idi > (shrjam 8.  Ifir`ia prjasjp-
 phauruaia ayhrj
khauafu`ia)  prjasjp
 pisjha
njtjam`it`ia `h s`idi kiaifhkha ayhrj 7. Khamhtiguj
5 (firiam 2.  Ifir`ia th`aj`
`hhbh`tjbnia
khauafu`ia) aoa birki`odomjs
tjani`ia nia
<.  Khamhaidj ipi yiam (rhdi`sisj,
tjam`it
thr`ijt nhamia mhfidi njstri`sj, ndd)
`hayikiaia
ayhrj njphrtigia`ia uatu` khamitisj
 pisjha
 pini s`idi 5 (srjam ayhrj.

53

khauafu`ia) =.  Nu`uam jstjrigit

njtjam`it`ia `h s`idi yiam inh`uit
5 (firiam 7.  Hviduisj
khauafu`ia) `hhbh`tjbia nirj
tjani`ia
  phamoatrod ayhrj
yiam njdi`u`ia
Miammuia podi tjnur  AOL  AJL 9.  Xatu` khanipit
<.
 e.n ayhrj itiu hbh` wi`tu nia
^ufuia6 9783- Shajam`itia
 phkehnigia  fukdig jstjrigit
^jnur
\hthdig njdi`u`ia tjani`ia  pisjha yiam
`hphriwitia shdiki 5 x 5> 9.  ^hatu`ia podi lu`up
 fik, njgirip`ia miammuia tjnur itiu i`tjbjtis 5.  Xatu`
 podi tjnur pini pisjha nipit  pisjha khamhtiguj
njitisj nhamia 5.  Koajtor itiu litit `uidjtis tjnur
 podi tjnur pisjha  pisjha
@rjthrji Gisjd6
nia fukdig fik <.  Imir pisjha
^jnur - 333> tjnur pisjha khamhtiguj podi
9.  Sodi tjnur <.  Iafur`ia pisjha tjnurayi
njphrtigia`ia pini uatu` khkiatiu >.  Xatu`
s`idi 5 (eiayi`  podi tjnur khastiejd`ia
thrmiammu) >.  Eiatu pisjha `hshgitia pisjha
njtjam`it`ia `h s`idi > uatu` khamitisj 8.  Imir podi tjnur
(shnj`jt tjni` tjnur sjiam nhamia  pisjha shsuij
thrmiammu) khayhnji`ia 2.  \upiyi
5.  @uidjtis tjnur i`tjbjtis yiam djam`uamia
njphrtigia`ia pini khajam`iti`ia ayikiai nia
s`idi 5 (eiayi` `oanjsj thrfimi khanu`uam
thrmiammu) nhamia thpit. jstjrigit pisjha
njtjam`it`ia `h s`idi > 8.  \hsuij`ia finwid

(shnj`jt tjni`  phkehrjia oeit

thrmiammu) uatu` khanu`uam

59

<.   Ayhrj njphrtigia`ia tjnur itiu sj`dus

 pini s`idi 5 (lu`up  eiamua pisjha
 ehrit) njtjam`it`ia `h 2.  Itur riamsiamia
s`idi > (rjamia) djam`uamia uatu`
khkphrtigia`ia
 sj`dus tjnur sjiam
nia kidik yiam
aorkid
Gikeitia koejdjtis  AOL  AJL 9.  Xatu`
>.
bjsj` e.n ayhrj itiu khahatu`ia
^ufuia6 355>- ^hripj ditjgia 6
hbh` phkehnigia  eitis mhri` yiam
Koejdjtis
\hthdig njdi`u`ia tjani`ia i`ia njdi`u`ia
(phrmhri`ia) shanj
`hphriwitia shdiki 5 x 5.  Kotjvisj yiam
5> fik njgirip`ia 9.  @ifj `hthreitisia tjammj nirj pisjha
gikeitia koejdjtis bjsj` mhri` shanj nipit
nipit njitisj nhamia 5.  @ifj kotjvisj khdialir`ia
 pisjha uatu` ditjgia
@rjthrji Gisjd6
khkphrtigia`ia <.  Imir pisjha
593:-tjam`it  phrmhri`ia shanj  ehshrti `hduirmi
`htjni`ayikiaia <.  Fhdis`ia idisia khamhtiguj
9. Ayhrj njphrtigia`ia pini risjoaid idisia phkehrjia
5 (lu`up ehrit) njtjam`it`ia  phkehrjia ditjgia ditjgia
`h 8 (tjni` ini)  pini pisjha nia >.  \upiyi
`hduirmi khkehrj`ia
5. Otot phmid njphrtigia`ia
>.  Koajtor do`isj tjani`ia nhamia
 pini 5 (lu`up ehrit) ayhrj siit i`tjvjtis thpit
njtjam`it`ia `h 8 (tjni` ini)
8.  ^hatu`ia 8.  Xatu`
<. ^jni` nipit ehri`tjvjtis  phr`hkeiamia khamhtiguj
njphrtigia`ia pini 5 thrginip `hhbh`tjbia
(lu`up ehrit) njtjam`it`ia  phalipijia tufuia tjani`ia nia
`h 8 (tjni` ini) 2.  Ehrj `hpuisia pisjha
rhjaborlhkhat 2.  Khajam`it`ia

55

 posjtjb shtjip girmi njrj pisjha

`hkifuia pisjha
Uhsj`o jabh`sj e.n  AOL  AJL 9. Xatu` khalhmig
8.
 proshnur javisjb 6 idit  pisjha thrpipir odhg
^ufuia6 28>3- @oatrod
shdiki phkehnigia,  ei`thrj yiam
jabh`sj
 `iththr, jrjmisj \hthdig njdi`u`ia tjani`ia khayheie`ia
9.  Ehrsjg`ia
`ianuam `hkjg `hphriwitia shdiki 5 x jabh`sj pini du`i
5> fik njgirip`ia Uhsj`o djam`uamia  post oprisj pini
nhamia eij`
jabh`sj e.n proshnur javisjb  pisjha
shthdig njmuai`ia
6 idit shdiki phkehnigia, 5. uatu` khalhmig
uatu` shtjip
`iththr, jrjmisj `ianuam  pisjha thrpipir odhg
 pisjha
`hkjg nipit njitisj  ei`thrj yiam
5.  Eitisj fukdig
nhamia khayheie`ia
 phamuafuam
@rjthrji Gisjd6 jabh`sj pini du`i
<.  Iafur`ia pisjha
 post oprisj pini
9:5> - @oatrod Uhsj`o 6 khamhaij th`aj`
 pisjha
Sroshs jabh`sj khalulj tiamia
nhamia thpit <. uatu` khalhmig
9.  Khkoajtor biltor
<223- Shriwitia  pisjha thrpipir odhg
njdjam`uamia yiam
du`i 6  ei`thrj nia `ukia
 ehrgueuamia nhamia
yiam khayheie`ia
rhsj`o jabh`sj nj >.  Koajtor
jabh`sj pini du`i
tjam`it`ia nirj s`idi `iri`thrjstj` du`i,
 post oprisj pini
5 (firiam thrkisu`
 pisjha
khauafu``ia) nrijaish, wirai,

khafinj s`idi 8 u`uria, nia eiu. >.uatu`

(shliri `oasjstha 8.  Ehrj`ia khamjnhatjbj`isj

khauafu``ia)  phriwitia jasjsj ipi`ig thrfinj

5.  Khkphrtigia`ia  pini du`i yiam jabh`sj pini du`i

djam`uamia yiam njphrdu`ia. shgjammi nipit

 ehrsjg njtjam`it`ia 2.  Ehrj`ia eidutia njdi`u`ia tjani`ia

nirj s`idi 5 (firiam yiam shsuij `hphriwitia yiam

khauafu``ia) nhamia fhajs du`i thpit

5<

khafinj s`idi 8 =.  Shrtigia`ia fhajs 8. uatu` khalhmig

(shliri `oasjstha  eidutia strhrjd thrfinjayi jabh`sj nj
khauafu``ia) `htj`i khdi`u`ia irhi du`i
<.  Khdi`u`ia tjani`ia  phriwitia du`i
2. uatu` khkeuit
shmhri uatu` nhamia thpit.
 phrtukeugia du`i
 khamuriamj rhsj`o 7.  Iafur`ia pisjha
shkpurai
njtjam`it`ia nirj nia `hduirmi
s`idi 5 (firiam uatu` khamhaid =. uatu` khalhmig
khauafu``ia) tiani nia mhfidi jabh`sj yiam thrfinj
khafinj s`idi 8 jabh`sj 7. uatu` khkeiatu
(shliri `oasjstha 97=2- Shriwitia  phriwit nidik
khauafu``ia) shdiam 6 phr`hkjgia khdi`u`ia

:.  Fimi `hehrsjgia koajtorjam du`i

tiamia shehduk,  pini pisjha

shdiki, nia :. uatu` khalhmig

shthdig  pisjha thrpipir odhg

 phkisiamia shrti  ei`thrj itiu `ukia
kiajpudisj `iththr yiam khayheie`ia
93. Muai`ia `iatoam jabh`sj pini siit
urja itiu khthr  phkisiamia `iththr
nhamia phriam`it
93. uatu`
uatu`
khamgjanirj
 phamosoamia
`iatoam urjah tjni`
thrdhti` njeimjia
tukpig `irhai
 eiwig phriam`it thr`hai shammod
99. Shrtigia`ia
nhamia `hduirmi
`hpithaia sjsthk
 pisjha, phamuafuam,
`iththr `hkjg
nia phriwit.
95. Litit `iri`thrjstj`
nrijaish urja 99. uatu` khalhmig

9<. Muai`ia thrdhpisayi

 phriam`it `iththr

5>

yiam ikia. phkisiamia `iththr

95. uatu`
khamjnhatjbj`isj
iniayi `hdijiaia
yiam thrfinj nia
 sheimij lilitia

khnjs pini pisjha

uatu` khahmi``ia
njimaosi

9<. uatu`
khamuriamj iniayi
jabh`sj pini siit
 phkisiamia `iththr

Uhsj`o lhnhri e.n  AOL  AJL 9.uatu` khamgjanirj

2.
 phrnirigia `irhai thrfinjayi
^ufuia6 >393- Shalhmigia
tjani`ia phkehnigia  phrnirigia pini
phrnirigia 6
\hthdig njdi`u`ia tjani`ia  pisjha
`hphriwitia shdiki 5 x 9.  Koajtor nhamia 5. uatu` khamuriamj
5> fik njgirip`ia Uhsj`o `htit rjsj`o `hpirigia
lhnhri e.n phrnirigia thrfinjayi  phanirigia yiam
`irhai tjani`ia  phrnirigia thrfinj
 phkehnigia nipit njitisj  pini pisjha <. uatu` shmhri
nhamia 5.  Shrtigia`ia khanipit`ia
imir pisjha  phrtodoamia yiam
@rjthrji Gisjd6 thtip tjrig thpit fj`i
9:5>  “   `oatrod rhsj`o 6  eirjam fj`i  phrnirigia pini
 proshs jabh`sj thrfinj  pisjha
9.  Khamhaidj bi`tor  phrnirigia

rhsj`o janjvjnu <.  Jatru`sj`ia

thr`ijt jabh`sj  pisjha nia

njtjam`it`ia nirj `hduirmi uatu`

58

s`idi 5 (firiam khkoajtor

khauafu``ia) tiani-tiani
khafinj s`idi 8  phrnirigia nia
(shliri `oasjstha khamikejd
khauafu``ia) tjani`ia yiam
 5.  Khkphrtigia`ia thpit fj`i
djam`uamia yiam thrfinj
 ehrsjg njtjam`it`ia  phrnirigia
nirj s`idi 5 (firiam (kjsid dipor
khauafu``ia) `hpini
khafinj s`idi 8  phriwit)
(shliri `oasjstha
khauafu``ia)
<.  Khamhkeiam`ia
strithmj hbh`tjb
uuatu` khamoatrod
jabh`sj njtjam`it`ia
nirj s`idi 5 (firiam
khauafu``ia)
khafinj s`idi 8
(shliri `oasjstha
khauafu``ia)
>.  Khkpri`tj``ia
strithmj uatu`
khamoatrod jabh`sj
njtjam`it`ia nirj
s`idi 5 (firiam
khauafu``ia)
khafinj s`idi 8
(shliri `oasjstha
khauafu``ia)

52

<.8 Hviduisj

Hviduisj yijtu phajdijia gisjd nia proshs. Shajdijia gisjd khahatu`ia shehripi
 fiug `hehrgisjdia yiam njlipij sheimij output nirj tjani`ia. Shajdijia
Shajdijia proshs
khahatu`ia ini`ig `h`hdjruia nirj shtjip tigipia proshs isugia `hphriwitia
 kudij nirj pham`ifjia, njimaosi, jathrvhasj, jkpdhkhatisj, nia hviduisj.
Hviduisj njdi`u`ia uatu` khajdij `hehrgisjdia `rjthrji yiam thdig njthatu`ia

shehdukayi nidik jathrvhasj, njajdij nhamia liri khkeianjam`ia gisjd

tjani`ia `hphriwitia yiam thdig njdi`siai`ia nhamia
nh amia tufuia yiam thdig
njthatu`ia shehdukayi.
shehdukayi. Hviduisj njsusua nhamia borkit \OISJHU (Sotthr
nia Shrry, 5338).

\6 uam`ipia phrisiia itiu `hdugia shliri suefh`tjb odhg `hduirmi pisjha itiu
 pisjha shthdig njdi`u`ia tjani`ia itiu jkpdhkhatisj. Ejisiayi pini
 pisjha ieshs jamujaidjs shdidu khhamhdug`ia ayhrj yiam thrus-khahrus.

O6 `hiniia oefh`tjb
oefh`tjb yiam nipit njjnhajbj`isj odhg phriwiti khammuai`ia
 phamikitia oefh`tjb. Ejisiayi thrnipit tiani `hkhrigia nia ehafodia
ehafodia
njsuitu tjtj` ehrjsj aiaig/pus

I6 iaidjsjs phriwit shthdig khamhtiguj rhspoa suefh`tjb nia oefh`tjb

S6 phrhaliaiia itiu jathrvhasj shdiafutayi shthdig phriwit khdi`u`ia iaidjsjs.

Ejisiaiyi njdi`u`ia jasjsj itiu nrijaish,

J6 phdi`siaiia rhaliai tjani`ia yiam thdig njthatu`ia. Ejisiayi njdi`u`ia

thripj kiaifhkha ayhrj, oeshrvisj tiani-tiani vjtid,
vjtid , nia khdi`u`ia

`odieorisj nhamia thaimi `hshgitia dija.

H6 tibsjria nirj gisjd tjani`ia yiam thdig njthatu`ia

U6 rhvjsj, `okpoaha hviduisj nipit khafinj phtuafu` phrduayi phreij`ia nirj

 phrueigia jathrvhasj.

5=

NIB^IU SX\^I@I

Eudhlghl`, M K., Gowirn @ E, Foiaah K N, Lghryd K ]. (539<).

(539<).   Aursjam
 Jathrvhatjoas Ldissjbjlitjoa 
Ldissjbjlitjoa  (AJL). Hnjsj @hhaik. Kosey6 Hdshvjhr.
^hrfhkigia odhg Jatiasirj Aurfiaaig nia Uoxsiai Nhvj ^. (5392).
  Aursjam Jathrvhatjoas Ldissjbjlitjoa 
Ldissjbjlitjoa  (AJL). Hnjsj Eigisi Janoahsji.
Zomyi`irti6 Kolokhnji.

Nohamhs it id (5333), Uhaliai Isugia @hphriwitia, Hn.<, HML, Fi`irti

Hdjistia, Kjlgihd. 5393. Shauatua @hmiwit Niruritia. Fi`irti6 HML

Girrjsoa. Srjasjp-prjasjp jdku phayi`jt nidik.

nidik. Hnjtor nidik eigisi Jammrjs 6 `urt
F. Dhssheilghr. Ht. Id 6 hnjtor eigisi Janahsji Igkin G. Isnjh. Hnjsj 9<.
 fi`irti 6 HML. 9:::.

Ghrnkia, ^ G., \gjmhkj @ikjtsuru. (539>).  AIANI Jathraitjoaid Jal. Aursjam

 Njimaoshs6 Nhbjajtjoas & Ldissjbjlitjoas 5398-539= . 93tg  Hnjtjoa.
^hrfhkigia odhg Eunj Iaai @hdjit, Ghaj N ], I`hkit Siwjrowjyoao, K
Irsyin \ueu. (539=).  Njimaosjs @hphriwitia Nhbjajsj nia @disjbj`isj
5398-539= . Hnjsj 93. Fi`irti6 HML.

Kiasfohr, Irjb. 5333. @ipjti \hdh`ti @hno`thria. Khnji Ihsludipjus B@XJ6

Fi`irti

Korjsia, Koyi. 5393. Kiaifhkha

5393. Kiaifhkha Du`i.
Du`i. Fi`irti6 HML

Koorghin, \uh., Kirjoa Fogasoa, Khrjnhia D K, Hdjziehtg \wiasoa. (539<).

 Aursjam Outlokhs Ldissjbjlitjoa (AOL).
Ldissjbjlitjoa (AOL). Hnjsj @hdjki. Kosey6 Hdshvjhr.

^hrfhkigia odhg Jatiasirj Aurfiaaig nia Uoxsiai Nhvj ^. (5392).

 Shamu`uria Outlokhs @hshgitia.
@hshgitia. Hnjsj Eigisi Janoahsji. Zomyi`irti6
Kolokhnji.

 Aiani Jathraitjoaid. 5395. Aursjam Njimaoshs 6 Nhbjajtjoa ian ldissjbjlitjoa

5393-5395. ]jdhy-Edil`whdd6 Xajthn @jamnok

57

Srjlh & ]jdsoa (9::8), Sitobjsodomj-@oashp @djajs Sroshs-Sroshs Shayi`jt,

Hn.>, HML, Fi`irti

\jrhmir, U,\.  Itdis Ehrwirai \irjpitj @udjt . Hnjtor Gurjiwitj Girtiati. Hnjsj 5.
Fi`irti6HML,533>.
\ohpirkia & ]ispinfj (9::3), Jdku Shayi`jt Nidik, Fdn.JJ, ES B@XJ, Fi`irti.

\uziaah, L, \khdtzhr, Erhani M Eirh. 5339.  Eu`u Ifir @hphriwitia Khnj`id-

 Ehnig   Eruahr ian \unnirtg. Idj Eigisi Imuam ]iduyo. ( ht,id) Hnjtor
 Ehnig
 eigisi Janoahsji 6Koajli Hsthr. Hnjsj 7 fi`irti 6 HML.

^ijri, Erhai., \jamhr, Inik. 533:. Aitjoaid Hpjnhkjodomj ob Luatiahous

Ieslhsshs6 9::2 to 5338. Hdshvjhr6 Ikhrjlia Fouraid ob Hkhrmhaly
Khnjljah

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