Three types of Distribution

1. Binomial Distribution
2. Poisson’s Distribution
3. Normal Distribution

1. Binomial Distribution
P (Success) = p
P (Failure) = q
No. of Trails = n
Using Binomial Distribution
P(X = value) =nC p x q (n – x) x

C = Combination
7∗6 42
7C
2 = 2∗1 = 2 = 21
5∗4∗3 60
5C
3 = 3∗2∗1 = 6 = 10
 1 1
5C
0 = 6C =¿ 0
0! = 1=1
5∗4∗3∗2∗1
5C
5 = 5∗4∗3∗2∗1 = 1 = 6C 6

5
5C
1 = 1=5 6C =¿
1 6

Experiment: Tossing of a coin

Sample Space S = {H, T} n(S) = 2
Event is getting a head ------ Success
P(A) = n(A) / n(S) = ½
p = 1/2
q = 1- p = 1 – ½ = ½
n=6
BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION
The general formula for (a + b) n is called as Binomial Theorem and it is stated as
P(X = value) =nC px q (n – x) x

C = Combination
p = Probability of Success
q = Probability of Failure
q=1–p p=1–q p+q=1
5∗4 20
5C
2 = 2∗1 = 2 = 10
8∗7∗6∗5 1680
8C
4 = 4∗3∗2∗1 = 24 = 70
5 5∗4∗3∗2∗1
5C
0 =1 5C
= 1 = 5 5C =
1 5
5∗4∗3∗2∗1 =1
Tossing of a coin p = ½ q=1–p=1–½=½
Throwing of a die p = 2/6 q = 1 – 2/6 = 4 / 6
The probability of vehicle getting into accident is 0.7. p = 0.7 q = 1 – 0.7 = 0.3
3
On an average 3 out of 10 students are graduate p = 10 = 0.3 q = 1 – 0.3 = 0.7
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Ex. 1. An unbiased coin is tossed 6 times. Find the probability of getting a) 3 heads,
b) at least 4 heads
Solution:
Experiment: An unbiased coin tossed
Sample Space S = {H, T} n(S) = 2
Event A: Getting Head
A = {H} n (A) = 1
P (Head) = n (A) / n(S) = ½
Step 1. Getting value of n, p, q
p=½
q=1–p=1–½=½
n=6
Step 2. Getting the Formula:
Using Binomial Theorem:
P(x = value) =nC p x q (n – x)
x

1 1
P(x = value) =6C ( 2 ) x ( 2 ) (6 – x)
x

Step 3: Getting the Value

1 1 1 1
P(x = 0H) =6C ( 2 ) 0 ( 2 ) (6 – 0) = 1 * 1 *
0
64 = 64
 1
∗1
2
∗1
2
1 1 ∗1 1 6
P(x = 1H) =6C ( 2 ) 1 ( 2 ) (6 – 1) = 6
1 ¿ 2
∗1 =6¿ 64 = 64
2
∗1
2
2
1
∗1
2
∗1
2
1 1 6∗5 ∗1 1 15
P(x = 2H) =6C ( 2 ) 2 ( 2 ) (6 – 2) =
2
2∗1
¿ 2
∗1 = 15 ¿ 64 = 64
2
∗1
2
2
1
∗1
2
∗1
2
1 1 6∗5∗4 ∗1 1 20
P(x = 3H) =6C ( 2 ) 3 ( 2 ) (6 – 3) =
3
3∗2∗1
¿ 2
∗1 20 ¿
64 = 64
2
∗1
2
=¿
2
1
∗1
2
∗1
2
1 1 6∗5∗4∗3 ∗1 1 15
P(x = 4H) =6C ( 2 ) 4 ( 2 ) (6 – 4) =
4
4∗3∗2∗1
¿ 2
∗1 15 ¿
64 = 64
2
∗1
2
=¿
2
 1
∗1
2
∗1
2
1 1 6∗5∗4∗3∗2 ∗1 1 6
P(x = 5H) =6C ( 2 ) 5 ( 2 ) (6 – 5) =
5
5∗4∗3∗2∗1
¿ 2
∗1 = 6¿ 64 = 64
2
∗1
2
2
1
∗1
2
∗1
2
1 1 6∗5∗4∗3∗2∗1 ∗1 1 1
P(x = 6H) =6C ( 2 ) 6 ( 2 ) (6 – 6) =
6
6∗5∗4∗3∗2∗1
¿ 2
∗1 = 1¿ 64 = 64
2
∗1
2
2

X =heads 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
P(X) 1/64 6/64 15/64 20/64 15/64 6/64 1/64

Ans 1. Probability of getting 3 heads = P(X = 3H) = 20/64 = 0.3125

Ans 2. Probability of getting at least 4 heads = P(X = 4H or 5H or 6H)
= P(X = 4H) + P(X = 5H) + P(X = 6H)
= 15 / 64 + 6 / 64 + 1 / 64
= (15 + 6 + 1) / 64
= 22 / 64
 = 0.34375

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Q. An unbiased coin is tossed 5 times. n=5

Find the probability of getting
a) 3 heads
b)at least 3 heads
c) at most 3 heads
d)no head
e) at most one head
Solution:
Experiment: An unbiased coin tossed
Sample Space S = {H, T} n(S) = 2
Event A: Getting Head
A = {H} n (A) = 1
P (Success) = P (Head) = n (A) / n(S) = ½
p=½
 q=1–p=1–½=½
n=5
Using Binomial Theorem:
P(x = value) =nC p x q (n – x)
x

1 1
P(x = value) =5C ( 2 ) x ( 2 ) (5 – x)
x

1 1 1 1
P(x = 0H) =5C ( 2 ) 0 ( 2 ) (5 – 0) = 1 * 1 *
0
32 = 32
1
∗1
2
∗1
1 1 2 1 5
P(x = 1H) =5C ( 2 ) 1 ( 2 ) (5 – 1) = 5
1 ¿
2
∗1 =5¿ 32 = 32
∗1
2
2
1
∗1
2
∗1
1 1 5∗4 2 1 10
P(x = 2H) =5C ( 2 ) 2 ( 2 ) (5 – 2) =
2
2∗1
¿
2
∗1 = 10 ¿ 32 = 32
∗1
2
2
1
∗1
2
∗1
1 1 5∗4∗3 2 1 10
P(x = 3H) =5C ( 2 ) 3 ( 2 ) (5 – 3) =
3
3∗2∗1
¿
2
∗1 10 ¿
32 = 32
∗1
2
=¿
2
 1
∗1
2
∗1
1 1 5∗4∗3∗2 2 1 5
P(x = 4H) =5C ( 2 ) 4 ( 2 ) (5 – 4) =
4
4∗3∗2∗1
¿
2
∗1 5 ¿ 32 = 32
∗1
2
=¿
2
1
∗1
2
∗1
1 1 2 1 1
P(x = 5H) =5C ( 2 ) 5 ( 2 ) (5 – 5) =
5 1¿
2
∗1 = 1¿ 32 = 32
∗1
2
2

X =Heads 0 1 2 3 4 5
P(X) 1 / 32 5 / 32 10 / 32 10 / 32 5 / 32 1 / 32

Ans 1. Probability of getting 3 heads = P(X = 3H) = 10 / 32 = 0.3125

Ans 2. Probability of getting at least 3 heads = P(X = 3H or 4H or 5H)
= P(X = 3H) + P(X = 4H) + P(X = 5H)
= 10 / 32 + 5 / 32 + 1 / 32
= (10 + 5 + 1) / 32
= 16 / 32
 = 0.5
Ans 3. Probability of getting at most 3 heads = P(X = 0H or 1H or 2H or 3H)
= P(X = 0H) + P(X = 1H) + P(X = 2H) + P(X = 3H)
= 1 / 32 + 5 / 32 + 10 / 32 + 1 0/ 32
= (1 + 5 + 10 + 10) / 32
= 26 / 32
= 0.8125
Ans 4. Probability of getting no heads = P(X = 0H) = 1 / 32 = 0.03125
Ans 5. Probability of getting at most 1 head = P(X = 0H or 1H)
= P(X = 0H) + P(X = 1H)
= 1 / 32 + 5 / 32
= (1 + 5) / 32
= 6 / 32
= 0.1875
P(Probability of getting at least 1H) = 1 – P(Getting no head)
= 1 – P(X = 0H)
 1
= 1 - 32
31
= 32

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1 1 4
Q2) p = 5 q=1–p=1- 5 = 5 n=3
Using Binomial Theorem:
P(x = value) =nC p x q (n – x)
x

1 4
P(x = value) =3C ( 5 ) x ( 5 ) (3 – x)
x

4
∗4
1 4 5 64
P(x = 0) =3C ( 5 ) 0 ( 5 ) (3 – 0) =1 *1 *
0
5
∗4 = 125 = 0.512
5

P(Probability of getting at least 1 smoker) = 1 – P(Getting no smoker)

64
=1– 125
125−64
= 125
61
= 125
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200 2 2 1
Q3) p = 300 = 3 q=1–p=1- 3 = 3 n=4
Using Binomial Theorem:
P(x = value) =nC p x q (n – x)
x

2 1
P(x = value) =4C ( 3 ) x ( 3 ) (4 – x)
x

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Mean = 10 S.D = 3
Mean = np = 10
Variance = (S.D)2 = (3)2 = 9
9 9 1
npq = 9 10 * q = 9 q= 10 p=1–q=1– 10 = 10

np = 10
n * 1/10 = 10
n = 100
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Q. For a Poisson distribution with λ=0.7 find P (X = 2) and P(X ≤ 2)
¿¿ = 0.497)
Solution:
λ=0.7

Using Poisson’s Distribution

x −λ
λ ∗e
P (X = Value) = x!
λ = np Mean = Variance
−0.7
e = 0.497
x −0.7
0.7 ∗e
P (X = Value) = x!
2 −0.7
0.7 ∗e
P (X = 2) = 2!
2 −0.7
0.7 ∗e
P (X = 2) = 2∗1
0.49∗0.497
P (X = 2) = 2 = 0.121765
P (X ≤ 2) = P(X = 0, 1, 2)
x −0.7 x −0.7 x −0.7
0.7 ∗e 0.7 ∗e 0.7 ∗e
= x!
+
x!
+
x!
0 −0.7 1 −0.7 2 −0.7
0.7 ∗e 0.7 ∗e 0.7 ∗e
= 0!
+
1!
+
2!
 1∗0.497 0.7∗0.497 0.49∗0.497
= 1
+
1
+
2 0! = 1
= 0.497+ 0.3479+ 0.121765
= 0.966665
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2) For a Poisson distribution P (1) = P (2).

Fins mean and variance of the distribution.
1 −λ 2 −λ
λ ∗e λ ∗e
1!
= 2!

λ1 λ2
1
= 2
2
2 λ
1 = λ
1

λ =2
Using Poisson’s Distribution
x −2
2 ∗e
P (X = Value) = x!
Mean = Variance = np = λ = 2
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3) Q. The probability that an individual will have a reaction after a particular drug is
injected is 0.0001. If 20000 individual are given the injection, find the probability
that more than two have a reaction. (e =0.135¿ −2

n = 20000
p = 0.0001
λ = np = 20000 * 0.0001 = 2
Using Poisson’s Distribution
λ x∗e− λ
P (X = Value) = x!

2x∗e−2
P (X = Value) = x!

P (more than 2 have reaction) = P(X > 2)

=P (3, 4, 5, --------------20000)
= 1 – P(X = 0, 1, 2)
= 1 – P(x = 0, 1, 2)
 0 −2 1 −2 2 −2
2 ∗e 2 ∗e 2 ∗e
=1- (
0!
+
1!
+
2!
)

= 1 – (0.135 + 0.27 + 0.27)

= 1 – 0.675
= 0.325
Q. The average number of incoming telephone calls at a switch board per minute is
2. Find the probability that during a given minute 2 or more calls are received (
−2
e =0.135¿

Solution:
Average = Mean = λ = 2
Using Poisson’s Distribution
x −λ
λ ∗e
P (X = Value) = x!

2x∗e−2
P (X = Value) = x!

P(X ≥ 2) = P(X = 2, 3, 4, 5, ---------------)

= 1 – P(X = 0, 1)
0 −2 1 −2
2 ∗e 2 ∗e
=1– (
0!
+
1!
)
 = 1 – (0.135 + 0.27)
= 1 – 0.405
= 0.595
______________________________________________________________________________________________
200 2
P (Success) = P (Two Wheelers) = 300 =3
2
p= 3
2 3−2 1
q = 1 - 3= 3 = 3

n=4
Using Binomial Theorem:
P(x = value) =nC p x q (n – x)
x

2 1
P(x = value) =4C ( 3 ) x ( 3 ) (4 – x)
x

1
∗1
3
2 1 ∗1 1
P(x = 0) = 4C ( 3 ) 0 ( 3 ) (4 – 0) = 1 * 1 *
0 3
∗1 = 81
3
3
 1
∗1
2 1 2 3
P(x = 1) = 4C ( 3 ) 1 ( 3 ) (4 – 1) = 4 * 3 *
1
3
∗1
8
=
3 81
2
∗2
3
2 1 4∗3 ∗1 4 24
P(x = 2) = 4C ( 3 ) 2 ( 3 ) (4 – 2) =
2
2∗1 * 3
∗1 =6* =
81 81
3
3
2
∗2
2 1 4∗3∗2 3 1 8 32
P(x = 3) = 4C ( 3 ) 3 ( 3 ) (4 – 3) = 3∗2∗1 *
3
3
∗2 * 3 =4* =
81 81
3
2
∗2
3
2 1 ∗2
P(x = 4) = 4C ( 3 ) 4 ( 3 ) (4 – 4) = 1 *
4 3
∗2
3 16
∗1=
3 81

X =Two 0 1 2 3 4
Wheeler
P(X) 1/81 8/81 24/81 32/81 16/81

P (3 are Two wheeler) = P(x= 3) = 32/81 = 0.3950

P (at least 3 are Two wheelers) = P(x = 3 or 4)
= 32/81 + 16/81
 = 48/81
= 0.5925
P (at most 3 are two wheelers) = P(X = 0 or 1 or 2 or 3) = 1 – P(x = 4)
= 1/81 + 8 /81 + 24/81 + 16/81
= 49/81
= 0.6049