School of Electrical & Electronic Engineering

EE1071 Introduction to EEE

Laboratories
 Laboratory Manual
Introduction
Purpose: It was noticed that students, especially those from non-technical background have much
difficulties in conducting their experiments in EEE laboratories. This is mainly due to their unfamiliarity
with EEE laboratory equipment, since many of them may be using these systems for the first time. This
course is therefore designed to help such students familiarise themselves with the EEE laboratory
equipment by way of briefing for each module and then by letting them practice using these equipment in
building simple electrical circuits and in taking measurements. In addition, the students will also be
trained in soldering techniques. Overall, this course is expected to provide enough experience in using
common electrical equipment so that the students will be able to focus on the new experiments when
they advanced to laboratories at higher levels, rather than wasting their time trying to understanding the
function and operation of basic laboratory equipment.
Structure: This series of experiments consists of six modules, lasting three hours each.
Module 1 (L121) - Laboratory Basics. This is in experiments 1 to 6.
Module 2 (L122) - Laboratory Basics. This is in experiments 7 to 10.
Module 3 (L123) - Working with AC Waveforms. This is in experiments 11 to 13.
Module 4 (L124) - Working with AC Waveforms. This is in experiments 14 to 15.
Module 5 (L125) - Soldering and Testing. This is experiment 16.
Module 6 (L126) - Soldering and Testing. This is experiment 16.
Schedule: The objective of this class is not to complete all the experiments for the sake of completing
them, but rather to learn as much as you can from these experiments. Therefore, just complete as many
experiments as you can independently, and be proud of the fact that you did it all on your own. Of
course, if you are really stuck, please ask for help. You will be graded for every module.
Special Feature: A unique feature of this series of experiments is that every student will have the
opportunity to work on every experiment independently. Only major equipment will be shared.
Report Submission: Every student is required to submit a report through NTULearn within one week of
the last module.

Dear Students of EE1071,

This is just a reminder that you will need to submit a report
within one week of the last lab (experiment 16). The report
should be about ten pages long and contain the results of all your
experiments. It can also contain screen shots of the oscilloscope and

comparison of the results of experiment against theory with

explanations of deviations between them.
The supervisor of the last lab will grade your report, and will
inform you if there are additional requirements. The reports are
to be submitted into Turnitin. The procedure for submitting the
report can be found from EE1071 announcement in NTULearn.

Important note: Report submission is compulsory and

necessary to pass to the subject.
Tips: You are advised to take pictures of your circuit and results
for reference and report.

List of Experiments
1. Familiarization with the DC Power Supply ​3
2. Determining the DC Resistance of a Voltmeter ​4
3. Determining the DC Resistance of an Ammeter ​5
4. Determination of the Current Required to Light up an
LED ​7
5. Resistors Connected in Series ​8
6. Resistors Connected in Parallel ​9
7. A Resistive Network ​10
8. A More Complicated Resistive Network ​11
9. Using the Oscilloscope and Function Generator ​12
10. The RC Circuit ​14
11. The RL Circuit ​16
12. The RLC Circuit - Voltage across the Inductor ​18
13. The RLC Circuit - Voltage across the Capacitor ​19
14. The Astable 555 I.C. Oscillator ​20
15. The Ring Counter ​22
16. Soldering and Testing ​25

Experiment 1: Familiarization with the DC Power Supply

AIM: This experiment aims to familiarize the user with the use of the DC power supply.
PRECAUTIONS: First, make sure that the “current” and “voltage” control knobs on the power supply are
turned to the extreme anti-clockwise position.
PROCEDURE:
1. ​
Make sure that both the tracking knobs are disengaged. This will ensure that the master and
slave power supplies can be controlled independently.
2. ​Turn on the power supply.
3. ​
Set the voltage of the power supply to 5V. (Do not vary the voltage control knob at first step,
set it at extreme anti-clockwise direction)
Notice that when the “current” control knob is set to the extreme anti-clockwise position, varying the
voltage knob does not change the voltage supplied by the power source. To ensure the supply of a
constant voltage turn the “current control” knob slightly so that the indicator switches from CC
(Constant Current) to CV (Constant Voltage). The current knob limits the maximum current that flows
into the circuit, thereby acting as a circuit protector. After this step, turn the “voltage control” knob to
set the voltage of the power supply to 5V.
4. ​Measure the DC voltage of the of the power supply using a multimeter.
​i. Make sure that the multimeter’s probes terminal setup connections configuration are correct
and consistent for measuring DC voltages before connection with power supply.

​
ii. After step (i), connect the multimeter with power supply in correct polarity, then select the
voltage knob to measure the DC voltage.
OBSERVATION: ​ •

Voltage set on the power Measured voltage (V)

}
•
supply (V) - -

high 10W
terminals
5 5. 00 as
stated

Experiment 2: Determining the DC Resistance of a Voltmeter

DCI = DC current
1
AIM: This experiment aims to measure the DC resistance of a voltmeter. * cv= c voltage Charge }
red the

NOTE: Ideally voltmeters should have infinite resistance. But real voltmeters have only a finite pinning and
resistance, as you will soon discover. 214W → to measure press
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED: resistance respective.

​DC power supply.

0¥
buttons ,

1.

2. ​
Digital multimeter.
COMPONENT REQUIRED: Pwr supply
.
,

1.
PROCEDURE:
1.
​
Variable resistor, R = 20 MΩ.

​Connect the circuit as shown below:

o-④ Black .

​ ​
2. ​Configure the multimeter to be used as a voltmeter.
3. ​Set the resistor R = 0 by shorting the resistor's leads.
 ​i. Record the voltage indicated by the meter. This step is to accurately measure the voltage
​across the power supply.
4. ​Remove the short across the resistor.
5. ​Increase the resistance R so that the meter reading drops by about half of the original value.
Record this voltage. f. OZV
PRECAUTIONS: After step 5, make sure switch off power supply and make sure that the
“multimeter’s probes” terminal setup connections configuration is correct to measure resistance.
6. ​
Remove the variable resistor R from the circuit and with the multimeter configured as an
ohmmeter, measure its resistance.
OBSERVATIONS:

1. ​Voltage of the DC power supply as measured by the voltmeter = _____

10.01 V.

2. ​
Resistance R at which the voltage drops to half of the original value = 1030
_____ M Ω.
NOTE: This measured resistance is the internal resistance (RV) of the voltmeter, assuming that the
internal resistance of the power supply is negligible. This will not affect the accuracy very much since the
internal resistance of the power supply is normally very small compared to the other resistances in the
circuit.
Experiment 3: Determining the DC Resistance of an
​
Ammeter
AIM: To measure the DC resistance of an Ammeter.
NOTE: An ideal ammeter has zero resistance. However, real ammeters are not ideal and have some
finite resistance.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
1. ​DC power supply.
2. ​
Digital multimeter.
COMPONENT REQUIRED:
1. ​
Resistor, R = 1 kΩ.
PROCEDURE:
1. ​
Connect the circuit as shown below:
PRECAUTIONS: Make sure that the multimeter’s probes terminal setup connections configuration is
correct to measure voltage before connection with power supply.

​ ​
2. ​
Record the voltage indicated by the meter. This step is to accurately measure the voltage
across the power supply. 10 Olu -

3. ​Connect the circuit as shown below:

PRECAUTIONS: Make sure that the multimeter’s probes terminal setup connections configuration is
correct to measure current before connection with power supply. To measure the current through a
resistor, the ammeter must be in series with the resistor.
 ​ ​

​i. Configure the multimeter as an Ammeter by connecting the cables to measure current.
​ii. Select the DC current knob to measure DC current.
4. ​Record the current through the Ammeter. -03mA 10 4 ⇐

5. ​Remove the resistor from the circuit and measure its actual resistance by configuring the
multimeter as an Ohmmeter. 0.997hr
NOTE: Use the measured readings to calculate the internal resistance of the ammeter, assuming that the
internal resistance of the power supply is negligible. This method will cause inaccuracies in the results
since the internal resistance of the power supply is of the same order of magnitude as the other
resistances used in the circuit.
A more accurate method involves making use of the power supply as a current source rather than a
voltage source. However, this method may damage the power supply if the experiment is not carried out
properly. For this reason, we will not endeavour to do it in this class.
FORMULA:
​V power-supply
= Iammeter x (R + Rammeter)
OBSERVATIONS:
1. ​Measured voltage of the DC power supply = 10.01
____ V.

2. ​Measured resistance of the resistor, R = ____

997 Ω.

3. ​Measured current through the resistor, I _________________

10.03 mA

4. ​Calculated internal resistance of the Ammeter = to

____I Ω.
10.01 = (10103×10-3) / 997 1- Ranmetcv )
Rang
1- 005T
= I 012
-

Experiment 4: Determination of the Current Required to

Light up an LED
AIM: To determine the current required to light up an LED.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:

1. ​DC power supply.

2. ​
Digital multimeter.
COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
1. ​Resistor, R 1
= 1 kΩ.

2. ​Variable resistor, R 2
= 20 MΩ.

3. ​
Red LED (3mm)
PROCEDURE:
1. ​Connect the circuit as shown below:
 long -- tire
tire
LED short ve
Ige
= -
.

long leg connected to

resistor

​ ​
​i. Make sure that the variable resistor is adjusted to its maximum value before connecting it to
the circuit.
2. ​
Turn on the power supply and decrease the resistance of the variable resistor by turning on its
knob until the LED just begin to light up.
3. ​ a-
Record the voltage across the LED and measure the resistance of the variable resistor after
removing it from the circuit. 1.8kV
NOTE: Do not be too worried about the exact value at which the LED lights up. An approximate
value will suffice. This is because different people may see this point differently.
FORMULAE:
VR1+R2 = Vpower-supply - VLED = S 184=3.16
-

ILED = VR1+R2/(R1+R2)
OBSERVATIONS: Iced = 3-16/(9471-362) =
2.32×10-3 A
,

1. ​Voltage across the LED when it just lights up = 1.____

84 V.
2. ​Value of the variable resistor at which the LED just lights up = 362
____ Ω.

3. 2.32×103
​Calculated current through the LED = ____ A.​

Experiment 5: Resistors Connected in Series

AIM: To measure the voltage across and current through resistors in a series network.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
1. ​DC power supply.
2. ​
Digital multimeter.
COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
1. ​Resistor, R 1
= 560 Ω.

2. ​Resistor, R 2
= 1.5 kΩ.

3. ​
Resistor, R3 = 1 kΩ.
PROCEDURE:

1. ​Connect the circuit as shown below: 1500

Sfo

1000

​ ​
2. ​Measure the voltage across each resistor.
3. ​
Measure the current through each resistor.
NOTE: To measure the current through a resistor, the ammeter must be in series with the resistor.

4. ​
Compare the measured results with the calculated values.
OBSERVATIONS: Vp, ✓
Rz
Measured Calculated

F.EE#Exo-i
VR1 1. 860 1.830

VR2 4- 872 4.90122

VR3 3- 268
"
¥
IR1
IR2 -3 3-26×10-3
3. 31h10 '
>

IR3 3-31×10-3 3. ZGXW

Experiment 6: Resistors Connected in Parallel

AIM: To measure the voltage across and current through resistors in a parallel network.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:

1. ​DC power supply.

2. ​
Digital multimeter.
COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
R
1. ​Resistor, R 1
= 3 kΩ.
V

2. ​Resistor, R 2
= 3.9 kΩ.

3. ​
Resistor, R3 = 5.1 kΩ.
PROCEDURE:
1. ​Connect the circuit as shown below:

​ ​
2. ​Measure the voltage across each resistor.
3. ​
Measure the current through each resistor.
NOTE: To measure the current through a resistor, the ammeter must be in series with the resistor.
4. ​
Compare the measured results with the calculated values.
OBSERVATIONS:
Measured Calculated
VR1 9.99 to

VR2 4- 94 10

VR3 74.99 to

IR1 7- 95mA 3- 33m¥

IR2 4.57mA
2.56mA
IR3 1. 97mA 1.96mA

Experiment 7: A Resistive Network

AIM: To measure the voltage across and current through resistors in a resistive network.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:

1. ​DC power supply.

2. ​
Digital multimeter.
COMPONENTS REQUIRED:

1. ​Resistor, R 1
= 1 kΩ.

2. ​Resistor, R 2
= 390 Ω.

3. ​
Resistor, R3 = 470 Ω.
PROCEDURE:

1. ​Connect the circuit as shown below:

Rz

​ ​
2. ​Measure the voltage across each resistor.
3. ​
Measure the current through each resistor.
NOTE: To measure the current through a resistor, the ammeter must be in series with the resistor.
4. ​
Compare the measured results with the calculated values.
OBSERVATIONS:
Measured Calculated
VR1 8- 21
VR2 1. 77
VR3 I. 77

IR1 8. 3 1×10-3
IR2 4. 52mA
IR3 3.74mA

Experiment 8: A More Complicated Resistive Network

AIM: To measure the voltage across and current through resistors in a resistive network.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
1. ​DC power supply.
2. ​
Digital multimeter.
COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
1. ​Resistor, R 1
= 560 Ω. → 0-548,2
2. ​Resistor, R 2
= 1 kΩ. →

3. ​Resistor, R 3
= 1.5 kΩ.

4. ​
Resistor, R4 = 1 kΩ.
PROCEDURE:
ferry
​Connect the circuit as shown below:
in
multimeter ,

no
1.
connect 1 terminal
here
y
→ 1 terminal here .

​ ​
2. ​Measure the voltage across each resistor.
3. ​
Measure the current through each resistor.
NOTE: To measure the current through a resistor, the ammeter must be in series with the resistor.
4. ​
Compare the measured results with the calculated values.
OBSERVATIONS:
Measured Calculated
VR1 4- 37

VR2 f. 61
VR3 3- 37

VR4 2. 24

IR1 7.94m

IR2 5.68m

IR3 2- 27m

IR4 2. 27m

Experiment 9: Using the Oscilloscope and Function

Generator
AIM: To learn how to operate an oscilloscope and a function generator.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
1. ​Oscilloscope.
2. ​
Function generator.
COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
1. ​Resistor, R 1
= 1 kΩ.
 2. ​Resistor, R 2
= 100 Ω.
PROCEDURE:
1. ​Connect the voltage divider circuit as shown below:
ppeaktopeah
.

:
​ ​
2. ​Set the function generator to output a 1 kHz sine wave with amplitude = 2 V p-p
and DC offset =
0.
3. ​Display the function generator output on channel 1 of the oscilloscope.
4. ​Display the voltage across the resistor R 2
on channel 2.

5. ​Display and measure these voltages simultaneously.

6. ​
Adjust the oscilloscope such that both traces are as large as possible on the vertical scale,
and two periods are shown in the horizontal scale.
7. ​Measure the period of both waveforms.
8. ​Compare the voltage measured with calculated values.
9. ​Compare the measured waveform period with those set in the function generator.
10. ​Swap R (1 kΩ)/ R (100 Ω) and measure the voltage across R (1 kΩ).
1 2 1

​OBSERVATIONS:

1. ​Sketch the waveforms in your laboratory logbook.

2. ​Volts/div setting in the oscilloscope = ____
I V/div.

3. ​Seconds/div setting in the oscilloscope = 500¢

____ seconds/div.

✓ IRI
.

Measured Calculated

-
VR1
VR2 o
1- 96

-
19
.
1.82

0.182
10,9%+2yY8
Waveform period 200in 200in
2=0.1818
0.182N
'

✗
=

Experiment 10: The RC Circuit

AIM: To display the voltage across the capacitor in a RC circuit.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
1. ​Oscilloscope.
2. ​
Function generator.
COMPONENTS REQUIRED:

1. ​Resistor, R = 10 kΩ.
2. ​
Capacitor, C = 0.01 µF, 0.047 µF, 0.1 µF.
PROCEDURE:
1. ​Connect the circuit as shown below:

​ ​
2. ​Set the function generator to output a square wave with amplitude = 1 V p-p
and DC offset = 0.

3. ​Use C = 0.01 µF.

4. ​Display the function generator output on channel 1 of the oscilloscope.
5. ​Display the voltage across the capacitor C on channel 2 of the oscilloscope.
6. ​Display these voltages simultaneously.
7. ​
Adjust the oscilloscope such that both traces are as large as possible on the vertical scale,
and two periods of the waveforms are shown on the horizontal scale.
8. ​
Adjust the frequency of the function generator so that the waveform shown has definite flat
sections at both the top and the bottom parts. This is the frequency of the function generator at the
transition frequency where the waveform starts to display the flat region.
9. ​Repeat the above steps using C = 0.047 µF and 0.1 µF.
10. ​For each value of capacitance, adjust the frequency of the function generator such that the
waveform shown has definite flat sections at both the top and the bottom parts.

OBSERVATIONS:

1. ​Sketch the waveform for a complete cycle in your logbook.

2. ​Record the following values:
Volts/div Seconds/div Frequency
C = 0.01 µF 200m 2004 4 000

C = 0.047 µF
2<0 m
100
200m
 200 S -

om
30
C = 0.1 µF
across capacitor deeheesef
voltage exponentially
NOTE: Take readings only when the waveform corresponding to the voltage across the capacitor has
definite flat sections at both the top and the bottom parts.

Experiment 11: The RL Circuit

AIM: To display the voltage across the resistor, and then across the inductor in an RC circuit.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
1. ​Oscilloscope.
2. ​
Function generator.
COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
1. ​Resistor, R = 2 kΩ.
2. ​
Inductor, L = 220 µH, 1 mH.
PROCEDURE:
1. ​Connect the circuit as shown below: inductor .

@ -

​ ​
2. ​Set the function generator to output a square wave with amplitude = 1 V p-p
and DC offset = 0.

3. ​Use L = 220 µH.

4. ​Display the function generator output on channel 1 of the oscilloscope.
5. ​Display the voltage across the resistor R on channel 2 of the oscilloscope.
6. ​Display these voltages simultaneously.
7. ​
Adjust the oscilloscope such that both traces are as large as possible on the vertical scale, and
that at least two periods of the waveforms are shown on the horizontal scale.
8. ​
Adjust the frequency of the function generator so that the waveform shown has definite flat
sections at both the top and the bottom parts. This is the frequency of the function generator at the
transition frequency where the waveform starts to display the flat region.
9. ​Repeat the above steps using L = 1 mH.
10. ​For each value of inductance, adjust the frequency of the function generator such that the
waveform shown has definite flat sections at both the top and the bottom parts.

11. ​Now modify the circuit by swapping the positions of the resistor and inductor as shown below:
position of
↳ charge
resistor inductor
{
 ​ ​
12. ​
Repeat steps 3 to 10, but display the voltage across the inductor (instead of the resistor) on
the oscilloscope.
OBSERVATIONS:
1. ​
Sketch the waveform for a complete cycle in your logbook for both cases - when resistor
voltage is displayed on the oscilloscope and when the inductor voltage is displayed on the
oscilloscope.
2. ​
Record the following values (when the voltage is taken across either the resistor or the

soonvz.IS#kH-zYfg
inductor):
Volts/div Seconds/div Frequency
L = 220 µH
L = 1 mH
500mV
g. 0µs 30kHz
NOTE: Take readings only when the waveform corresponding to the voltage across either the resistor or
the inductor has definite flat sections at both the top and the bottom parts.

Experiment 12: The RLC Circuit - Voltage across the

Inductor
AIM: To display the voltage across the inductor in an RLC circuit.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
1. ​Oscilloscope.
2. ​
Function generator.
COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
1. ​Resistor, R = 220 Ω.
2. ​Inductor, L = 3.3 mH.
3. ​
Capacitor, C = 0.01 µF.
PROCEDURE:
1. ​Connect the circuit as shown below:
 ​ ​
2. ​Connect channel 1 of the oscilloscope to display the voltage at the output of the function
generator.
3. ​Connect channel 2 of the oscilloscope to display the voltage across the inductor.
4. ​
Adjust the period of the square wave so that the damped sinusoidal waveform decreases to a
negligible value before the next square-wave pulse occurs.
OBSERVATIONS:
1. ​Draw the transient sinusoidal waveform in your laboratory logbook.
2. ​Record the following values:
Waveform from function generator Waveform across inductor
Time period

ie
Amplitude
-2.1£ U

-
3.8 40 v

OR

Experiment 13: The RLC Circuit - Voltage across the

Capacitor
AIM: To display the voltage across the capacitor in an RLC circuit.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
1. ​Oscilloscope.
2. ​
Function generator.
COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
1. ​Resistor, R = 220 Ω.
2. ​Inductor, L = 3.3 mH.
3. ​
Capacitor, C = 0.01 µF.
PROCEDURE:
1. ​Connect the circuit as shown below:
 ​ ​
2. ​
Connect channel 1 of the oscilloscope to display the voltage at the output of the function
generator.
3. ​Connect channel 2 of the oscilloscope to display the voltage across the capacitor.
4. ​
Adjust the period of the square wave so that the damped sinusoidal waveform decreases to a
negligible value before the next square-wave pulse occurs.
OBSERVATIONS:
1. ​Draw the transient sinusoidal waveform in your laboratory logbook.
2. ​Record the following values:
Waveform from function generator Waveform across capacitor
Time period 0 -

333ms 0334
Amplitude
2- 12 ✓
( 374W
ppg (
)
PP

Experiment 14: The Astable 555 I.C. Oscillator

AIM: To understand the operation of the 555 I.C. based Oscillator
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:

1. ​DC power supply.

2. ​Oscilloscope.
3. ​Digital multimeter.
COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
1. ​Resistor: R = 390 Ω, R = 390 Ω, R
1 2 3
= 1 kΩ

2. ​Variable resistor: R = 500 kΩ.

4

3. ​LED: D = Red, D = Green

1 2

4. ​Capacitor: C = 0.001µF, C = 10µF

1 2

5. ​
I.C.: U1 = 555
PROCEDURE:

1. ​Connect the circuit as shown below on the breadboard (Use only one corner of the
 breadboard, leaving rest of the breadboard for expansions in Experiment 15):

2. ​
Turn on the power supply and adjust the variable resistor value from the maximum to the
minimum while observing both LEDs.
3. ​
Adjust the variable resistor to a value such that the LED turns on and off at approximately
once a second.
4. ​
Observe the 555 I.C. output (Pin no.3) waveform using the Oscilloscope and read off the
frequency.
5. ​
Remove the variable resistor from the circuit and measure the variable resistor value using a
Digital multimeter.
6. ​
Put the variable resistor back into the circuit.
FORMULA:
f = 1/T = 1.44/ {(R3+ 2xR4)x C2}
OBSERVATIONS:
1. ​Measured frequency = ____ Hz.

2. ​Measured value of the variable resistor = ____ Ω.

3. ​
Calculated frequency = ____ Hz.
DISCUSSION:
1. Compare the measured frequency values with the calculated ones, and if there are differences,
suggest some possible explanations.
2. Suggest a method to obtain a frequency of exactly 2Hz.

Experiment 15: The Ring Counter

AIM: To build an advanced digital circuit with the use of a

shift register.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
1. DC power supply.
COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
1. Resistor: R , R , R , R = 1 kΩ; R , R , R = 22 kΩ; R to
5 6 7 12 8 9 10 13

R = 390 Ω
21

2. LED: D to D = Red
3 11

3. Capacitor: C C C C C = 0.1µF
3, 4, 5, 7, 8

4. I.C.: U2 = 4013; U4 = 74374

5. Switches: Clock, Reset, Set = Push to On
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit shown below on the breadboard
(by adding on to the circuit used in experiment 14):
Note:
(i). C should be connected to Pins no. 7 and 14 of
7

the 4013 IC as close as possible.

(ii) C should be connected to Pins no. 10 and 20 of
8

the 74374 IC as close as possible.

2. Turn on the power supply and observe the LEDs D to 4

D . If all the LEDs are not off, hold down the Reset
11

switch and press and release the Clock switch until

all the LEDs are off.
3. Press the Set switch once and observe the LED D . 3

4. Press and release the Clock switch continuously

while observing the LEDs D to D . 4 11

5. Turn off the power supply.

6. Remove R , R , C and the "Clock" switch from the
5 8 3

breadboard and connect the open end of R to the 12

output (pin no.3) of the 555 IC.

7. Turn on the power supply and observe the LEDs D to 4

D . Now hold down the Reset switch and wait until all
11

the LEDs are turned off.

8. Press the Set switch once and observe the LED D . 3

9. Observe the LEDs D to D . 4 11

10. Turn off the power supply.
11. Remove the connection between R and the output
12

of the 555 IC.

12. Remove C and C add back R R and “Clock”
4 5, 5, 8

switch.
13. Turn on the power supply and repeat Steps 2 to 4
above.
14. Turn off the power supply.
15. Replace C C and C into the circuit.
3, 4 5

16. Remove C and C

7 8.

17. Turn on the power supply and repeat Steps 2 to 4

above.
18. Turn off the power supply.
OBSERVATIONS:
1. Step 3:
__________________________________________
___________________________
2. Step 4:
__________________________________________
___________________________
3. Step 8:
__________________________________________
___________________________
4. Step 9:
__________________________________________
___________________________

DISCUSSION:
1. Explain observations of step 13.
2. Explain observations of step 17.

Experiment 16: Soldering and Testing

AIM: To enable students to practise soldering, and to

learn how to test circuits implemented on Veroboard.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
1. ​Soldering equipment (Iron, Flux, Solder, Sponge,
Water Dispenser, etc.)
2. ​DC power supply.
3. ​Oscilloscope.
4. ​Function generator.
ITEMS REQUIRED:
1. ​Veroboard
2. ​Veroboard Track Cutter
3. ​Test Pin
4. ​All components used in experiment 15.
PROCEDURE:
1. Implement soldering of circuit components in
experiment 15 on Veroboard (exclude R , R , C and the
5 8 3

"Clock" switch from the circuit).

2. ​Set the signal of the function generator at
appropriate waveform, frequency, amplitude and offset
level. Connect the signal output to the test pin of U2 (i.e.
IC 4013, Pin 11-Clock).
3. Turn on the power supply and observe the LEDs D to 4

D . Now hold down the Reset switch and wait until all
11

the LEDs are turned off.

4. Press the Set switch once and observe the LED D , 3

followed by LEDs D to D .
4 11

5. Record the observation and turn off the power supply.

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