PSPM SP025

Name: ____________________________________ Class: __________

PSPM CHAPTER 3: ELECTRIC CURRENT AND DIRECT-CURRENT

CIRCUITS
___________________________________________________________________________

3.1 Electrical Conduction

PSPM 2014/2015 SF026/2 No. 2(a)

1. E

FIGURE 3.1

FIGURE 3.1 shows some of the free electrons inside a section of a cylindrical copper
wire. The wire is connected to an emf source, and the direction of the electric field, E is
indicated in the figure.
(a) Sketch a diagram to show the motions of one free electron, the directions of drift
velocity and the current. [3 m]
(b) If the current in the wire is 50 mA, calculate the number of electrons passing a
point in 10 s. [2 m]

3.2 Ohm’s Law and Resistivity

PSPM 2006/2007 SF027/2 No. 3(a)

2. V

FIGURE 3.2

Based on the voltage-current graph in FIGURE 3.2, is the conductor ohmic or non-
ohmic? Justify your answer. [2 m]

UPS 2012/2013 SF026 No. 3(b)(ii)

3. A light bulb draws 450 mA of current from 2.0 V battery. If the battery becomes weak
and the voltage drops to 1.5 V, what is the change in the current if the resistance
remains constant? [3 m]

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PSPM JAN 2000/2001 SF025/2 No. 12(b)

4. Calculate the resistance of an 8 m long aluminium wire with a diameter of 1 mm.

Resistivity of aluminium at temperature 20 C is 2.8  10-8  m. [3 m]

PSPM JUN 2000/2002 SF025/2 No. 12(a)

5.

(A = aluminium, S = steel) S
A

FIGURE 3.3
An electric cable of 100 m long is made of an insulated steel core with cross-sectional
area of 30 mm2 and six other insulated aluminium conductors with the same cross-
sectional area arrange around it as shown in FIGURE 3.3. Determine the
(a) resistance of steel wire. [2 m]
(b) total resistance of the six aluminium wires. [2 m]
(c) resistance of the cable. [2 m]
(Resistivity of steel = 9.0  10-8  m, resistivity of aluminium = 2.5  10-8  m)

PSPM 2009/2010 SF027/2 No. 3

6. The dimensions of two copper wires, P and Q are given in TABLE 3.1.

TABLE 3.1

Wire Length Radius

P L r

r
Q 2L
2

Calculate the ratio of resistance of P to Q. [3 m]

PSPM 2010/2011 SF027/2 No. 3(b)

7. A wire of length 10 m and a diameter of 4 mm has a resistivity of 1.67  10-8  m.

Calculate the resistance of the wire. [2 m]

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PSPM SP025 Ch 3

UPS 2011/2012 SF026 No. 3(a)(ii)

8. Calculate the resistance of an iron wire of uniform diameter 0.8 mm and length 3.0 m.
(iron = 10.2  10-8  m) [2 m]

PSPM 2011/2012 SF026/2 No. 2(b)

9. A potential difference of 15 V is applied across a uniform wire of length 2.80 m and

radius 0.30 cm. If 0.60 A current flows in the wire, calculate the

(a) resistance of the wire. [1 m]

(b) resistivity of the wire. [2 m]

UPS 2014/2015 SF026 No. 3(b)

10. A bird stands on wire with its feet 3 cm apart. The wire has diamater 1.5 cm and carries
a current of 3 mA. If the resistivity of the wire is 1.77  10-8  m, calculate the

(a) resistance of the wire between the bird’s feet. [3 m]

(b) potential difference between the bird’s feet. [2 m]

3.3 Variation of Resistance with Temperature

PSPM 2017/2018 SF026/2 No. 2(a)

11. Explain the effect of temperature on the electrical resistance of metals. [2 m]

PSPM 2006/2007 SF027/2 No. 3(b)

12. A platinum wire has a resistance of 1.5  at 30 C. Calculate the wire resistance at
100 C if the wire temperature coefficient of resistance is 3.92  10-3 C-1. [2 m]

UPS 2012/2013 SF026 No. 3(b)(i)

13. A 75 watt tungsten light bulb has a resistance of 190  when lighted and 15  when
turned off. Calculate the temperature of the filament when the bulb is lighted.
(Temperature coefficient of resistivity of tungsten,  = 4.5  10-3 C-1 at 20 C)
[3 m]

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3.4 Electromotive Force (Emf)

PSPM JAN 1999/2000 SF025/2 No. 5

14. A dry cell with an emf of 4.0 V supplies current through a circuit. Resistance of this
circuit is changeable. A voltmeter is connected across the dry cell. When the current of
the circuit is increased, the reading of voltmeter decreases.

(a) Explain this observation.

(b) If the current that flows in this circuit and the reading of the voltmeter is 2.0 A and
3.8 V respectively, what is the internal resistance of the dry cell?
[3 m]

PSPM 2003/2004 SF027/2 No. 11(b)

15.
V

ε = 12 V

r=2
A
R=4

FIGURE 3.4

A battery with ε = 12 V and internal resistance, r = 2  is connected to a resistor

R = 4  as shown in FIGURE 3.4.

(a) What is the reading of the ammeter and voltmeter in the circuit? [3 m]
(b) Why is the voltmeter reading different from the emf of the battery? [2 m]
(c) When the 4 resistor is replaced by a conductor of zero resistance, what are the
new readings of the voltmeter and ammeter? [3 m]

PSPM 2004/2005 SF027/2 No. 3

16. A battery of emf 3.0 V and internal resistance 5.0  is connected to a switch by a wire
of resistance 100 . The voltage across the battery is measured by a voltmeter. What is
the voltmeter reading when the switch is

(a) off? [2 m]
(b) on? [2 m]

4
PSPM SP025 Ch 3

PSPM 2012/2013 SF026/2 No. 2(a)

17. (a) Define the emf of a battery. [1 m]

(b) A battery has an emf of 12 V and internal resistance r is connected to a resistor
R = 4 . The voltage across the battery terminal is measured to be 8 V. Calculate
the internal resistance. [2 m]

PSPM 2013/2014 SF026/2 No. 2(c)

18. The emf of a battery with internal resistance is 12 V. When an unknown resistor R is
connected to the battery, the current is 0.8 A. If another resistor R is added in series, the
current is 0.6 A. Calculate the
(a) value of the resistor R. [3 m]
(b) internal resistance of the battery. [1 m]
(c) terminal voltage of the battery. [2 m]

UPS 2015/2016 SF026 No. 4(a)(ii)

19. A battery with an emf  and internal resistance r is connected to a variable resistor. The
current in the circuit is 0.50 A when the resistor is set to 19.5 . When it is set to
24.5 , the current reduces to 0.40 A. Calculate  and r. [4 m]

PSPM 2015/2016 SF026/2 No. 2(a)

20.
V

 r

tungsten wire

FIGURE 3.5
FIGURE 3.5 shows a tungsten wire cconnected to a battery with internal resistance r.
At room temperature of 23 C, the readings of voltmeter and ammeter are 8.74 V and
437 mA respectively. After the tungsten is heated to 190 C, the voltmeter reading is
8.85 V and the ammeter reading is 253 mA. Calculate the
(a) emf and internal resistance of the battery. [4 m]
(b) temperature coefficient of resistivity of tungsten wire. [4 m]

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3.5 Resistors in Series and Parallel

PSPM JAN 1999/2000 SF025/2 No. 4

21. A 6.0 V battery has an internal resistance of 10 .

(a) What will be the reading shown by an ideal voltmeter which is connected to the
terminals of the battery?

(b) The battery is then used to light a bulb of 120  which is connected in series to a
resistor of 40  and the potential difference across the battery is measured once
again. What is the reading of the voltmeter?
[3 m]

PSPM JUN 1999/2000 SF025/2 No. 5

22.
5

15 V 6 4

FIGURE 3.6

A battery with an emf of 15 V is connected to three resistors with resistance of 5 ,

6 , and 4  as shown in FIGURE 3.6. Calculate the current that flows through the
4  resistor. [4 m]

UPS 2013/2014 SF026 No. 3(b)

23. 2

20 V 1 3
4

FIGURE 3.7

FIGURE 3.7 shows an arrangement of four resistors connected to a 20 V battery.

Calculate the

(a) effective resistance. [3 m]

(b) current that flows in the 3  resistor. [5 m]

6
PSPM SP025 Ch 3

PSPM JUN 1999/2000 SF025/2 No. 12(b)

24. A 9.0 V battery with internal resistance 1.2  is connected in series to two resistors
each with value of 6.0 k. An ammeter with internal resistance 0.5  is used to
measure current in the circuit and a voltmeter with internal resistance 15 k is used to
measure the potential difference of one of the 6.0 k resistor in the circuit. Determine
the reading by the ammeter and voltmeter. [6 m]

PSPM JAN 2000/2001 SF025/2 No. 5

25.
10 V

4
A

2

FIGURE 3.8

A 10 V battery is connected to resistors of 4  and 2  as shown in FIGURE 3.8.

When the switch is closed, ammeter gives a reading of 2 A. Calculate the internal
resistance, r of the battery. [4 m]

PSPM 2006/2007 SF027/2 No. 11(b)

26. 2A 3

3 3
x y
a c

3 3
b

FIGURE 3.9

FIGURE 3.9 shows the arrangement of five equal resistors in a circuit. Calculate the

(a) equivalent resistance between point x and y. [3 m]

(b) voltage across point b and c. [2 m]
(c) voltage across point c and y. [1 m]

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PSPM 2008/2009 SF027/2 No. 3

27. 3
A
2
4
B
1
5

FIGURE 3.10
Calculate the effective resistance of the circuit in FIGURE 3.10. [4 m]

UPS 2014/2015 SF026 No. 4(a)

28. 3

6V 5 7
10 

FIGURE 3.11
FIGURE 3.11 shows an arrangement of resistors connected to a battery with emf 6 V
and internal resistance 0.5 . Calculate the
(a) effective resistance. [3 m]
(b) current through the battery. [3 m]

UPS 2014/2015 SF026 No. 4(b)

29. 12 V

switch R1 R3
P
Q

R2
FIGURE 3.12
FIGURE 3.12 shows a circuit consisting of a 12 V battery, a switch and three resistors,
R1 = 20 , R2 =30  and R3 = 40 . If a voltmeter is connected across PQ and the
switch is opened, determine the reading shown on the voltmeter. [4 m]

8
PSPM SP025 Ch 3

PSPM 2015/2016 SF026/2 No. 2(b)

30. B1

B4 6V B2
B3

S1
A

FIGURE 3.13
FIGURE 3.13 shows four identical bulbs connected to a 6 V battery and a switch.
When the switch is off, the ammeter reading is 0.5 A.
(a) Calculate the resistance of the bulb. [4 m]
(b) What happen to the reading of the ammeter when the switch is on? Explain your
answer. [3 m]

PSPM 2016/2017 SF026/2 No. 2(b)(i)

31. You are given several 1 k resistors. How do you connect the resistors to a circuit that
requires a 500  resistance? Show your suggestion. [3 m]

3.6 Kirchhoff’s Rules

PSPM JAN 1999/2000 SF025/2 No. 13(b)

32. ε1
I1

R1 ε2
I2 R2

y
I3 R3

FIGURE 3.14
FIGURE 3.14 shows the arrangement of a direct current circuit with 1 = 10 V,
R2 = 2 , R3 = 3 , I2 = 2.0 A, and I3 = 3.0 A.
(a) Determine the current that flows through R1 resistor, resistance R1, and the value
of ε2.
(b) If the circuit in FIGURE 3.11 is cut off at point y, what is the current that flows
through resistor R1? Neglect the internal resistance of the battery.
[7 m]

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PSPM JAN 2000/2001 SF025/2 No. 12(c)(ii), (iii)

33. R1
I1

ε2
I2 R3
ε1
R2
I3

ε3
FIGURE 3.15

Given a circuit as shown in FIGURE 3.15, ε1 = 6 V, ε2 = 4 V, ε3 = 10 V, R1 = 8 ,

R2 = 12 , and R3 = 18 .

(a) By applying Kirchhoff’s law, determine the values of I1, I2, and I3. [7 m]

(b) Calculate the voltage across resistor R2. [2 m]

UPS 2001/2002 SF025 No. 5

34. 28 V R
I

6
  4A
x

3 6A

FIGURE 3.16

Referring to the circuit in FIGURE 3.16, calculate the

(a) current, I that flows in R resistor. [2 m]

(b) resistance of R resistor. [2 m]

(c) value of emf. [2 m]

(d) current that flows in R resistance if the circuit is cut off at point x. [2 m]

(Internal resistance of the emf source is negligible.)

10
PSPM SP025 Ch 3

PSPM 2003/2004 SF027/2 No. 11(c)

35.
20 V
10  10  I3
I1

30 V 10 V
10 
20 
10 
I2

20  10 

FIGURE 3.17

Referring to the circuit shown in FIGURE 3.17, calculate the current I1, I2 and I3.
[6 m]

PSPM 2004/2005 SF027/2 No. 11(a)

36. R1 I1 I3 = 0.3 A R3 = 35 

I2 = 0.175 A I4
2 V4
I4
1 = 20 V R4 = 60 
V5
I5
R2 = 30  R5 = 20 
FIGURE 3.18

FIGURE 3.18 shows a circuit consisting of emf sources, ε1 and ε2, and resistors R1, R2,
R3, R4, and R5. If the current I2 = 0.175 A and I3 = 0.3 A.
V4
(a) What is the voltage fraction of ? [1 m]
V5
I4
(b) What is the current fraction of ? [2 m]
I5

(c) Calculate the emf, ε2. [5 m]

(d) Calculate the resistance R1. [4 m]

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PSPM 2005/2006 SF027/2 No. 3(b)

37. 8.5  3.2 V

4.0  5.0 V

FIGURE 3.19

A circuit of two batteries and two resistors is as shown in FIGURE 3.19. Determine the
magnitude and direction of current in the circuit. [4 m]

PSPM 2006/2007 SF027/2 No. 11(c)

38.
S 4

7V
I3
3 I1
x y
6V I2
5V
2
1

FIGURE 3.20

The internal resistance of all the batteries in FIGURE 3.20 are negligible. Calculate the
current I1, I2, and I3 when switch S is
(a) opened. [2 m]
(b) closed. [6 m]

PSPM 2007/2008 SF027/2 No. 11(b)

39. Battery P with emf 1.3 V and internal resistance 2 , battery Q with emf 1.5 V and
internal resistance 0.8 , and a 4  resistor are connected in parallel.
(a) Sketch the circuit diagram. [1 m]
(b) Calculate the current in battery P, battery Q and the 4  resistor. [6 m]
(c) Calculate the potential difference across the 4  resistor. [1 m]

12
PSPM SP025 Ch 3

PSPM 2009/2010 SF027/2 No. 11(b)

40.

Loop 1 Loop 2
6V 3V

2 3 4 V

I1 I2
A

FIGURE 3.21

FIGURE 3.21 shows a circuit with two batteries, three resistors and a switch. Using the
given labeled circuit diagram, determine the ammeter and the voltmeter readings when
the switch in the circuit is

(a) opened. [5 m]
(b) closed. [7 m]

PSPM 2010/2011 SF027/2 No. 11(a)

41.  16 V
6A
2A IR

3 4 R

FIGURE 3.22

FIGURE 3.22 shows a circuit with unknown resistor R and emf . If the currents in the
circuit are as shown, calculate the

(a) current IR. [1 m]

(b) value of R. [1 m]
(c) value of . [1 m]

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UPS 2011/2012 SF026 No. 4(b)(ii)

42. 6V

I1

18 
8 12 

I2
I3

9V

FIGURE 3.23
Calculate the current through the 12  resistor shown in FIGURE 3.23 using
Kirchhoff’s law. [6 m]

PSPM 2011/2012 SF026/2 No. 2(c)

43. 4.0 

I3
I2 X 2.0 

I1 6V

1.0  2.0 

Y
12 V

FIGURE 3.24

Two batteries and four resistors are connected in a circuit where currents I1, I2 and I3
flow as shown in FIGURE 3.24.

(a) Calculate I1, I2 and I3. [6 m]

(b) What does it imply if the calculated current is negative? [1 m]
(c) Calculate the potential difference between points X and Y. [2 m]
(d) Calculate the total power dissipated in the circuit. [2 m]

14
PSPM SP025 Ch 3

PSPM 2012/2013 SF026/2 No. 2(b)

44.
6 V, 1 
+ – 12 
A C

8

– +
B D 9
10 V, 2 

FIGURE 3.25

FIGURE 3.25 shows a circuit consisting of batteries with internal resistance 6 V, 1 

and 10 V, 2  and connected to resistors of 8 , 9  and 12 . By using the anti-
clockwise loop as shown, calculate the

(a) current that flows through the 8  resistor. [4 m]

(b) potential difference between point A and C, VAC. [2 m]

UPS 2013/2014 SF026 No. 4(a)

45. 7 5

4V
I1 I2

I3
6V 8V

FIGURE 3.26

Calculate current I3 for the circuit in FIGURE 3.26. [5 m]

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PSPM 2013/2014 SF026/2 No. 2(a)(ii)

46.

FIGURE 3.27

State TWO laws to be used in determining the currents in the circuit as shown in
FIGURE 3.27.
[2 m]

PSPM 2014/2015 SF026/2 No. 2(c)

47. 16 
I1 I3

18 V 12 V 18 
I2

25 
FIGURE 3.28

By referring to FIGURE 3.28, determine

(a) I1, I2 and I3. [6 m]

(b) the potential difference across the 18  resistor. [1 m]

16
PSPM SP025 Ch 3

UPS 2015/2016 SF026 No. 4(b)

48.

1

I1
2 = 2.0 V R2 = 5 
I3

I2 = 0.6 A

R1 = 3 
3 = 0.5 V

FIGURE 3.29

FIGURE 3.29 shows three emf 1, 2 = 2.0 V and 3 = 0.5 V connected to R1 = 3  and
R2 = 5  to form a complete circuit. Calculate 1 and I1.
[5 m]

PSPM 2016/2017 SF026/2 No. 2(b)(ii)

49. 2.0 V

I1
3.0 

IA
A

2.0 
I2

3.0 V

FIGURE 3.30

FIGURE 3.30 shows a circuit consisting of two batteries, two resistors and an
ammeter. If the ammeter has internal resistance of 5.0 , what is the reading shown by
the ammeter?
[7 m]

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PSPM 2017/2018 SF026/2 No. 2(c)

50.

42 V 28 V
3
6 5

I1
I2 I3

FIGURE 3.31

Determine I1, I2 and I3 in FIGURE 3.31. [6 m]

3.7 Electrical Energy and Power

PSPM 2007/2008 SF027/2 No. 3

51. A light bulb has a rating of 230 V and 60 W. Calculate the quantity of charge that
passes through the bulb in 3 s. [4 m]

PSPM 2008/2009 SF027/2 No. 11(c)(ii)

52. A copper transmission cable of cross-sectional area 7.0 mm2 is carrying 0.12 A current.
Calculate the power loss per unit length in the cable if the resistivity of copper is
1.7  10-8  m. [4 m]

PSPM 2009/2010 SF027/2 No. 11(a)

53. An electric bulb is labeled 100 W, 240 V. Calculate the power rating of a bulb with
twice the resistance of the 100 W bulb. [3 m]

UPS 2011/2012 SF026 No. 3(b)

54. A battery of emf  and internal resistance r is connected across a variable resistor. When
the resistor is set to 21 , the current through it is 0.48 A. When it is set at 36 , the
current through it is 0.30 A. Calculate the
(a) emf  and internal resistance r. [5 m]
(b) power consumed in the internal resistance of the battery r when the current is
0.50 A. [2 m]

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PSPM SP025 Ch 3

PSPM 2012/2013 SF026/2 No. 2(c)(ii), (iii)

55. The heating element is made of 1.0 m long wire with cross-sectional area of
3.1  10-6 m2. The wire has a resistivity of o = 6.8  10-5  m at a temperature of
To = 320 C and a temperature coefficient of resistivity,  = 2.0  10-3 K-1.

(a) Determine the resistance of the heating element at an operating temperature of

420 C.
[3 m]

(b) If the heating element is connected to 100 V power supply, is the power dissipated
at 320 C and 420 C the same? Justify your answer.
[2 m]

PSPM 2013/2014 SF026/2 No. 2(b)

56. A toaster has a heating element made of nichrome wire and connected to a 220 V
source. The wire is initially at 20 C with current 1.8 A. When the toaster reaches its
final operating temperature, the current is 1.53 A. Calculate the

(a) power delivered to the toaster at its operating temperature. [1 m]

(b) final temperature of the heating element if the temperature coefficient of

resistivity for nichrome wire is 4  10-4 C-1.
[3 m]

UPS 2014/2015 SF026 No. 3(a)(ii)

57. A generator produces 250 kW power at potential difference 15 kV. If a cable with
resistance 10  is used for the power transmission, calculate the power dissipated in the
cable.
[3 m]

PSPM 2014/2015 SF026/2 No. 2(b)

58. A battery has an emf of 9 V. The terminal voltage is 8 V when the battery is connected
across a resistor of 5 . Calculate the

(a) current through the resistor. [1 m]

(b) power dissipated by the resistor. [1 m]

(c) internal resistance of the battery. [1 m]

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 1999 - 2017

UPS 2015/2016 SF026 No. 3(b)

59. R1 = 4  R2 = 15 

R3 = 7 

12 V

FIGURE 3.32

FIGURE 3.32 shows a circuit with three resistors connected to 12 V battery. Calculate
the

(a) effective resistance and the total current flows in the circuit. [4 m]

(b) rate of energy supplied by the battery. [2 m]

PSPM 2017/2018 SF026/2 No. 2(b)

60. The resistivity of copper wire is 1.72  10-8 Ω m. An electric current of 2.07 A flows in
the wire. If the wire has a cross-sectional area of 8.0  10-7 m2 and length of 50 m,
calculate the

(a) resistance of the wire. [2 m]

(b) potential difference across the wire. [2 m]

(c) energy dissipated in 1 minute. [2 m]

3.8 Potential Divider

PSPM 2007/2008 SF027/2 No. 11(c)

61. Given a voltmeter, a battery, a known resistor R1 and an unknown resistor R2. With the
aid of a diagram, describe a method to determine the value R2.
[5 m]

20
PSPM SP025 Ch 3

3.9 Potentiometer

PSPM JAN 1999/2000 SF025/2 No. 13(c)

62. Potential meter is used to compare two cells with different emf. A standard cell with
1 = 1.52 V needs 49.5 cm long of potential meter wire to be in equilibrium. Another
cell needs an equilibrium length of 85.0 cm on the same potential meter.

(a) Determine emf of cell, ε2. [2 m]

(b) Cell ε2 is then connected in series with two resistors of 2  and 4  which are
connected in parallel. Internal resistance of the cell is 0.3 . Draw the circuit for
this connection. [2 m]

(c) Determine the current provided by cell, ε2. [2 m]

PSPM JUN 2000/2002 SF025/2 No. 12(b) Edited

63.
A
G

Y X
O S

FIGURE 3.33

FIGURE 3.33 shows two cells, A and B and a galvanometer G which is connected to a
slide wire OS by two jockeys, X and Y. The length of the slide wire is 1.0 m and its
resistance is 10 . When the distance of OY is 40.0 cm and the distance of OX is
55.0 cm, galvanometer achieves equilibrium. If X is moved to touch the end of the wire
at S, galvanometer achieves equilibrium as well when the distance of OY is 75.0 cm.

If the emf of B cell is 2.0 V, calculate the

(a) potential difference across OY when Y is 40.0 cm from O and galvanometer is in

equilibrium.
(b) potential difference across OY when X touches S and galvanometer is in
equilibrium.
(c) current which is produced by A cell in (a) and (b).
(d) internal resistance for A cell.
[9 m]

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PSPM 2010/2011 SF027/2 No. 11(b)

64. B

P Q
X

2.0 V R = 1.5 

FIGURE 3.34

FIGURE 3.34 shows a simple potentiometer. Wire PQ has length 100 cm and
resistance 2.4 . The galvanometer G shows no deflection when the jockey is at X, a
distance 60 cm from P.
(a) By neglecting the internal resistance of the 2.0 V battery, calculate the emf  B of
battery B. [4 m]
(b) The galvanometer and battery B are replaced by a voltmeter of internal resistance
20 . Calculate the reading of the voltmeter if the jockey is maintained at position
X. [4 m]

PSPM 2016/2017 SF026/2 No. 2(c)

65.
A

P
X Y

G
B
FIGURE 3.35

FIGURE 3.35 shows a potentiometer circuit consists of a uniform wire XY of length

100 cm and its resistance 5.0 . The emf of cell A and B is 4.0 V and 3.0 V,
respectively. The internal resistance of both cells are negligible.
(a) What is the length of XP when the galvanometer reading is zero? [3 m]
(b) If a 1.0  resistor is connected in series with cell A, what is the new balanced
length XP? [3 m]

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PSPM SP025 Ch 3

FINAL ANSWER CHAPTER 3: ELECTRIC CURRENT AND DIRECT-CURRENT CURCUITS

3.1 Electrical Conduction

1. (b) N = 3.13  1018 electrons

3.2 Ohm’s Law and Resistivity

2. Ohmic conductor because V-I graph is linear. @ V  I
3. I = 0.112 A
4. R = 0.285 
5. (a) RS = 0.3  (b) RA = 0.5  (c) R = 0.8 
6. Ratio of resistance of P to Q is 1: 8.
7. R = 0.013 
8. R = 0.61 
9. (a) R = 25  (b)  = 2.52  10-4  m
10. (a) R = 3  10-6  (b) V = 9  10-9 V

3.3 Variation of Resistance with Temperature

11. As the temperature of a metal increases, atoms will vibrate more rapidly. The increase in vibration tend to
increase the collisions between the atoms and and free electrons, thus slowing it down. This will increase
the resistance in the metal.
12. R = 1.9 
13. T = 2613 C

3.4 Electromotive Force (Emf)

14. (a) Vt =  – Ir   and r are constants (b) r = 0.1 

15. (a) I = 2 A and V = 8 V (b) Existence of internal resistance. (c) I = 6 A, V = 0 V
16. (a)  = 3 V (b) V = 2.86 V
17. (a) Emf of a battery is the voltage across its terminal when the current is zero. @ is the open-circuit
voltage of the battery. @ is the maximum potential difference of a battery.
(b) r = 2 
18. (a) R = 5  (b) r = 10  (c) Vt = 6 V
19.  = 10 V, r = 0.5 
20. (a)  = 9 V, r = 0.6  (b)  = 0.0045 K-1

3.5 Resistors in Series and Parallel

21. (a) Voltmeter reading = 6 V (b) Vt = 5.6 V
22. I4 = 1.22 A
23. (a) Reff = 6.75  (b) I3  = 0.74 A
24. I = 8.75  10-4 A and V = 3.75 V
25. r = 0.33 
26. (a) Req = 8  (b) Vbc = 3 V (c) Vcy = 9V
27. Reff = 2.45 
28. (a) Reff = 2.5  (b) I = 2 A
29. V = 5.14 V
30. (a) R = 8  (b) Ammeter reading is unchanged.
31.

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3.6 Kirchhoff’s Rules

32. (a) I1 = 1 A, R1 = 1 , and 2 = 13 V (b) I = 2.5 A

33. (a) I1 = –0.03 A, I2 = 0.18 A and I3 = 0.21 A (b) V2 = 2.16 V
34. (a) I = 2 A (b) R = 5  (c)  = 42 V (d) I = 3.5 A
35. I1 = 0.67 A, I2 = 0.33 A and I3 = 0.33 A
36. (a)
V4
V5
1 (b)
I4
I5
 1
3
(c) 2 = 15 V (d) R1 = 10 
37. I = 0.144 A at anticlockwise
38. (a) I1 = I2 = 1.83 A, I3 = 0 A (b) I1 = 2.52 A, I2 = 1.15 A and I3 = 1.37 A
39. (b) IP = 0.019 A, IQ = 0.297 A, IR = 0.316 A (c) VR = 1.26 V
40. (a) I1 = 0.6 A, V = 0 V (b) I1 = 1.15 A, V = 3.68 V
41. (a) IR = 8 A (b) R = 1  (c)  = 10 V
42. I1 = 0.013 A
43. (a) I1 = –1.845 A, I2 = –0.23 A, I3 = 1.615 A
(b) If the calculated current is negative, it implies that the current flows at the opposite direction.
(c) Potential difference = 4.16 V (d) P = 20.75 W
44. (a) I = 0.5 A (b) VAC = 5.5 V
45. I3 = 3.83 A
46.
47. (a) I1 = 0.15 A, I2 = 0.52 A, I3 = 0.67 A (b) V3 = 12 V
48. 1 = 1.3 V, I1 = 0.46 A
49. IA = 0.16 A
50. I1 = –2 A, I2 = 4 A, I3 = –6 A

3.7 Electrical Energy and Power

51. Q = 0.783 C
52. Power loss per unit length = 3.5  10-5 W m-1
53. Pnew = 50 W
54. (a) r = 4 ,  = 12 V (b) P = 1 W
55. (a) R = 26.3  (b) No, the power loss is not the same. T , R   I 
56. (a) P = 336.6 W (b) Tf = 461 C
57. Pdissipated = 2.8 kW
58. (a) I = 1.6 A (b) P = 12.8 W (c) r = 0.625 
59. (a) Reff = 5.12 , I = 2.34 A (b) P = 28.1 W
60. (a) R = 1.075  (b) V = 2.23 V (c) U = 276 J

3.8 Potential Divider

61. Battery, R1 and R2 are connected in series. Voltmeter is connected parallel to resistor R1.

3.9 Potentiometer

62. (a) 2 = 2.61 V (c) I = 1.6 A

63. (a) VOY = 1.45 V (b) VOY = 1.5 V (c) I(a) = 0.36 A, I(b) = 0.2 A (d) r = 0.31 
64. (a) B = 0.74 V (b) Vr = 0.71 V
65. (a)  XP  75 cm (b)  XP  90 cm

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