Professional Documents
Culture Documents
By:
Alan saputra
Nim. 190107091
1
Hayriye Kayi, Teaching Speaking: Activites to Promote Speaking in a Second Langluage , The
Internet TESL Journal
2
ibid
information that is a resource for pupil’s meaning construction. each
modality covers a different aspect of phenomena which could challenge
prior conceptions of the world and provide resources to imagine and think
with According to , teachers often use gestures together with speech to
draw attention to images and other references within the classroom. In
particular, they argue. a variety of modes are interacting and interplaying:
gestures, drawings, speech, objects. Each mode contributes to meaning
construction: speech to create a difference, an image on the blackboard to
get a visual backdrop, manipulation of an object to locate the discussion in
the physical setting, action to make clear the dynamic nature of the
concept, the image in the textbook to do a stable summary, cohesion in
achieved through repetition, synchronization, similarity and contrast.3
3
ibid
4
Preliminary observation results, February 13, 2023
added value of multimodal learning is to hone students in learning to read
or speak in front of their friends, so that it becomes a medium that attracts
attention and can achieve communicative goals as desired.
5
Desi tri cahyaningati, international journal of language education, vol.2 (2) pp.65-73, ,the use of
multimodal text in enhancing engineering students’s reading skill
speaking. Therefore, students are required to be able to express
ideas into words. Thus, this research will be useful:
a) For teachers, provide alternative ways to improve the
ability to express ideas in written form
b) For students, to attract the desire to fluency in speaking in
an interesting way. As a result, students' learning
motivation increases.
c) For researchers, the results of this study are expected to be
able to develop research on using students' multimodal text
speaking.
D. Definition of Key Terms
To make it easier for readers to understand, the research provides a
brief definition as follows:
1. Multimodal
Media platforms are a major source of multimodal data. So
that users can express by posting multimedia content such as
images and videos, therefore we propose using a multimodal
approach exploiting visual features and contextual features.
Text Multimodal text is a teaching method that can be said to
be very good and efficient, because it is very useful to teach
with this multimodal method. Thus the interest of students will
be encouraged by the method being taught which is very
interesting. In addition, students can also interpret the text by
practicing it.6
2. Speaking
is one of the abilities to communicate with all other people,
so that by talking we can get to know each other and interact
with one another. Apart from that, speaking can also be
accompanied by body movements and facial expressions. 7
6
Mayank meghawat, 16 juli 2018 a multimodal approach to predict social media popularity
7
Marriam Bashir British Journal of Arts and Social Sciences ISSN: 2046-9578, Vol.2 No.1 (2011)
©BritishJournal Publishing, Inc. 2011http://www.bjournal.co.uk/BJASS.aspx
Speaking really helps students develop vocabulary and
grammar skills, so they can improve their writing and reading
skills. Students can also express emotions, ideas, stories, ask,
ask, talk, discuss, and others. Talking outside the classroom is
also very important, because it can improve the ability to speak
with outsiders, not just classmates. Therefore, people who can
speak the language will have more opportunities to work.8
3. Teaching speaking students
Learning to talk is a teaching and learning process that
leads to learning objectives, so that students have the ability to
communicate ideas, ideas, feelings, and opinions.9
The learning approach with the speaking teaching system in
ELT turns out to be more influenced than using the teaching
method system by listening. In the "Speaking" methodology it
is usually defined as repeating after the teacher explains,
memorizing dialogues, or completing exercises, all of which
focus on sentences about applicable skills in audio lingual-
based methodologies and other exercises or repetitions.10
E. Review of Related Literature and Research Hypotheses
1. Review of Previous Research
In this study, the researcher uses previous research as a
literature review and frame of reference for thinking they are:
a. First, didalam penelitian dari savika varporn yang
berjudul effects of multimodal tasks on students critical
reading ability and perceptions, penelitian ini betujuan
untuk membandingkan efek pada kemampuan membaca
kritis, siswa secara acak ditugaskan ke kelompok
ekspeirmen dan control dan dinilai dengan tes membaca
8
Lai mei leong and seyedeh masoumeh ahmadi march 20,2017 jurnal international of research in
English education, an analysis of factors influencing’ English speaking skill
9
ibid
10
Jack c. Richards, 2008 ISBN-13 978-0-521-95776-2 cambridge university press, teaching
listening and speaking
sebelum sesudah kritis. Didalam penelitian ini
menggunakan metode penelitian quasi eksperimen
dengan pendekatan kuantitatif, hasil dari penelitian
savika varaporn adalah peneliti mengungkapkan bahwa
kelompok eksperimen dengan menggunakan metode
pembelajaran multimodal lebih unggul dengan kelas
control hal ini metode pembelajaran multimodal tidak
hanya membantu dalam mengusulkan beberapa ide
tertentu dengan menggunakan model tesebut siswa
dapat mempunya keterampilan befikir analitis dan juga
dapat meningkatkan motivasi intrinsic dan otonomi
belajar.11
b. Secondly, Yunus Abidin's research, concerning the
Effect of Multimodal-Based Learning on the Reading
Literacy Ability of Elementary School students. Dalam
penelitian ini tujuannya adalah untuk memeparkan
model literasi menulis berbasis MID dan dampak
penerapan model pembelajaran tersebut terhadap
peningkatan kemampuan literasi menulis siswa sekolah
dasar. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kombinasi
tipe eksploratori, berdasarkan hasil dari penelitian ini
adalah dapat disimpulkan bahwa model pembelajaran
literasi berbasis MID terbukti secara signifikan memiliki
peningkatan memiliki konstribusi bagi peningkatan
kemampuan liteasi siswa. Peningkatan tesebut terjadi
pada seluruh sampel sekolah yang bearti bahwa model
pembelajaran literasi berbasis MID tidak hanya befungsi
11
Savika varaporn, april 2019 vol.31 (1) hal. 81-108, effects of multimodal tasks on students
critical reading ability and peceptions, reading in a forigen language ISSN 1539-0578
bagi siswa yang bekemampuan tinggi tetapi juga bagi
siswa yang berkemampuan rendah.12
c. Thirdly,dalam penelitian desi tri cahyaningati dengan
judul the use of multimodal text in enhancing
engineering students reading skill, this study aims to
investigate the effect of implementing non printed
multimodal text in an extensive reading program on the
students reading comprehension. Metode yang
digunakan adalah quasi ekspeimental design, hasil dari
penelitian ini adalah the test analysis using SPSS for
windows 23 show that there is a significant difference in
achievement between those who are exposed to NPMT
and LT after the reading program end (p-value=0.010).
the NMPT group gain better reading proficiency than
that of the LT. it means the use of non-printed
multimodal text in extensive reading can boost the
students reading comprehension.13
2. Theoretical Bases
a. The Definition of Speaking
Talking is one way to communicate with other
people, so communication is very important to be
developed as a means of communication with other
people. In his book, Palmer states that most of speaking
is by using orally. Therefore the teacher told most
students to talk directly with friends in class, friends at
home, family, relatives and many others. Similar to
Palmer, Thornbury emphasized "Speaking is a part of
everyday life that we take for granted”. Speaking is also
12
Yunus abiding, cakrawala pendidikan, juni 2017 th. XXXVI, no.2 , developing literacy learning
model based on multi literacy, integrated, and differentiated concept at primary school.
13
Desi cahyaningati, international journal of language education, vol.2 (2) pp. 65-73, the use of
multimodal text in enhanching engineering students reading skill
the transmission of any language through verbal
expression. Whereas, to produce speech, people create
sound by using various speech tools.
As defined by Turk -Speaking is a way of going
from one thought to another, it is a way or process when
you want to speak or want to ask everyone. This
research proves that it is easier for everyone to get
information through speech rather than writing. This
means that conveying information through speech is
much easier to understand than through writing. This
happens because the person who is speaking can
expressively use stress and intonation to the listener to
convey information.
Based on the explanation above speaking is a tool to
communicate with others. In addition, people find it
easier to get information through speaking or orally than
by writing. 14
b. Characteristics of Speaking
a) The first characteristic of students' speaking
performance is that when students can speak
fluently and fluently, the main goal of a teacher
is achieved. According to Hughes (2002),
speaking fluency is the most important ability so
that when talking to other people it will be easy
to understand what we are conveying. Hedge
(2000) revealed that fluency is the ability to
speak coherently by pronouncing sounds, stress
and intonation15.
14
SITI MUALIYAH (2016). Teaching Speaking AnExpository Study at Speaking Class of
Training Class Program at Basic English Course in Kampung Inggris Pare, 1 - 108
15
Hughes, R. (2002). Teaching and Researching Speaking. New York: Pearson Education.
b) The second characteristic of speaking
performance is accuracy. In this stage students
must really speak a foreign language fluently,
therefore the teacher must be careful in teaching
students' language learning. This learning must
pay attention to accuracy, completeness,
grammatical structure, vocabulary, and others.
(Mazouzi, 2013).16
c) According to Thornbury (2005), the use of the
correct grammatical structure is a must have a
good structure. To get good accuracy, you have
to have the right vocabulary in the right context.
So students must be able to use words and
expressions correctly. 17
d) Thornbury (2005) states that pronunciation is the
lowest level of knowledge that students often
pay attention to. Especially for students who
want to be able to speak proper English, learners
must master and know various kinds of sounds,
stress, intonation, tone and pronunciation. These
are the steps in speaking good and correct
English.18
3. Research Hypothesis
a. Hypohtesis Nol (H0)
The null hypothesis of this study is that the use of
multimodal does not affect the speaking ability of students
of SMP Islam NU Abhariyah
16
Mazouzi, S. (2013). Analysis of Some Factors Affecting Learners’ Oral Performance. A Case
Study: 3rd Year Pupilsof Menaa’s Middle Schools. M. A. Dissertation, Department of Foreign
Languages, English Division, Faculty of Letters and Languages, Mohamed Khider University of
Biskra, People’s Democratic Republic of Algeria.
17
Thornbury, S. (2005). How to Teach Speaking. Harmer, J. (Ed). London: Longman.
18
ibid
b. Hypothesis Alternative (Ha)
The alternative hypothesis of this study is that the
use of multimodal influences the speaking ability of
Abhariyah Islamic Middle School students
F. Reasearch Methods
1. Approach and type of Research
a. Approach
This study uses a quantitative approach, with this
research experimental research to obtain data.
2. population and sample
a. Population
The population is a number of people who are willing to be
involved in research. According to Fraenkal and Wallen, a
population is a group that is the object of research 19. SchoolIn
this research, the researcher used the population of all eighth
grade students at Abhariyah Islamic High, the number of
populations was 60 students.
b. Sample
According to Sugiono (2014:120), in his book he argues
that the sample is part of the science and characteristics
possessed by the population20. The sample of this research was
students of class VIII A Abhariayah Islamic Middle School, the
number of samples was 31 students.
3. Time And Place Of Research
a. Time
b. Place of research
This research will be conducted at NU Abhariyah
Islamic Middle School, located on JlnRengganis Raya,
Jerneng Kalijaga, Tawah Eggplant, West Lombok Labuapi,
19
Jack R. Fraenkel, Norman E. Wallen & Helen H. Hyun,”How to Design and Evaluate Research
in Education”, (McGraw-Hill,2012), 8th Ed., p.92.
20
ibid
83361, Tawah Eggplant, kec. Mataram, West Lombok
Regency, West Nusa Tenggara.
4. Research variables
From research “The Influence Of Multimodal Text
Towards Student's Speaking At Smp Islam Abhariyah” research
states that there are two variables, namely the independent variable
and the dependent variable according to the title the independent
variable is “Multimodal Text” and the dependent variable is the
“ability to speak”.
5. Research design
In this study, the researcher uses pre-experimental a one-
group design in order to examine hypotheses has a significant
effect on the study. Then, the researcher uses pre-experimental as
uncontrolled group by following the diagram of Jemmett and
Jemmett:
O1 X O2
O1 = Pre-test
X = Treatment
O2 = Post-test21
In this case, this researcher will examine the effect between
pre and post to obtain data and not use a control group. This will
affect students whether the pretest scores are better or the posttest.
Based on the results of my observations, the total number
of participants in class VIII was 60 students with 30 minutes of
learning time in 1 meeting. However, in this case the researcher
used a sample of only 31 students.
6. Instrument of the Research
21
Dawson and Thomas E.,”A Primer Experimental and Quasi-experimental Design”,Paper
Presented at the Annual Meeting of Southwest Educational Research Association (Austin, TX,
January 23-25, 1997).
The instrument is a tool to measure students' abilities and obtain
data in certain fields. In this study, the researcher used the test as an
instrument based on the method taught to students. The test will be
given to students in the pre-test. Next, the researcher gave 8
questions in the post-test section.
Students’ Achievement
Criteria of Grade
Assessment
91-100 Exellent
71-80 Good
61-70 Fair
50-60 Poor
b. Inferential Statistics
1) Normality Test
Normality test is conducted to identify
whether the sample data is taken from normal
population or not. In addition, it identifies the
normality of pre-experimental without controling
group. The normal score should be higher 0.05.22
2) Homogeneity Test
X= (
∑x )
n
X = (Mean)
x : (Individual Score)
n : (Number of Students)
After obtaining the result of the pre-test, the
researcher determines whether or not students'
narrative writing scores has an improvement, the
researcher applies the following formula:
y 1− y
P=( y
¿ x100%
22
Zulqoidah,“The Effectiveness of Question and Answer Technique toward Second Grade
Students’ Ability at SMPN 1 Pujut. Thesis, UIN Mataram, july 2021.
23
Sudjana,”Metode Statistika”, (Bandung: PT. Tarsito, 2002’), p.67.
statistically significant. According to Hartono, t-test
is one of the statistic tests used to know whether or
not there is significant difference of the two samples
of mean in two variables.24
24
Hartono, Statistik Untuk Penelitian. Yogyakarta: Pustaka pelajar. 2011.p.178
25
Roberta Heale and Alison Twycross,”Validity and Reliability in Quantitative Studies”,
Evidence-Based Nursing 18 (3), 66-67, 2015.
26
Carole L Kimberlin and Almut G Winterstein,”Validity and Reliability of Measurement
Instruments Used in Research”, American Journal of Health-Syistem Pharmacy 65 (23), 2276-
2284, 2008.