1 Introducing Science 中/EN

Flipped classroom

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A. Steps in scientific
investigations

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How do scientists work

to find things out?

Let’s read the story of the famous scientist

Galileo to see how scientists work.
Animation
(Galileo)

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In the past, people believed that heavier

objects fall faster than lighter objects.
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hailstones of
different sizes

Galileo

Galileo observed that hailstones of different

sizes fell to the ground at the same time.
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Perhaps all objects

have the same
falling speed.

He then formed a hypothesis to

explain what he observed.
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An experiment was done to test his

hypothesis. Two balls of different masses
were dropped from the top of a tower.
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It was found that the two balls fell to the

ground at the same time.
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Heavy and light

objects fall at the
same speed.

He analysed the results and drew a conclusion.

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Scientists find things out by conducting

scientific investigations.
They first observe carefully and
systematically.

Observe

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Then, they form a hypothesis (plural:

hypotheses) to explain the
observations.

Form a
Observe hypothesis

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They test the hypothesis by doing

experiments.

Form a Design and do

Observe hypothesis experiments

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Finally, they analyse the experimental

results and draw a conclusion.

Form a Design and do Draw a

Observe hypothesis experiments Analyse conclusion

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Science is based on evidence.

Scientists try to find evidence (including
observations and data) in the experiments
to support their hypothesis.

Form a Design and do Draw a

Observe hypothesis experiments Analyse conclusion

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enough evidence hypothesis is correct

and becomes acceptable scientific
knowledge
Results support
Becomes acceptable the hypothesis
scientific knowledge

Form a Design and do Draw a

Observe hypothesis experiments Analyse conclusion

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if new evidence is found scientific

knowledge can be disproved

Results support
Becomes acceptable the hypothesis
scientific knowledge

Form a Design and do Draw a

Observe hypothesis experiments Analyse conclusion

Modify the
Results not support
hypothesis the hypothesis
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Steps in a scientific investigation

Results support
Becomes acceptable the hypothesis
scientific knowledge

Form a Design and do Draw a

Observe hypothesis experiments Analyse conclusion

Modify the
hypothesis Results not support
the hypothesis

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When we study science, we should

not regard scientific knowledge
only as facts to memorize.

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Activity 1.4

Steps in scientific
investigations

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Activity 1.4 Are all objects made

of metals attracted
Kate observes that by a magnet?
metal paper clips are
magnetic (i.e. can be
attracted by a magnet).

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Activity 1.4
To explain this
observation, she forms
a hypothesis:
‘Objects made of
metals are magnetic’

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Activity 1.4
Complete this activity to help Kate test her
hypothesis.

Step 1: Observe
What observation does Kate make?
attracts metal paper clips.
A magnet _________________________

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Activity 1.4

Step 2: Form a hypothesis

What hypothesis does Kate form?
Objects made of metals are magnetic.
______________________________________

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Activity 1.4
Step 3: Design and do experiments
Collect different objects made of metals.
For example:
coin aluminium can silver necklace
iron nail copper wire keyring
gold medal stainless steel spoon binder clip

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Activity 1.4
Step 3: Design and do experiments
Design a simple experiment to test the
hypothesis. Also draw the experimental
set-up. Perform the experiment with your
teacher’s approval.

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Activity 1.4

1. Place a magnet near some iron nails.

_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
2. Observe if the iron nails are attracted by the
magnet.
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
3. Repeat Steps 1 and 2 by replacing the iron nails
with other objects made of metals.
_______________________________________________________

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Activity 1.4

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Activity 1.4
Step 4: Analyse
Write the experimental results below.

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Activity 1.4
Step 5: Draw a conclusion
(a) Do the experimental results support
the hypothesis?
___________________________________
No.
(b) What conclusion can you draw from
the results of your experiment?
____________________________________
Not all objects made of metals are
magnetic.
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Scientists find things out by carrying out

observe
scientific investigations. They first _________,
hypothesis Then,
ask questions and form a ___________.
they design and do experiments. Finally, they
conclusion
analyse the results and draw a __________.

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When scientists conduct scientific

investigations, they need to use a lot of skills:
• observing
• classifying
• designing investigations
• do experiments
• inferring
• communicating
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These skills are collectively known as

science process skills.
• observing
• classifying
• designing investigations
• do experiments
• inferring
• communicating
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Experiment 1.1 Watch the Expt. video

Observing a
burning candle

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Experiment 1.1 Watch the Expt. video

1. Your teacher will show you a burning

candle.

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Experiment 1.1 Watch the Expt. video

2. Observe the burning candle carefully.

Write as many observations as you can
in three minutes.

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Experiment 1.1 Watch the Expt. video

Discussion
1. How many observations did you make?
_____________________________________

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Experiment 1.1 Watch the Expt. video

Discussion
2. A scientist named Michael Faraday
(1791-1867) made 53 observations of a
burning candle. Who in your class made
the largest number of observations? How
many observations did he or she make?
_____________________________________

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B. Types of scientific
investigations

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1. Fair tests

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To find out the answers

to different questions,
scientists conduct
different types of
scientific investigations.

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Fair test is one of the types of

scientific investigations.

o u k n o w
D o y s t
a fa i r t e
w h a t
s? 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6
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Activity 1.5

Is the experiment fair?

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Activity 1.5

paper cup foam cup

Which one can do better in keeping the

temperature of a hot drink?
Each of three students does an experiment.
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Activity 1.5
• They pour hot water of 70 °C into each cup
• After 20 minutes, they use a thermometer
to measure the water temperature

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Activity 1.5
Are their experiments fair?
Joe’s experiment

100 cm3 70 cm3 of

of water water

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Activity 1.5
Joe’s experiment Joe’s experiment is
________
unfair (fair/unfair)
because _______________
the volumes of
______________________
the water in the two cups
______________________
are different.

100 cm3 of 70 cm3 of

water water

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Activity 1.5
Amy’s experiment is
Amy’s experiment
________
unfair (fair/unfair)
because _______________
the sizes
______________________
of the two cups are
______________________
different.

100 cm3 of 100 cm3 of

water water

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Activity 1.5
Leo’s experiment is
Leo’s experiment
________
fair (fair/unfair)
because _______________
the only difference
______________________
is the material the cup is
______________________
made of and other factors
______________________
are the same.

100 cm3 of 100 cm3 of

water water

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Many factors (called variables) can

affect the results of an experiment.

To make an experiment a fair test, all

variables should be kept the same,
except the one you are investigating.

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Variables in Activity 1.5

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We should always make sure that the

experiment is fair.
Otherwise,
the experimental results will not be
reliable.
FAIR

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Activity 1.6

Variables in a fair test

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Activity 1.6
Is Brand A tissue paper tougher than other
brands? Study Joe’s experimental set-up.

clamp

Brand A tissue paper

stand

weights

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Activity 1.6
Identify the variables in Joe’s experiment.

✔
✔
✔

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2. Other types of
scientific investigations

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Classifying

involves comparing the similarities and

differences between objects, and sorting
those with similarities into groups.

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Classifying

Classifying plants

g p lant Non-flow
Flo w e r i n ering pla
nt

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Classifying
Classifying animals

Fish
Bird Mammal

Fish
Birds Mammals

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Classifying
Classifying matter
Solid Liquid Gas

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Pattern seeking

involves observing and recording natural

phenomena, and trying to find a pattern.
is common in astronomy and geology.

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Pattern seeking

Studying the pattern of how the shape

of the Moon changes in a month
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Pattern seeking

Studying the global pattern of

earthquakes and volcano distribution
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Model building

In science, models can represent objects

that are too small or too big to see.
For example,

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Model building

Building a DNA
model to show its
structure

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Model building

Building a model
to show the solar
system

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There are different types of scientific

investigations, including fair tests, classifying,
pattern seeking, and model building.

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