MCQ - Attitudes

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1. Which of the following conclusions is the most con- c. We often inher-

sistent with research on the heritability of attitudes? it a temperament
or personality that
a. Our attitudes are shaped by our surroundings and renders us likely
do not seem to have any genetic component to them. to develop similar
b. Our attitudes are inherited and dictated by our ge- attitudes to those
netic makeup, with little influence from environmental held by our genetic
factors. relatives.
c. We often inherit a temperament or personality that
renders us likely to develop similar attitudes to those
held by our genetic relatives.
d. Fraternal twins are just as likely to share attitudes
as are identical twins.

2. People's emotional reaction to a target is referred to a. affective

as the ______component of attitudes.
a. affective
b. behavioural
c. cognitive
d. operant

3. Which component of an attitude is most related to the c. Cognitive

process of examining facts and weighing the objec-
tive merits of a target?
a. Affective
b. Behavioural
c. Cognitive
d. Operant

4. Adults' tendency to experience happy, nostalgia-filled a. classical condi-

feelings when they hear the music of an ice cream tioning.
truck can be best explained by the relationship of
attitudes to
a. classical conditioning.
b. operant conditioning.
c. self-perception.
d. values.

5.
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Newman is currently overweight, but as a child he d. positive; nega-
was quite thin. His current explicit attitude toward the tive
overweight is likely to be more ______, and his current
implicit attitude toward the overweight is likely to be
more ______.

a. behaviourally based; cognitively based

b. cognitively based; behaviourally based
c. negative; positive
d. positive; negative

6. The major finding of LaPiere's (1934) classic study on b. people's atti-

attitudes and behaviour involving prejudice and hotel/ tudes are not al-
restaurant owners is that ways reliable pre-
a. people are more prejudiced than their self-reported dictors of their be-
attitudes would lead us to believe. haviours.
b. people's attitudes are not always reliable predictors
of their behaviours.
c. the less accessible an attitude is, the more likely it
is to shape behaviour.
d. when it comes to racial prejudice, people's attitudes
are particularly strong predictors of their behaviours.

7. Attitude accessibility is a particularly good predictor a. the behaviour in

of behaviour when question is sponta-
neous.
a. the behaviour in question is spontaneous.
b. the behaviour in question is deliberative.
c. the attitude in question is general.
d. the attitude in question is an unpopular one.

8. Which of the following is the best example of a delib- d. Making a de-

erative behaviour? cision regarding
where you want
a. Buying a candy bar from the rack next to the to travel over
check-out line at the grocery store your next vacation
b. Telling a salesman who calls you on the phone that break
you aren't interested in the item he's selling
c. Deciding at the last minute to skip a class because

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your friends just told you that they're going to a movie
you want to see
d. Making a decision regarding where you want to
travel over your next vacation break

9. Wendy is a member of a political group on your cam- c. "What are your

pus and is interested in finding out how many stu- attitudes about
dents plan to vote in the next presidential election. Ac- voting in the next
cording to the theory of planned behavior, which of the U.S. presidential
following attitude questions Wendy could ask would election?"
be the best predictor of whether or not a particular
student will vote in the next presidential election?

a. "What are your attitudes about U.S. politics?"

b. "What are your attitudes about voting?"
c. "What are your attitudes about voting in the next
U.S. presidential election?"
d. "What are your attitudes about former U.S. Presi-
dent Barack Obama?"

10. In trying to predict deliberative behaviours, what three b. Attitude speci-

considerations must we evaluate? ficity, subjective
norms, perceived
a. Cognitively based attitudes, behaviourally based behavioural con-
attitudes, affectively based attitudes trol
b. Attitude specificity, subjective norms, perceived be-
havioural control
c. Classical conditioning, operant conditioning, self
perception theory
d. Attitude accessibility, explicit attitudes, implicit at-
titudes

11. One way to change someone's attitude is to get d. insufficient justi-

that person to give a speech arguing against his or fication for making
her actual viewpoint. This strategy can lead to atti- the speech
tude change through cognitive dissonance as long as
______ is (are) present.

a. peripheral cues to persuasion

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b. a motivated audience that feels a sense of personal
relevance
c. two-sided arguments
d. insufficient justification for making the speech

12. Which of the following is not one of the three factors c. Fear
considered by the Yale Attitude Change approach?

a. Nature of the audience

b. Message source
c. Fear
d. Nature of the communication itself

13. A debate breaks out at the town hall meeting over a. Gob, who has
whether local real estate taxes should be raised to no school-aged
pay for a new public school building. Which of the children of his own
following individuals is most likely to process the per- and owns no real
suasive information raised during this debate through estate
the peripheral route?

a. Gob, who has no school-aged children of his own

and owns no real estate
b. Lindsay, whose daughter still has 3 years left of
public school
c. Michael, who is a real estate executive whose busi-
ness is affected by local tax rates
d. Buster, a local teacher, who is working in a tempo-
rary classroom because the current school building is
too small for the number of students enrolled

14. The physical attractiveness of the source of a per- c. Peripheral cue

suasive communication would be best described as
which of the following?

a. Systematic cue
b. Central cue
c. Peripheral cue
d. Rational cue

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Fear-arousing persuasive communication is most c. a plan for reduc-
likely to be effective when ing the fear is pro-
vided.
a. very high levels of fear are induced.
b. very low levels of fear are induced.
c. a plan for reducing the fear is provided.
d. the target of the communication is a utilitarian or
functional object.

16. Briñol and Petty (2003) conducted a study in which d. The head-nod-
participants tried on headphones while listening to ders who heard
a persuasive editorial. Half of the participants shook strong arguments
their heads side-to-side while listening; the other half in the editorial
nodded up-and-down while listening. Which group of
participants expressed the greatest agreement with
the arguments expressed in the editorial at the end of
the study?

a. The head-shakers who heard weak arguments in the

editorial
b. The head-shakers who heard strong arguments in
the editorial
c. The head-nodders who heard weak arguments in
the editorial
d. The head-nodders who heard strong arguments in
the editorial

17. Research on public service ads designed to promote c. are more ef-
healthy behaviour indicates that such efforts fective via televi-
sion than print ads
a. almost always fail. when their target is
b. are more effective at changing the attitudes of men young people.
versus women.
c. are more effective via television than print ads when
their target is young people.
d. are most effective when they are subliminal.

18. The best way for an advertisement to change an af- c. affective

fectively based attitude is to use a(n) _____________

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appeal.

a. cognitive
b. behavioural
c. affective
d. fact-filled

19. Serafina, an advertising executive, is trying to figure b. creating such an

out the best way to market a product that does not emotional connec-
evoke a strong emotional, personal response from tion.
people. Her most effective strategy would be to adopt
a campaign that focuses on

a. logical, fact-based arguments.

b. creating such an emotional connection.
c. avoiding behavioural references.
d. subliminal strategies.

20. Research on subliminal influence in advertising a. less effective

demonstrates that subliminal efforts at persuasion than people as-
are sume them to be.

a. less effective than people assume them to be.

b. more effective than people assume them to be.
c. more effective in individualistic versus collectivistic
cultures.
d. more effective in collectivistic versus individualis-
tic cultures.

21. Which of the following is true regarding cross-cultural c. Korean ads are
comparisons of advertising? more likely than
American ads to
a. Korean ads are more likely than American ads to focus on family
focus on utilitarian products like shoes. and concern for
b. Korean ads are more likely than American ads to others.
portray women and men in a state of complete or
partial undress.
c. Korean ads are more likely than American ads to
focus on family and concern for others.

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d. Korean magazines have fewer ads than American
magazines.

22. The concept of attitude inoculation indicates that we b. are weakened

are better able to resist a later attempt to change our versions of argu-
attitudes when we are first exposed to arguments that ments we might
hear later.
a. support our existing attitude.
b. are weakened versions of arguments we might hear
later.
c. prevent us from considering alternative viewpoints
ahead of time.
d. lead us to pay more attention to peripheral cues

23. Which of the following is the best explanation for b. The audience is
why product placement can be effective at changing often unaware that
attitudes? an effort at attitude
change is occur-
a. It tends to operate via the central route to persua- ring.
sion.
b. The audience is often unaware that an effort at
attitude change is occurring.
c. It usually leads to a reactance response.
d. Cognitively based efforts at persuasion tend to
have longer-lasting effects.

24. Peer pressure effects tend to be linked most often to b. Affectively

what type of attitude? based attitudes

a. Cognitively based attitudes

b. Affectively based attitudes
c. Inoculated attitudes
d. Negative attitudes

25. Which of the following concepts relates to the ironic d. Reactance theo-
research finding that the stronger the warning against ry
a certain attitude or behaviour, the more people some-
times wish to exhibit it?

a. Attitude inoculation
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b. Peer pressure
c. Implicit attitude
d. Reactance theory

26. Cameron and Mitchell want to convince their daughter a. "Please try to re-
to stop leaving her toys scattered all around the floor, member to clean
so they leave her a sign by her toy box. According to up your toys when
reactance theory, which of the following signs would you are done with
be most effective? them."

a. "Please try to remember to clean up your toys when

you are done with them."
b. "All toys MUST be put away after they are used."
c. "Do not leave toys lying around!."
d. "Your job is to clean up after yourself.

27. All of the following are true about attitudes except b. Attitudes rarely
one. Which one is false? change over time.

a. Attitudes are related to our temperament and per-

sonality.
b. Attitudes rarely change over time.
c. Attitudes can be changed with persuasive commu-
nications.
d. Under the right conditions attitudes predict peo-
ple's behaviour.

28. Paige wants to buy a puppy. She does some research d. Cognitively
and decides to buy an English Springer Spaniel rather based attitude
than a Great Dane because they are smaller, more
active, and good with children. Which type of attitude
influenced her decision?

a. Affectively based attitude

b. Behaviourally based attitude
c. Explicitly based attitude
d. Cognitively based attitude

29. On a survey, Marquel reports that he agrees with wear- b. His best friend,
ing a seat belt. According to the theory of planned Trevor, who is al-
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behaviour, which of the following would be the best ways talking about
predictor of whether Marquel will wear a seat belt on how important it is
a given day? to wear a seat belt,
is in the car with
a. He generally agrees that safe driving is important. him.
b. His best friend, Trevor, who is always talking about
how important it is to wear a seat belt, is in the car
with him.
c. His attitude toward seat belts is not very accessible.
d. Marquel believes that it is hard to remember to wear
his seat belt.

30. People will be most likely to change their attitudes

c. uses graph-
about smoking if an antismoking advertisement ic pictures of the
damages of smok-
a. uses extremely graphic pictures of how smoke can ing on the body
harm the body and warns of the risks of smoking. and then pro-
b. gives people subliminal messages about the risks vides specific rec-
of smoking as well as recommendations of how to ommendations on
quit. how to quit smok-
c. uses graphic pictures of the damages of smoking ing.
on the body and then provides specific recommenda-
tions on how to quit smoking.
d. uses success stories of how people quit smoking

31. Emilia would be most likely to pay attention to facts a. the speaker
about the danger of AIDS during a school assembly emphasised sta-
and remember the facts for a long time if tistical informa-
tion about AIDS
a. the speaker emphasised statistical information throughout the
about AIDS throughout the world. world.
b. the speaker emphasised how the disease has
spread in her community and there isn't anything dis-
tracting Emilia from listening.
c. the speaker emphasised how the disease has
spread in her community and at the same time Emil-
ia's best friend is whispering to her about a big party
that weekend.
d. the speaker is a nationally known expert on AIDS.

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32. You are trying to sell a new electronic toothbrush at a. Make up a flier
the airport to busy, distracted travellers. Which of the that gives convinc-
following strategies is least likely to be successful at ing reasons why
getting people to buy a toothbrush? the toothbrush is
so good.
a. Make up a flier that gives convincing reasons why
the toothbrush is so good.
b. Make a large sign that says, "9 out of 10 dentists
recommend this toothbrush!"
c. Put up a large banner featuring a picture of your
friend who looks like Brad Pitt posing with the tooth-
brush.
d. Stop people and say, "Do you know that this is
the toothbrush that is used the most by Hollywood
stars?"

33. Under which of the following conditions would people b. know little
be most likely to vote for a political candidate? They about the candi-
date's policies but
a. like the candidate's policies but have negative feel- have positive feel-
ings toward him or her. ings toward him or
b. know little about the candidate's policies but have her.
positive feelings toward him or her.
c. see subliminal ads supporting the candidate on
national television.
d. see television ads supporting the candidate while
they are distracted by their children.

34. Suppose that while you are watching a film at a movie d. You will be
theater the words "Drink Coke" are flashed on the no more likely
screen at speeds too quick for you to see conscious- to buy a Coke
ly. According to research on subliminal perception, than if the sub-
which of the following is true? liminal messages
were not flashed.
a. You will get up and buy a Coke, but only if other
people start to do so first.
b. You will get up and buy a Coke, but only if you prefer
Coke to Pepsi.
c. You will be less likely to get up and buy a Coke.

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d. You will be no more likely to buy a Coke than if the
subliminal messages were not flashed.

35. All of the following are examples of ways to resist c. forbidding peo-
persuasion except ple to buy a prod-
uct.
a. making people immune to change of opinions by
initially exposing them to small doses of arguments
against their position.
b. warning people about advertising techniques such
as product placement.
c. forbidding people to buy a product.
d. role-playing using milder versions of real-life social
pressures.

36. According to reactance theory, what of the following c. "It's the

public service messages would be least likely to get law—you must
people to wear seat belts? wear your seat
belt."
a. "Please wear your seat belt every time you drive."
b. "Wear your seat belt to save lives."
c. "It's the law—you must wear your seat belt."
d. "Buckle up your children—you might save their
lives."

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