FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN ELEKTRIK

ENGINEERING PRACTICE I BEKB 1131

FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN ELEKTRIK

UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA
SEM 1 SESSION 2021/2022

BEKB 1131
ENGINEERING PRACTICE I

MODULE 2:

OSCILLOSCOPE AND
FUNCTION GENERATOR OPERATION

Name : CHEW ZHI HAO

Lab Group : GROUP 3
Program/Section : 1BEKM-S2
Date : 11/12/2021

Task Name Signature Date

Prepared by DR. NURDIANA BINTI NORDIN @ MUSA 28/10/2021

PUAN SYAHAR AZALIA BINTI AB SHUKOR

Confirmed by

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 FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN ELEKTRIK
ENGINEERING PRACTICE I BEKB 1131

OBJECTIVES
Upon completion of this experiment the students will be able:

1. To use the oscilloscope and function generator to calculate, obtain, and measure the amplitude and
duration (period) of various voltage signals.

EQUIPMENTS
1. Oscilloscope
2. Digital Multimeter
3. Function generator

Due to the Covid-19 pandemic, all experimental works will be conducted through an online medium. Student
should be able to use any available computer-aided tools/software such as Tinkercad, Proteus, PSPICE, etc. to
demonstrate the measurement skill.

THEORY
Oscilloscope
The oscilloscope is the most important instrument available to the practicing technician or engineer. It permits
the visual display of a voltage signal that can reveal a range of information regarding the operating
characteristics of a circuit or system that is not available with a standard multimeter. At first glance the
instrument may appear complex and difficult to master. Be assured, however, that once the function of
each section of the oscilloscope is explained and understood and the system is used throughout a set of
experiments, your expertise with this important tool will develop quite rapidly.

In addition to the display of a signal, it can also be used to measure the average value, rms value, frequency, and
period of a sinusoidal or non-sinusoidal signal. The screen is divided into centimeter divisions in the vertical
and horizontal directions. The vertical sensitivity is provided (or set) in volts/div., while the horizontal
scale is provided (or set) in t time (s/div.). If a particular signal occupies 6 vertical divisions and the vertical
sensitivity is 5mV/div. the magnitude of the signal can be determined from the following equation:

Amplitude of signal voltage = voltage sensitivity (V/div.) x deflection (div.)

Vs = (5 mV/div.) (6 div.) (1.1)
= 30 mV

If one cycle of the same signal occupies 8 divisions on the horizontal scale with a horizontal sensitivity
of 5us/div., the period and frequency of the signal can be determined using the following equations:

Period of signal voltage = horizontal sensitivity (s/div.) x deflection (div.)

T = (5 us /div.) (8 div.) (1.2)
= 40 us

and the frequency, f =1/ T=1/40 us = 25 kHz

Function Generator
The function generator is a voltage supply that typically provides a sinusoidal, square-wave, and
triangular voltage waveform for a range of frequencies and amplitudes. Although the frequency of the
function generator can be set by the dial position and appropriate multiplier, the oscilloscope can be used to
precisely set the output frequency. The scope can also be used to set the amplitude of the function generator since
most function generators simply have an amplitude control with no level indicators.

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 FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN ELEKTRIK
ENGINEERING PRACTICE I BEKB 1131

Both the scope and the function generator are built to withstand some abuse, so do not be afraid to try various
combinations of dial settings to fully develop your abilities with this laboratory experiment. In addition, if you
are working in a group, do not let one person perform all the experimental work. You must spend the time in the laboratory,
so you should learn how to use the equipment properly and develop the skills that you may need for a job that
requires a firm understanding of how to use the oscilloscope and function generator.

Part 1: The Oscilloscope Calibration

Figure 1: The user interface of the oscilloscope in the lab

Item No. Setting Item No. Setting

Disengage position
POWER (9) SLOPE (22) +
(OFF)
Clockwise (3 o’clock
INTEN (2) TRIG ALT (24) Released
position)
FOCUS (4) Mid-position LEVEL LOCK (29) Pushed in
Full anti-clockwise
ILLUM (6) position (except 622G HOLD OFF (31) MIN (anti-clockwise)
& 635G)
TRIGGER
VERT MODE (39) CH 1 (28) AUTO
MODE
HORIZ
A (623G,653G &
CHOP (41) Released DISPLAY (38)
658G only)
MODE
CH 2 INV (36) Released TIME/DIV (18) 0.5mSec/DIV
POSITION (40)(37) Mid-position SWP. UNCAL (19) Released
VOLTS/DIV (10)(14) 0.5V/DIV POSITION (34) Mid-position
CAL (clockwise
VARIABLE (13)(17) x10 MAG (33) Released
position)
AC-DC-GND (11)(15) GND X-Y (27) Released
SOUCE (26) Set to CH 1
COUPLING (25) AC

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 FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN ELEKTRIK
ENGINEERING PRACTICE I BEKB 1131

1 2 4

6 3 5

Figure 2 The user interface of the oscilloscope in the Proteus simulator

Figure 1 shows the user the interface of the oscilloscope in the lab while Figure 2 shows the user interface
of the oscilloscope in the Proteus simulator. An accompanying instructional video is given to synchronize
the understanding on both types of user interface. The following instructions are based on the use of the
Proteus simulator to attain the goals of the laboratory session.

Basic Operation

1. To insert the oscilloscope. Click the Virtual Instruments Mode icon, on the left pane. Select
Oscilloscope and place it by clicking the cursor at the appropriate place on the schematic as shown in
Figure 3.

Figure 3: Oscilloscope icon when placed on the schematic

2. Run the simulation to display the Digital Oscilloscope diagram as shown in Figure 1. The run button
is locatd at the bottom left corner of the simulator. Set the display as in Table 1.

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 FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN ELEKTRIK
ENGINEERING PRACTICE I BEKB 1131

Table 1: Proteus Simulator’s Oscilloscope Setting

Item No. Setting
TRIGGER 1 AC, AUTO, Source A
CHANNEL A 2 AC
CHANNEL B 3 OFF
CHANNEL C 4 OFF
CHANNEL D 5 OFF
HORIZONTAL 6 Position 200

3. After setting the switches as mentioned, stop the simulation. For signal viewing, connect the
oscilloscope to a signal generator. Signal generator can be found at the Virtual Instruments Mode.
Place and connect the + terminal to terminal A of the Oscilloscope. Connect the – terminal to a
ground. Ground can be selected from the Terminal icon, . The overall connection is depicted
in Figure 4.

Signal generator Oscilloscope

Figure 4: Signal generator to oscilloscope connection

4. Run the simulation again. Rotate the VOLTS/DIV dial at Channel A and TIME/DIV dial at the
Horizontal in appropriate positions so that signal waveform is displayed clearly. Such example is
shown in Figure 5.

Figure 5: Adjusting the resolution of the signal through volts/div and time/div
a) Volts/div (Vertical Sensitivity) b) Time/div (Horizontal Sensitivity)

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 FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN ELEKTRIK
ENGINEERING PRACTICE I BEKB 1131

5. Adjust the vertical POSITION (Channel A) and POSITION (Horizontal) controls in appropriate
positions so that the displayed waveform is aligned with the graticule and voltage (Vp-p) and period
(T) can be read conveniently as shown in Figure 6.

Figure 6: Adjusting vertical and horizontal position for convenient reading

a) POSITION (Channel A) b) POSITION (Horizontal)

Note that, the default waveform of signal generator is a sine wave with 1 Vp-p, 10 Hz as depicted in Figure
7.

Figure 7: Default waveform from the signal generator when adjusted appropriately for display

6. The above steps are the basic operating procedures of the oscilloscope for single-channel operation with
Channel A. Single-channel operation with Channel B (or Channel C or Channel D) can also be
achieved in a similar manner. Further operation methods are explained in the subsequent paragraph.

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 FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN ELEKTRIK
ENGINEERING PRACTICE I BEKB 1131

Dual-channel Operation

1) Add another signal generator to the schematic diagram and connect the + terminal to the Oscilloscope
Terminal B. Connect the - terminal to the GROUND as shown in Figure 8.

Figure 8: Dual channel operation

2) Run the simulation. Change the waveform of the signal generator B to a square. Then on the
Oscilloscope display, change the CHANNEL B MODE to AC and adjust the vertical position
to align the waveform.
3) Rotate the VOLTS/DIV dial at Channel B in appropriate positions so that signal waveform is displayed
clearly as shown in Figure 9

Figure 9: Dual channel signal when displayed appropriately

4) When there are two signals connected to Channel A and Channel B, ADD mode (A+B) can be selected
if required.
5) The VSM oscilloscope provides an automatic triggering mechanism which enables it synchronize the
timebase to the incoming waveform. Adjust the TRIGGER level when Source in A to adjust the
starting position of all Channel.
6) Measuring of voltage, difference of voltages, time difference between trigger point and current of
between any two points can be performed by using the cursors. To use this feature select the Cursors
button. To set absolute cursor into screen, move the mouse to appropriate position and press left
mouse button. To set different cursor, move mouse while left button is depressed.

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 FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN ELEKTRIK
ENGINEERING PRACTICE I BEKB 1131

Part 2: The Function/Signal Generator

Setup
a) Turn on the oscilloscope and adjust the necessary controls to establish a clear, right,
horizontal line across the center of the screen.
b) Connect the function/signal generator to one vertical channel of the oscilloscope. Then set
the output of the generator to a 1000 Hz sinusoidal waveform. The overall connection and setup
is depicted in Figure 10.

Frequency Control Amplitude Control

Figure 10: The user interface of the Signal Generator in the Proteus simulator

c) Set the vertical sensitivity of the scope to 1 V/div (Channel A) and adjust the amplitude
control of the function generator to establish a 4 V peak-to-peak (p-p) sinusoidal waveform
on the screen. The waveform shown as Figure 11.

Peak-to-Peak Voltage 1 cycle=T

Figure 11: 4V peak-to-peak(p-p) Sinusoidal Waveform

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 FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN ELEKTRIK
ENGINEERING PRACTICE I BEKB 1131

Horizontal Sensitivity

d) Determine the period of the 1000 Hz sinusoidal waveform in milliseconds using the equation T =
1/f. Show all work for each part of the experiment. Be neat!

- Period of sinusoidal waveform, T=

1 (calculated) T =___1ms________
𝑓
1
=
1000
= 1ms

e) Set the horizontal sensitivity of the scope to 0.2 ms/div. using the results of Part 2(d) predicts and
calculates the number of horizontal divisions required to properly display one full cycle of the 1000
Hz signal.

- Period of signal voltage = horizontal sensitivity x defection (Calculated) Number of divisions = ____5 div_______
T = 0.2ms x (div)
= 0.2ms(div)
1
- Frequency, F =
𝑇
1
1000 =
0.2𝑚𝑠(𝑑𝑖𝑣)
(div) = 5

Use the oscilloscope measure the number of required divisions and insert below.

(Simulated) Number of divisions =____5 div_______

How does the result compare to the calculated number of divisions?

_________same____________

Draw the waveform in Figure below.

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 FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN ELEKTRIK
ENGINEERING PRACTICE I BEKB 1131

f) Change the horizontal sensitivity of the oscilloscope to 0.5 ms/div. without touching any of the
controls of the function generator. Using the results of Part 2(d) how many horizontal divisions
will now be required to display one full cycle of the 1000 Hz signal?

- Period of signal voltage = horizontal sensitivity x defection

T = 0.5ms x (div) (Calculated) Number of divisions = _____2 div________
= 0.5ms(div)
1
- Frequency, F =
𝑇
1
1000 =
0.5𝑚𝑠(𝑑𝑖𝑣)
(div) = 2

Using the oscilloscope measure the number of required divisions and insert below.

(Simulated) Number of divisions = ______2 div_______

How does the result compare to the calculated number of divisions? __________same___________

Draw the waveform in Figure below.

g) Change the horizontal sensitivity of the oscilloscope to 1 ms/div. without touching any of the controls
of the function generator. Using the results of Part 2(d), how many horizontal divisions will now be
required to display one full cycle of the 1000 Hz signal?

- (Calculated) Number of divisions = ______1 div________

Period of signal voltage = horizontal sensitivity x defection
T = 1ms x (div)
= 1ms(div)
1
- Frequency, F =
𝑇
1
1000 =
1𝑚𝑠(𝑑𝑖𝑣)
(div) = 1

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 FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN ELEKTRIK
ENGINEERING PRACTICE I BEKB 1131

Using the oscilloscope measure the number of required divisions and insert below.

(Simulated) Number of divisions = _____1div_______

How does the result compare to the calculated number of divisions? _________same____________
Draw the waveform in Figure below.

h) What was the effect on the appearance of the sinusoidal waveform as the horizontal sensitivity was
changed from 0.2 ms/div to 0.5 ms/div. and finally to 1 ms/div?

- The appearance of the sinusoidal waveform as the horizontal sensitivity was

increasing from 0.2 ms/div to 0.5 ms/div, and the number of horizontal
deviations will decrease while the frequency and amplitude remains constant.

i) Did the frequency of the signal on the screen change with the horizontal sensitivity? What
conclusion can you draw from the results regarding the effect of the chosen horizontal sensitivity on the signal
output of the function generator?

- Yes, the frequency of the signal on the screen change with the
horizontal sensitivity. The effect of chosen the horizontal sensitivity
will cause the difference of frequency of signal on the screen.

j) Given a sinusoidal waveform on the screen review the procedure to determine its frequency. Develop a
sequence of steps to calculate the frequency of a sinusoidal waveform appearing on the screen of an
oscilloscope.
- Period of signal voltage = horizontal sensitivity x defection
T = 0.5ms x 2
= 1ms
1
- Frequency, F = 𝑇
1
F = 1𝑚𝑠
F = 1000Hz

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 FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN ELEKTRIK
ENGINEERING PRACTICE I BEKB 1131

Vertical sensitivity

k) Do not touch the controls of the function generator but set the sensitivity of the scope to 0.2
ms/div. and set the vertical sensitivity to 2 V/div. Using this latter sensitivity, calculate the
peak-to-peak value of the sinusoidal waveform on the screen by first counting the number of
vertical divisions between peak values and multiplying by the vertical sensitivity.

(Calculated) Peak-to-peak value = _____4V______

(Simulated) Peak-to-peak value = ____4V_______

Peak-to-peak value = number of vertical divisions between peak value x vertical sensitivity
= 2 x 2(V/div)
= 4V

Draw the waveform in Figure below.

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 FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN ELEKTRIK
ENGINEERING PRACTICE I BEKB 1131

l) Change the vertical sensitivity of the oscilloscope to 0.5 V/div. and repeat Part 2(k).

(Calculated) Peak-to-peak value = ____4V_______

(Simulated) Peak-to-peak value = ____4V_______

Peak-to-peak value = number of vertical divisions between peak value x vertical sensitivity
= 8 x 0.5(V/div)
= 4V

Draw the waveform in Figure below.

m) What was the effect on the appearance of the sinusoidal waveform as the vertical sensitivity was changed
from 2 V/div to 0.5 V/div.?

- The appearance of the sinusoidal waveform as the vertical sensitivity was

changed from 2 V/div to 0.5 V/div. The amplitude of the sinusoidal waveform or
number of vertical deviations will increase while the frequency and amplitude remain
constant.

n) Did the peak-to-peak voltage of the sinusoidal signal change with the vertical sensitivity? What
conclusion can you draw from the results regarding the effect of changing the vertical sensitivity
on the output signal of the function generator?

- No, the peak-to-peak voltage of the sinusoidal signal will not change the
vertical sensitivity. The effort of changing the vertical sensitivity will not
affect the peak-to-peak voltage of the sinusoidal signal.

o) Can the peak or peak -to-peak output voltage of a func tion generator be set without the
aid of an auxiliary instrument such as an oscilloscope or DMM? Explain.

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 FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN ELEKTRIK
ENGINEERING PRACTICE I BEKB 1131

- The peak or peak -to-peak output voltage of a function generator

cannot be set without the aid of an auxiliary instrument because the peak-
to-peak output voltage of function generator cannot be appearance of the
sinusoidal waveform.

Part 3: Exercises

a) Make all the necessary adjustments to clearly display a 5000Hz 6 Vp-p sinusoidal signal on the
oscilloscope. Establish the zero volt line at the center of the screen. Record the chosen sensitivities:

Vertical sensitivity = ___1mV______ Horizontal sensitivity = ____50µs_____

Draw the waveform on figure below carefully noting the required n umber of horizontal
and vertical divisions. Add vertical and horizontal dimensions to the waveform using the
chosen sensitivities listed above.

Calculate the period of the waveform on the screen using the number of horizontal divisions for a full
cycle as shown.

T = 50µs x 4
= 0.2ms

T (calculated) = _____0.2ms____

b) Repeat Part 3(a) for a 200-Hz 0.8 Vp-p sinusoidal waveform on figure below.

Vertical sensitivity = _______0.1V________ Horizontal sensitivity = ______1ms_______

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 FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN ELEKTRIK
ENGINEERING PRACTICE I BEKB 1131

Calculate the period of the waveform on the screen using the number of horizontal divisions for a full cycle as shown.

T = 1ms x 5
= 5ms

T (calculated) = _____5ms_______

c) Repeat Part 3(a) for a 100kHz 4 V p-p square wave on figure below. Note that a square wave
is called for.

Vertical sensitivity = ___0.5V_________ Horizontal sensitivity = _____2µs_______

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 FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN ELEKTRIK
ENGINEERING PRACTICE I BEKB 1131

Calculate the period of the waveform on the screen using the number of horizontal divisions for a full cycle as shown.

T = 2µs x 5
= 10us

T (calculated) = _____10us_______

Part 4: Effect of DC Levels

a) Reestablish the 1 kHz 4 Vp-p sinusoidal waveform on the screen. Calculate the effective value of the sinusoidal
1
waveform. Used formula Vrms = x Vp
√2

1
Vrms = x 2 = 1.41V
√2
Vrms (calculated) = _____1.41V_____

b) Disconnect the function generator from the scope and measure the effective (rms) value of the output of the
function generator using the digital AC meter. Run the circuit in Figure 12. The digital AC meter shows the
value of Vrms.

Figure 12: Connection of Function Generator to Digital AC Meter

Vrms (Simulated) = ____1.41V_______

c) Determine the magnitude of the percent difference between the calculated and measured levels using the
following equation:
𝑉(𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐) − 𝑉(𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠)
% 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = [ ] × 100%
𝑉(𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐)

1.41𝑉 − 1.41𝑉
% 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = [ ] × 100%
1.41𝑉
= 0%

% Difference = ______0%_____

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 FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN ELEKTRIK
ENGINEERING PRACTICE I BEKB 1131

d) Repeat step (a)-(c) for 50Hz 0.5 Vp-p sinusoidal waveform.

1 Vrms (calculated) = _____0.18V_____

Vrms = x 0.25 = 0.18V
√2
Vrms (Simulated) = ____0.18V_______
0.18𝑉 − 0.18𝑉
% 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = [ ] × 100% % Difference = _____0%_______
0.18𝑉
= 0%

e) Reconnect the function generator to the scope with the 50 Hz 0.5 Vp-p signal and switch the AC-GND-
DC coupling switch of the vertical channel to GND. What is the effect?

- The output signal on the oscilloscope or sinusoidal waveform become a straight

line in horizontal line and the horizontal line on the screen that represents zero
volts.

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 FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN ELEKTRIK
ENGINEERING PRACTICE I BEKB 1131

f) Why? How can this scope function (GND) be used?

- The scope function (GND) disconnects the input signal from the vertical system.
This scope function (GND) be used to see where zero volts is located on the
screen.

Part 5: Analysis Current and Voltage in RLC Load

a) Construct circuit in Figure 13.

Figure 13: Purely resistive load Circuit

i. Calculate phase angle between current and voltage.

- In the purely resistive load circuit, the current and voltage applied are
in phase with each other, meaning that both start cycle at the same time
and the maximum value occur at the same time. Therefore, the phase
angle between current and voltage is zero.
5×10−3 −5×10−3 𝑉
- ɵ= 0.02
× 360 I=
1 𝑅
= 0° f=𝑇 50 <0°
1 I=
50 = 50𝐽
𝑇
0.02 = T I = 1 < 0°
ii. Draw the current and voltage in Figure below.

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 FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN ELEKTRIK
ENGINEERING PRACTICE I BEKB 1131

b) Construct circuit in Figure 14. 𝑋𝐿 = 2𝜋𝑓𝐿

Figure 14: RL Circuit

i. Calculate phase angle between current and voltage. (Note: ignore R g in your calculation)

20 × 10−3 − 15 × 10−3
ɵ= × 360 𝑋𝐿 = 2𝜋𝑓𝐿
0.02
50 = 2 𝜋(50)𝐿
𝑉 50
I= 2𝜋(50)
=L
𝑅 5 × 10−3 0.15915 Ω = L
50 <0° ɵ= × 360
I= 0.02
50𝐽
I = 1 < -90° 1
ɵ = 0.25 × 360 f=𝑇
1
50 = 𝑇
ɵ = 90°
0.02 = T
Thus, the phase angle between current and voltage is 90°.
ii. Draw the current and voltage in Figure below.

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 FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN ELEKTRIK
ENGINEERING PRACTICE I BEKB 1131

1
c) Construct circuit in Figure 15. 𝑋𝐶 = 2𝜋𝑓𝐶

Figure 15: RC Circuit

i. Calculate phase angle between current and voltage.(Note: ignore Rg in your calculation)

15 × 10−3 − 10 × 10−3
ɵ= × 360 𝑋𝐶 = −𝑗𝑤𝑐
0.02 = -j2 𝜋50(64µ)
= -0.02j
5 × 10−3
ɵ= × 360 𝑉
0.02 I=
𝑅
50 <0°
I=
ɵ = 0.25 × 360 −0.02𝐽
I = 2500 < 90°
ɵ = 90°

Thus, the phase angle between current and voltage is 90°.

ii. Draw the current and voltage in Figure below.

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 FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN ELEKTRIK
ENGINEERING PRACTICE I BEKB 1131

Assignment
Based on Figure 16 below. Calculate phase angle between I and V. Compare your calculation result
with simulation. Draw the current and voltage waveform.

R1 L1 R2
I V

10 j5 5
Vs
Vamp = 50V C1 - j10
f = 50Hz

Figure 16: RLC circuit

Calculation

Simulation

16 × 10−3 − 15 × 10−3
f=
1 ɵ= × 360
𝑇 0.02
1
50 = 𝑇 1 × 10−3
ɵ= × 360
0.02s = T 0.02

ɵ = 0.05 × 360

ɵ = 18°

Comparison

Calculation Simulation Percentage of Error

18. 2° 18° 𝑙18.2°−18°𝑙
×100% = 1.1%
𝑙18.2°𝑙

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 FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN ELEKTRIK
ENGINEERING PRACTICE I BEKB 1131

Current and Voltage Waveform

- The current lags the voltage by 18.2°.

- Based on the result, the phase angle between the voltage and current is
calculated which is 18.2° while the simulation result is 18°. By
comparing the calculation and simulation result, there have a slightly
difference between the two results which is 0.2°.
- Since we are using the two decimal places to calculate the phase angle, it
maybe causes the final answer have a bit different compare to the simulation
result.

Conclusion
In conclusion, we have done the experiment and achieved all the objective of this experiment. We are
able to use the oscilloscope and function generator to calculate, obtain, and measure the amplitude
and duration (period) of various voltage signals. Besides that, we also study the behavior of an RLC
series circuit, RL circuit, RC circuit and purely resistive load Circuit subject to an AC input voltage
and find the the phase angle that the generator voltage makes with respect to the electric current by
using the manual calculation and simulation on proteus.

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