D”P gva¨wgK ● K…wlwkÿv (wØZxq cÎ) ● Aa¨vqwfwËK m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi DËi
cÖ_g Aa¨vq : grm¨ Pvl
1. K…wlwk¶K nvwdR m¨vi gvQ msi¶Y c×wZi Ici
K¬vm wbw”Q‡jb| wZwb e‡jb, gvQ Avwgl RvZxq
Lv‡`¨i Ab¨Zg cªavb Drm| wKš‘ Avni‡Yi 4-5 NÈvi
g‡a¨B gv‡Q cPb wµqv ïiæ nq| K¬vm †k‡l wZwb
Øv`k †kªwYi 'K' kvLv‡K gvQ msi¶‡Yi mbvZb
c×wZ Ges 'L' kvLv‡K AvaywbK c×wZ m¤ú‡K©
cªwZ‡e`b ˆZwi K‡i Rgv w`‡Z ej‡jb|
K. ivBMi giwUm Kv‡K e‡j?
L. wbweo c×wZ‡Z gvQ Pvl ej‡Z Kx †evS?
M. 'K' kvLvi wk¶v_©xiv †h cªwZ‡e`b wj‡LwQj Zv
e¨vL¨v K‡iv|
N. gvQ msi¶‡Y 'K' kvLv I 'L' kvLvi ˆZwiK…Z
cªwZ‡e`‡bi g‡a¨ †Kvb c×wZwU †ewk djcªm~
e‡j Zywg g‡b K‡iv? we‡kølY K‡iv|
1 b¤^i m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi DËi
K. gvQ ev wPswoi g…Zz¨i ci †`‡ni RwUj ch©vqµwgK †h
cwieZ©b n‡Z _v‡K Zv‡K ivBMi giwUm e‡j|
L. †Kv‡bv cyKyi ev Rjvkq n‡Z Kg mg‡q AwaK gvQ
Drcv`‡bi j‡¶¨ h_vh_fv‡e cyKyi cª¯ÍyZKiY,
cªRvwZwfwËK mwVK msL¨K I ¯^v¯’¨evb †cvbv gRy`,
wbqwgZ mvi cª‡qvM I cwiwgZ m¤ú~iK Lv`¨ mieivn
Ges cvwbi ¸Yv¸Y wbqš¿Y I DbœZ e¨e¯’vcbvi gva¨‡g
gvQ Pvl Kiv‡K wbweo c×wZ‡Z gvQ Pvl e‡j|
G c×wZ‡Z gvQ Pv‡li d‡j Aí RvqMvq I Kg mg‡q
AwaK Drcv`‡bi gva¨‡g jvfevb nIqv hvq|
M. 'K' kvLvi wk¶v_©xiv mbvZb c×wZ‡Z gvQ msi¶‡Yi
Dci cªwZ‡e`b wj‡LwQj| gvQ msi¶‡Yi `ywU mbvZb
c×wZ n‡jv- ïuUwKKiY I jeYRvZKiY|
ïuUwKKiY c×wZ‡Z ZvRv gvQ Zv‡c ïwK‡q ïK‡bv
gv‡Q c wiYZ Kiv nq| G c×wZ‡Z ZvRv gvQ
†_‡K cvwb ïwK‡q †`‡n cvwbi cwigvY 15-20% G
bvwg‡q Avbv nq| d‡j e¨vK‡Uwiqv I AwaKvsk
GbRvB‡gi Kvh©µg wbwl&µq n‡q hvq| jeYRvZKiY
c×wZ‡Z mvaviY Lvevi jeY cª‡qvM K‡i AwfmªeY
cªwµqvq gv‡Qi †`n †_‡K cvwb †ei K‡i Avbv nq
Ges mv‡_ mv‡_ e¨vcb cªwµqvq gv‡Qi †`nvf¨šÍ‡i
jeY `ªeY cª‡ek K‡i| d‡j gv‡Qi †`nKjvq je‡Yi
NbZ¡ e…w× cvq| †h cwigvY jeY gv‡Qi †`‡n cª‡ek
K‡i Zvi †P‡q †ewk cwigvY cvwb evB‡i †ewi‡q
Av‡m| G‡Z K‡i gv‡Qi cPb m…wóKvix e¨vK‡Uwiqv
eske…w× Ki‡Z cv‡i bv Ges GbRvB‡gi wµqvI eÜ
n‡q hvq| d‡j gvQ cP‡bi nvZ †_‡K i¶v cvq|
GB c×wZ e¨envi K‡i grm¨ Lvgvwiiv A‡bK w`b gvQ
msi¶Y K‡i ivL‡Z cv‡i| ZvQvov G c×wZ‡Z
msiw¶Z gv‡Qi Pvwn`v †ewk _vKvq evRv‡i fv‡jv
g~j¨I cvIqv hvq|
N. 'K' I 'L' kvLvi wk¶v_©x‡`i cªwZ‡e`b ˆZwii welq
wQj h_vµ‡g mbvZb I AvaywbK c×wZ‡Z gvQ
msi¶Y|
mbvZb c×wZ‡Z gvQ ïuUwK K‡i A_ev jeYRvZ K‡i
msi¶Y Kiv nq| G c×wZ‡Z gvQ msi¶Y Ki‡j
`xN©mg‡qi Rb¨ msi¶Y Kiv hvq, KviY e¨vK‡Uwiqv
I GbRvBg NwUZ cPb cªwµqv eÜ n‡q hvq| G
c×wZ‡Z `wi`ª grm¨Rxexiv A_©‰bwZK myweav cvq,
KviY `vwi`ª¨Zvi Kvi‡Y Zviv AvaywbK c×wZ I
hš¿cvwZ e¨envi K‡i gvQ msi¶Y Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
ZvQvov G c×wZ‡Z gvQ msi¶‡Y †Kv‡bv KvwiMwi
Áv‡bi cª‡qvRb nq bv| GQvov ïuUwKK…Z I
jeYRvZK…Z gvQ cwienb Kiv mnR|
AvaywbK c×wZ‡Z gvQ cªwµqvRvZKiY K‡i
msi¶‡Yi wewfbœ cªwµqvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q eidRvZKiY,
wngvwqZKiY, wUbRvZKiY ev d¨vwbs a~gvwqZKiY
BZ¨vw`| eidRvZ K‡i gvQ msi¶Y Ki‡j gvQ
UvUKv gv‡Qi Abyiƒc _v‡K Ges Gi ¸Yv¸YI _v‡K
UvUKv gv‡Qi g‡Zv| Ab¨ †h‡Kv‡bv c×wZi †P‡q G
c×wZ AwZmnR Ges LiPI Kg| wngvwqZKiY K‡i
gvQ msi¶Y Ki‡j GK eQi ch©šÍ gv‡Qi ¸Yv¸Y eRvq
_v‡K| Gfv‡e msi¶Y K‡i gvQ we‡`‡k ißvwb Kiv
nq| evqyk~b¨ Ae¯’vq gvQ wUbRvZKiY K‡i msi¶Y
Ki‡j 3-4 eQi ch©šÍ msi¶Y Kiv hvq| KviY
evqyk~b¨ Ae¯’vq gv‡Qi Af¨šÍ‡i RviY wµqv eÜ n‡q
hvq|
gv‡Qi ¸Yv¸Y eRvq †i‡L AwaK w`b msi¶Y Ges
evwYwR¨K w`K we‡ePbv K‡i AvaywbK c×wZ‡Z gvQ
msi¶Y‡KB ZvB †ewk djcªm~ e‡j Avwg g‡b Kwi|
2. gwbi Zvi evwoi cv‡ki cwiZ¨³ cyKy‡i ivRcyuwUi Pvl
K‡ib| wKQyw`b ci wZwb j¶ Ki‡jb, wKQy gv‡Qi
D¾¡jZv bó n‡q †M‡Q I Mv‡q mv`v `vM †`Lv
w`‡q‡Q| wZwb grm¨ Awd‡m †hvMv‡hvM Ki‡j grm¨
Kg©KZ©v Zv‡K Rvbv‡jb Zvi cyKy‡ii gvQ AvuBk Lmv
I mv`v `vM †iv‡M AvµvšÍ n‡q‡Q| wZwb gwbi‡K GB
†iv‡Mi cªwZKvi I cªwZ‡iva m¤ú‡K© civgk© w`‡jb|
K. wbiæw`KiY Kv‡K e‡j?
L. gv‡Qi m¤ú~iK Lvevi ej‡Z Kx eyS?
 M. gwb‡ii cyKy‡ii gvQ Kx Kx †iv‡M AvµvšÍ n‡q‡Q
Zv e¨vL¨v K‡iv|
N. grm¨ Kg©KZ©v gwbi‡K †h civgk© w`‡jb Zv
we‡kølY K‡iv|
2 b¤^i m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi DËi
K. K…wÎg Dcv‡q ev®úxKi‡Yi mvnv‡h¨ gv‡Qi kixi †_‡K
cvwb Acmvib Kiv‡K wbiæw`KiY e‡j|
L. AwaK Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ cªvK…wZK Lv`¨ †hvMv‡bi
cvkvcvwk cyKy‡ii evB‡i †_‡K gvQ‡K †h Lvevi
mieivn Kiv nq Zv‡K gv‡Qi m¤ú~iK Lv`¨ e‡j|
RxebaviY, kixi MVb I e…w×i Rb¨ gvQ RjR
cwi‡ek †_‡K Lv`¨ MªnY K‡i _v‡K| wKš‘ cªvK…wZK
Lv‡`¨ cwic~Y© cywó mvab nq bv| ZvB cªvK…wZK Lv‡`¨i
cvkvcvwk m¤ú~iK Lv`¨ wn‡m‡e PvD‡ji Kyuov, M‡gi
fywm, mwilvi ˆLj BZ¨vw` cª‡qvM Kiv nq|
M. gwb‡ii cyKy‡ii gv‡Qi †iv‡Mi j¶Y ï‡b grm¨
Kg©KZ©v Zv‡K Rvbvb cyKy‡ii ivRcyuwU gvQ¸‡jv AvuBk
Lmv I mv`v `vM †iv‡M AvµvšÍ n‡q‡Q|
AvuBk Lmv †iv‡M gv‡Qi ¯^vfvweK is I D¾¡jZv bó
n‡q hvq| AvuBk evuKv n‡q hvq Ges mvgvb¨ Nlv ev
AvNv‡ZB D‡V hvq| gvQ fvimvg¨nxbfv‡e Pjv‡div
K‡i| †jR Aek n‡q hvq| gvQ big n‡q hvq Ges
Lv`¨ MªnY K‡i bv| Avevi mv`v `vM †iv‡M gv‡Qi Z¡K,
†jR I cvLbvq mv`v mv`v `vM c‡o| `vM¸‡jv
Avjwc‡bi gv_vK…wZi g‡Zv nq| dyjKvq I Z¡‡K wm÷
†`Lv hvq| ¶Z¯’vb †_‡K AvVv‡jv c`v_© †ei nq|
AvµvšÍ gv‡Qi cvLbv †`‡ni mv‡_ wg‡k _v‡K Ges
†`‡n i³k~b¨Zv †`Lv hvq| KL‡bv KL‡bv k¦vmKvh©
eÜ n‡q hvq| gv‡Qi e…w× K‡g hvq|
ivRcyuwU gv‡Qi DcwiD³ †ivMmg~n `g‡bi Rb¨
†iv‡Mi j¶Y Rvbv AZ¨šÍ Riæwi|
N. gwbi Zvi cyKy‡ii ivRcyuwU gv‡Qi †iv‡Mi cªwZKvi I
cªwZ‡iva m¤ú‡K© grm¨ Awd‡m †hvMv‡hvM Ki‡j grm¨
Kg©KZ©v Zv‡K civgk© †`b|
gv‡Qi mv`v `vM †iv‡Mi cªwZKvi I cªwZ‡iv‡ai Rb¨
kvgyK RvZxq cªvYx cyKyi †_‡K mwi‡q †dj‡Z n‡e|
2.5% jeY cvwb‡Z 5-7 wgwbU †Mvmj w`‡q RxevYygy³
K‡i †cvbv gRy` Ki‡Z n‡e| cyKy‡i cªwZ kZvs‡k
125 Mªvg nv‡i W‡jvPyb cª‡qvM K‡i †iv‡Mi cªv`yf©ve
Kgv‡bv hvq| †ivM m¤ú~Y© bv mvi‡j 15 w`b cici Pyb
cª‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e| AvµvšÍ gvQ‡K 1 wcwcGg ZyuZ
A_ev 2.5% jeY `ªe‡Y mßv‡n 1 evi wn‡m‡e †gvU
3 evi Pywe‡q cwi®‹vi cvwb‡Z †Q‡o w`‡Z n‡e|
Avevi gv‡Qi mv`v `vM †iv‡Mi cªwZKvi I cªwZ‡iv‡ai
Rb¨ 2 3% wKDwib `ªe‡Y gvQ‡K †Mvmj Kiv‡Z
n‡e| cyKy‡ii cªwZ kZvs‡k 125 Mªvg nv‡i W‡jvPyb
cª‡qvM K‡i †iv‡Mi cªv`yf©ve Kgv‡bv hvq| †ivM m¤ú~Y©
bv mviv ch©šÍ cªwZ 15 w`b cici Pyb cª‡qvM Ki‡Z
n‡e| AvµvšÍ gvQ‡K 50 wcwcGg digvwjb A_ev 1
wcwcGg ZyuZ A_ev 2.5% jeY `ªe‡Y mßv‡n 1 evi
wn‡m‡e †gvU 3 evi Wywe‡q cwi®‹vi cvwb‡Z †Q‡o w`‡Z
n‡e| Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbvi cwi‡cªw¶‡Z ejv hvq,
gv‡Qi †ivM wbY©q K‡i Zv cªwZKvi I cªwZ‡iv‡a grm¨
Kg©KZ©v mwVK c×wZmg~n Aej¤^‡bi civgk©
w`‡qwQ‡jb|
3. evsjv‡`‡k e¨vcKnv‡i evM`v wPswoi Pvl n‡”Q|
DcK~jxq GjvKvq †N‡i, jeY‡¶‡Z evM`v wPswo Pvl
nq| A‡bK mgq wewfbœ ai‡bi †ivMevjvB-Gi
Avµg‡Yi d‡j evM`v wPswoi Drcv`b e¨vnZ nq|
wKš‘ Avgv‡`i A_©bxwZ‡Z evM`v wPswoi ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
Ae`vb _vKvq Gi †ivMevjvB cªwZ‡iv‡a h_vh_ e¨e¯’v
MªnY Kiv cª‡qvRb|
K. wPswo cyKy‡ii †Kvb ¯Í‡ii Lv`¨ MªnY K‡i?
L. bvB‡jvwUKv gvQ Pv‡li AcKvwiZv e¨vL¨v K‡iv|
M. DwjøwLZ wPswoi †ivM e¨e¯’vcbv c×wZ e¨vL¨v
K‡iv|
N. Avgv‡`i RvZxq A_©bxwZ‡Z DwjøwLZ wPswoi
Ae`vb we‡kølY K‡iv|
3 b¤^i m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi DËi
K. wPswo cyKy‡ii wb‡Pi ¯Í‡ii Lv`¨ MªnY K‡i|
L. bvB‡jvwUKvi †cvbv Qvovi 3 gv‡mi gv_vq Giv cªRbb
NUvq| Kv‡RB bvB‡jvwUKvi AwZ cªRbb GKwU
gvivZ¥K mgm¨v|
cyKy‡i ¯^vfvweK e…w×cªvß n‡q Le©vKvi bvB‡jvwUKvq
cyKyi f‡i hvq Ges †gvU Drcv`b 50-70 kZvs‡k
†b‡g hvq| we‡kl K‡i Ae¨vnZ Pvl c×wZ‡Z Giƒc
msL¨v e…w× cªKU mgm¨v|
M DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ wPswowU n‡jv evM`v hvi †ivM
e¨e¯’vcbvi K_v ejv n‡q‡Q|
evM`v wPswo fvBivmRwbZ mv`v `vM †iv‡M me‡P‡q
†ewk AvµvšÍ n‡q _v‡K| GQvov G‡`i Kv‡jv dyjKv
†ivM, †Lvjm big †ivM, †Lvj‡m meyR †kIjv Rgv
†ivM, K¨viv‡cm I kix‡ii Dci cv_i Rgv BZ¨vw`
†`Lv †`q| G mKj †ivM `g‡b wKQy e¨e¯’vcbv c×wZ
MªnY Kiv hvq, Zv n‡jv-
1. †ivMgy³ wPswoi †cvbv e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e|
2. we‡`k ev Kv‡jvevRvwi †_‡K Avbv wPswoi †cvbv
†ivMgy³ wKbv Zv wbwðZ bv n‡q †cvbv gRy`
Kiv hv‡e bv|
 3. †ivMvµvšÍ Lvgv‡i e¨eüZ Rvj ev cªvmw½K
DcKiY Kov †iv‡` fv‡jv K‡i ïwK‡q Ab¨
Lvgv‡i ev cyKy‡i e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e|
4. Avav wbweo Ges DbœZ mbvZb c×wZ‡Z Pvl
e¨e¯’vcbvq weÁvbwfwËK cªhyw³ cª‡qvM Ki‡Z
n‡e|
5. wPswo‡K ïaygvÎ cwiwgZ cwigvY mylg Lv`¨
cª‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e|
6. †ivMvµvšÍ Lvgv‡ii cvwb †hb fv‡jv Lvgv‡i bv
hvq †mBiƒc e¨e¯’v MªnY Ki‡Z n‡e|
7. PvlKvjxb mg‡q Nb Nb cvwb cwieZ©b Ki‡Z
n‡e|
8. cyKyi cª¯ÍywZi mgq Zj‡`‡ki Kv`vgvwU Zy‡j
fv‡jvg‡Zv ïwK‡q Pyb ev weøwPs cvDWvi w`‡Z
n‡e|
Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbv †_‡K ejv hvq, evM`v wPswo Pv‡li
gva¨‡g KvwO&¶Z djb jv‡fi Rb¨ mwVK c×wZ‡Z
†ivM e¨e¯’vcbv Kiv cª‡qvRb|
N. DÏxc‡Ki wPswowU n‡jv evM`v|
evM`v wPswo GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© grm¨ m¤ú`| GwU
ißvwb‡hvM¨ nIqvq we‡`‡k ißvwb K‡i cªPyi ˆe‡`wkK
gy`ªv AR©b Kiv hvq| wek¦e¨vcx evM`v wPswoi
µgea©gvb Pvwn`v, ¯^v` I g~‡j¨i Kvi‡Y evsjv‡`‡k
cªwZ eQi evM`v wPswoi Pvl `ªæZ m¤cÖmvwiZ n‡”Q|
DbœZ Pvl cªhyw³ D™¢veb I m¤cÖmvwiZ nIqvq wPswoi
2 †cvbvi Pvwn`vI DˇivËi e…w× cv‡”Q| eZ©gv‡b
DcK~‡ji -cªvq 2,16,000 †n±i Rwg‡Z evM`v
wPswo Pvl n‡”Q| hvi †n±i cªwZ Drcv`b cªvq 300
†KwR| wPswo Pvl, bvm©vwi, n¨vPvwi, wPswo µq-weµq,
ißvwb I cªwµqvRvZKi‡Y j¶ j¶ †jv‡Ki Kg©ms¯’vb
n‡q‡Q| wPswo ißvwbi 55% evM`v †_‡K Av‡m|
evM`v wPswoi Pvwn`v I g~j¨ †ewk| eZ©gv‡b mgwš^Z
c×wZ‡Z †N‡i Ab¨vb¨ mewRI Pvl n‡”Q|
evsjv‡`‡ki cªvq 3.2 j¶ †n±i Rjvkq evM`v wPswo
Pv‡li Rb¨ Dc‡hvMx|
†`‡ki Av_©-mvgvwRK Dbœqb, Kg©ms¯’vb e…w×,
Avwg‡li Pvwn`v c~iY, ˆe‡`wkK gy`ªv AR©‡b evM`v
wPswoi Pvl AZxe ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ae`vb ivL‡Q| ZvB ejv
hvq, Avgv‡`i RvZxq A_©bxwZ‡Z evM`v wPswoi
Ae`vb ¸iæZ¡c~Y©|
4. kixd ivRvcyi Mªv‡gi GKRb grm¨ Pvwl| Zvi 200
kZK AvqZ‡bi 4wU cyKyi i‡q‡Q| wZwb mKvj †ejv
cyKyi †_‡K gvQ AvniY K‡i kn‡i wb‡q wewµ K‡ib|
wKš‘ K‡qK NÈvi g‡a¨ gvQ cP‡Z ïiæ K‡i| wZwb
grm¨ Kg©KZ©vi mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM K‡ib| grm¨ Kg©KZ©v
e‡jb, gvQ cPbkxj `ªe¨| Gi Rb¨ wKQy ˆRe
ivmvqwbK KviY `vqx| grm¨ Kg©KZ©v gvQ msi¶‡Y
gv‡Qi cªwµqvRvZKi‡Yi Ici ¸iæZ¡ Av‡ivc K‡ib|
K. wPswo †Kvb c‡e©i cªvYx?
L. gvQ wUbRvZKi‡Yi 2wU D‡Ïk¨ †j‡Lv|
M. kix‡di ¶wZMª¯Í nIqvi †cQ‡b †Kvb †Kvb
KviY `vqx e‡j grm¨ Kg©KZ©v D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb
Zv e¨vL¨v K‡iv|
N. grm¨ Kg©KZ©v †Kvb wel‡qi Ici ¸iæZ¡v‡ivc
K‡i‡Qb Ges †Kb Zv we‡kølY K‡iv|
4 b¤^i m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi DËi
K. wPswo Av‡_ª©v‡cvWv c‡e©i cªvYx|
L. wUbRvZKi‡Yi gva¨‡g mvaviYZ gvQ 3-4 eQi ch©šÍ
msi¶Y Kiv hvq| gvQ wUbRvZKi‡Yi D‡Ï‡k¨ n‡jv-
1. D”PZvc cª‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g mKj ¶wZKviK
e¨vK‡Uwiqv aŸsm Kiv Ges Zv‡`i GbRvB‡gi
Kvh©KvwiZv bó K‡i †`qv|
2. gvQ ev Lv‡`¨i †`nw¯’Z GbRvBg‡K bó Kivi
gva¨‡g ivmvqwbK wewµqvRwbZ cPb †iva Kiv|
M. grm¨ Kg©KZ©v kix‡di AvniYK…Z gvQ c‡P hvIqvi
Rb¨ ˆRe ivmvqwbK KviY‡K `vqx K‡ib|
gv‡Qi †fZ‡ii wewfbœ GbRvBg Lv`¨ nRg Ges †Kvl
MV‡bi Rb¨ KvR K‡i| wKš‘ gvQ g‡i †M‡jI G
ivmvqwbK c`v_©¸‡jv wbtmiY n‡Z _v‡K| G‡Z gv‡Qi
wewfbœ †K‡vl †f‡O hvq, d‡j gvQ cP‡Z ïiæ K‡i|
g…Z gv‡Qi Ici AYyRx‡ei wewµqvi cªfv‡e gvQ c‡P|
gv‡Qi †`‡ni wewfbœ As‡k, †hgb-AvuBk, Pvgov,
dyjKv, bvwofywo BZ¨vw`‡Z AmsL¨ RxevYy ev
e¨vK‡Uwiqv _v‡K hv‡`i wµqv-cªwZwµqv‡Z gvQ c‡P|
GQvov gvQ aivi ci bvovPov Gi gva¨‡g gvby‡li nvZ
†_‡K, cwien‡b e¨eüZ cvÎ †_‡K Ges cwi‡ek
†_‡K AmsL¨ RxevYy ev e¨vK‡Uwiqv gv‡Qi ms¯ú‡k©
Av‡m| RxešÍ Ae¯’vq Giv gv‡Qi ¶wZ Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
wKš‘ gvQ g‡i †M‡j gv‡Qi kix‡ii RxevYy cvwbi
ms¯ú‡k© G‡m AwZ `ªæZ †e‡o I‡V Ges gvQ‡K cP‡Z
mvnvh¨ K‡i| gvQ g‡i hvIqvi ci gv‡Qi kix‡ii
wewfbœ ai‡bi †cªvwUb, Kv‡e©vnvB‡WªU, d¨vU ev Pwe©,
wfUvwgbmn eû ivmvqwbK c`v‡_©i wµqv wewµqvi
d‡j gv‡Qi Rxe‡Kvlmg~n †f‡O hvq Ges gv‡Qi cPb
N‡U| A_©vr, kix‡di ¶wZMª¯Í nIqvi †cQ‡b Dc‡i
DwjøwLZ ˆRweK KviY¸‡jv `vqx e‡j grm¨ Kg©KZ©v
D‡jøL K‡ib|
N. grm¨ Kg©KZ©v gvQ msi¶‡Y gv‡Qi cªwµqvRvZKi‡Yi
Ici ¸iæZ¡v‡ivc K‡i‡Qb|
gvQ cªwµqvRvZKiY ej‡Z gv‡Qi ¸YMZ gvb
AcwiewZ©Z †i‡L GKwU wbw`©ó mgq ch©šÍ gvQ‡K
 LvIqvi Dc‡hvMx K‡i ivLvi Rb¨ wewfbœ ¯^í‡gqvw` I
`xN©‡gqvw` c×wZ‡Z gvQ msi¶Y Kiv‡K †evSvq|
gvQ cPbkxj `ªe¨| msi¶‡Yi Afv‡e cªwZ eQi
evsjv‡`‡k cªvq 20-25% gvQ c‡P hvq| ZvB gvQ
cªwµqvRvZKiY GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq| gvQ AvniY
†_‡K ïiæ K‡i cwienb, evRviRvZKiY I †fv³v ev
†µZv‡`i Kv‡Q †cŠu‡Q †`qvi . mgqKv‡j gvQ
cªwµqvRvZKiY Kiv nq| mgqg‡Zv gvQ
cªwµqvRvZKiY Kiv bv n‡j Zv `ªæZ c‡P hvq, d‡j
cieZ©x‡Z Zv LvIqvi Abyc‡hvMx n‡q c‡o| Avni‡Yi
ciciB gvQ msi¶Y Kiv `iKvi| gvQ msi¶‡Yi
gva¨‡g gv‡Qi cPb †iva K‡i Zv UvUKv ivLv hvq|
wbw`©ó mg‡qi Rb¨ gvQ LvIqvi Dc‡hvMx ivLv hvq|
gv‡Qi evRviRvZKiY I fv‡jv `v‡g wewµ wbwðZ
Kivi Rb¨ gv‡Qi msi¶Y Kiv cª‡qvRb| gvQ
msi¶‡Yi gva¨‡g gv‡Qi ¸YMZ gvb wVK _v‡K, d‡j
gv‡Qi fv‡jv g~j¨ cvIqv hvq| AZGe ejv hvq, mviv
eQi gv‡Qi Pvwn`v c~iY Ges gvQ Pvwl I grm¨ wk‡íi
mv‡_ RwoZ e¨w³‡`i A_©‰bwZK ¶wZi nvZ †_‡K
i¶v Ki‡Z grm¨ Kg©KZ©v gvQ cªwµqvRvZKi‡Yi
Ici ¸iæZ¡v‡ivc K‡i‡Qb|
5. AvdRvj 200 kZK AvqZ‡bi cyKy‡i grm¨ Pvl
K‡ib| G eQi kxZ †gŠmy‡g wZwb cªPyi gvQ AvniY
K‡ib| fv‡jv `vg cvIqvi Avkvq wZwb me gvQ
GKmv‡_ wewµ bv K‡i wKQy gvQ m~h©v‡jv‡Ki mvnv‡h¨
ïwK‡q cieZ©x‡Z wewµi Rb¨ †i‡L †`b| G‡Z wZwb
wKQy mgm¨vi m¤§yLxb nb| ZvB wZwb Gi ¸YMZ gvb
A¶yY&b ivLvi Rb¨ cª‡qvRbxq wKQy c`‡¶c MªnY
K‡ib|
K. msi¶‡Yi Afv‡e evsjv‡`‡k cªwZ eQi KZ fvM
gvQ c‡P hvq?
L. †Kb Ges Kxfv‡e gv‡Q cPb a‡i Zv e¨vL¨v
K‡iv|
M. AvdRvj †h c×wZ‡Z gvQ msi¶Y K‡ib Zvi
myweav e¨vL¨v K‡iv|
N. AvdRv‡ji M…nxZ c`‡¶c we‡kølY K‡iv|
5 b¤^i m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi DËi
K. msi¶‡Yi Afv‡e cªwZ eQi evsjv‡`‡k cªvq 20-25
fvM gvQ c‡P hvq|
L. cvwb †_‡K Avni‡Yi 4-5 NÈvi g‡a¨B cPb wµqv
ïiæ nq|
gv‡Qi †`‡ni wewfbœ As‡k e¨vK‡Uwiqv _v‡K| gvQ
g‡i †M‡j G e¨vK‡Uwiqvi wµqv cªwZ‡iva Ki‡Z cv‡i
bv| d‡j gv‡Q cPb a‡i, gvQ gviv hvIqvi c‡i
wbtm…Z GbRvB‡gi cªfv‡e gv‡Qi †Kvl †f‡O hvq Ges
gvQ cP‡Z ïiæ K‡i| gvQ gviv hvIqvi ci ivmvqwbK
wewµqvi d‡j †Kvl †f‡O hvq Ges gvQ cP‡Z ïiæ
K‡i| ZvcgvÎv e…wׇZ gvQ `ªæZ c‡P| cwien‡bi
mgq eid M‡j ev Ab¨ †Kv‡bv ÎywU n‡j gvQ c‡P
hvq|
M. AvdRvj ïuUwKKiY c×wZ‡Z gvQ msi¶Y K‡ib|
evsjv‡`‡k m~h©v‡jv‡Ki mvnv‡h¨ gvQ ïuUwKKiY LyeB
Rbwcªq Ges jvfRbK c×wZ| Avgv‡`i †`‡k
mvaviYZ kxZKv‡j GZ †ewk gvQ aiv c‡o †h, me
gvQ evRviRvZ Kiv m¤¢e nq bv| ZvQvov AbybœZ
†hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’vi Kvi‡YI mwVK mg‡q gvQ
evRviRvZ Kiv hvq bv| d‡j A‡bK gvQ c‡P hvq|
ïuUwKKiY c×wZ‡Z gvQ `xN© mgq msi¶Y K‡i ivLv
hvq| evRv‡i hLb gv‡Qi mieivn K‡g hvq ZLb G
msi¶Y Kiv gvQ mieivn K‡i gvby‡li cª‡qvRbxq
Avwg‡li Pvwn`v c~iY Kiv hvq|
†`‡ki `wi`ª grm¨Rxexiv AvaywbK hš¿cvwZ e¨envi
K‡i gvQ msi¶Y Ki‡Z cv‡ib bv| d‡j ïuUwKKiY
c×wZ Zv‡`i Rb¨ we‡klfv‡e Dc‡hvMx| G c×wZ‡Z
†Kv‡bv Zvc Acwievnx K‡¶i cª‡qvRb nq bv Ges
cwienb LiPI Kg jv‡M| A_©vr GB c×wZ‡Z gvQ
msi¶‡Y AwZwi³ e¨q nq bv| ZvQvov evsjv‡`‡ki I
kxZKv‡ji Av`ª©Zv I m~h©v‡jv‡Ki ¯’vwqZ¡ ïuUwKKi‡Yi
Rb¨ Dchy³| ïuUwK gv‡Q cªPyi Avwgl I wfUvwgb wW
_v‡K| G c×wZ‡Z gvQ msi¶Y K‡i mviveQi gvQ I
Avwg‡li Pvwn`v c~iY Kivi cvkvcvwk we‡`‡k ißvwb
K‡i cªPyi ˆe‡`wkK gy`ªv AR©b Kiv hvq| GQvovI
ïuUwK gvQ eZ©gv‡b nvum-gyiwMi AZ¨šÍ cywóKi Avwgl
RvZxq Lv`¨ wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ n‡”Q|
ïuUwKKiY gvQ msi¶‡Yi mnRZg c×wZ Ges G
c×wZ‡Z LiP LyeB Kg| ZvQvov evRv‡i ïuUwK gv‡Qi
Pvwn`vI cªPyi| A_©vr, ïuUwKKiY c×wZwU
evsjv‡`‡ki grm¨wk‡í ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i|
N. AvdRvj ïuUwKi ¸YMZ gvb A¶yY&Y ivLvi Rb¨
cª‡qvRbxq wKQy c`‡¶c MªnY K‡ib|
cªvK…wZK c×wZ‡Z m~h©v‡jvK I evZv‡mi gva¨‡g
†Kv‡bv `ªe¨ n‡Z cvwb A_ev Rjxq Ask nªvm
Kiv‡bv‡K ïuUwKKiY ejv nq| AvdRvj mZK©Zvi
mv‡_ gv‡Qi bvwofyuwo, AvuBk, cvLbv BZ¨vw`
Ggbfv‡e Qvovq †hb gvs‡mi †Kv‡bv ¶wZ bv nq|
cª‡Z¨K †¶‡Î gvQ‡K DËgiƒ‡c †aŠZ K‡ib †hb i³,
gqjv, AvuBm BZ¨vw` bv †j‡M _v‡K| GRb¨ gvQ‡K
(2-5%) jeY cvwb‡Z Aí mg‡qi Rb¨ Wywe‡q †bq|
G‡Z K‡i cªviw¤¢K msµgY Gov‡bv m¤¢e nq| wZwb
evwm ev cPv gvQ Ges ˆZjhy³ gvQ ev` w`‡q UvUKv
gvQ ïuUwKKiY K‡ib| wZwb e¨envh© me hš¿cvwZ
 e¨env‡ii c~‡e© I c‡i fv‡jvfv‡e cwi®‹vi K‡i †bb|
fv‡jv dj cvIqvi Rb¨ wZwb †K¬vwib cvwb e¨envi
K‡ib| AvdRvj ïuUwK Kivi Rb¨ gvQ‡K gvwU ev
evwji Dci bv †i‡L evu‡ki gvPv I PvUvB‡qi Dci
†i‡L Zvi Dci Rvj w`‡q ﮋ K‡ib| ïKv‡bvi mgq
KxUcZ‡½i Øviv m…ó msµgY †iva Kivi Rb¨ †mvjvi
më e¨envi K‡ib| Db¥y³ ¯’v‡b ïuUwK gRy` Kiv
DwPZ bq weavq AvdRvj evqywb‡ivaK cvÎ wn‡m‡e
wU‡bi cv‡Î gRy` K‡ib| G‡¶‡Î cv‡Îi wfZ‡ii
RxevYy †iva Kivi Rb¨ wZwb wewfbœ ai‡bi
Gw›UAw·‡W›U †hgb- BHT, BHA,
G·‡Uv‡Kv‡dij BZ¨vw` e¨envi K‡ib| AvdRvj
DcwiD³ c`‡¶c MªnY Kivi d‡j ïuUwKi ¸YMZgvb
i¶v Ki‡Z mdj nb|
6. Avjvj `xN©w`b a‡i Zvi cyKy‡i gvQ Pvl Ki‡jI gvQ
Pvl m¤ú‡K© †Kvb cªwk¶Y cvbwb| G eQi wZwb Zvi
hv cyKy‡i iæB gvQ Pvl K‡ib| †cvbv gRy‡`i
mßvnLv‡bK ci wZwb Zvi cyKy‡i wKQy gv‡Qi dyjKvq
i³¶iY, dyjKv cPv I dy‡j hvIqv j¶Y j¶ K‡ib|
Ggb mgm¨vq wZwb Dc‡Rjv grm¨ Kg©KZ©vi civgk©
wb‡j Kg©KZ©v Avjvj‡K G †iv‡Mi KviY, cªwZ‡iva I
cªwZKv‡ii Rb¨ ˆRweK I ivmvqwbK e¨e¯’v e‡j †`b|
G e¨e¯’v †bIqv‡Z †ivMwU Ab¨ cyKy‡i Avi Qovqwb|
K. gvQ cªwµqvRvZKiY Kx?
L. wPswo Pvl †Kb jvfRbK? e¨vL¨v K‡iv|
M. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ †ivMwUi KviY I j¶Y¸‡jv
e¨vL¨v K‡iv|
N. grm¨ Kg©KZ©vi civg‡k©i †hŠw³KZv we‡kølY
K‡iv|
6 b¤^i m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi DËi
K. gvQ Avni‡Yi ci mKj ¸Yv¸Y A¶yY&Y †i‡L
†fv³v‡`i Pvwn`v Abyhvqx `xN©‡gqvw` I
¯^í‡gqvw`fv‡e msi¶Y K‡i evRviRvZKiY‡K gvQ
cªwµqvRvZKiY e‡j|
L. †`‡ki Af¨šÍ‡i I †`‡ki evB‡i wPswoi Pvwn`v I
evRvi`i †ewk _vKvq wPswo Pvl jvfRbK|
wPswoi †cvbv mnRjf¨, Aí wewb‡qv‡MB wPswoi
Lvgvi M‡o †Zvjv hvq Ges mviv eQi wPswo Pvl Kiv
hvq| AvaywbK c×wZ‡Z wPswo Pvl K‡i eZ©gv‡b
†n±icªwZ djb 450 †KwR †_‡K 600 †KwR‡Z
DbœxZ Kiv m¤¢e| Avgv‡`i †`‡k gvQ ißvwb Av‡qi
kZKiv 58 fvM Av‡m wPswo †_‡K| wPswoi Pvl K‡i
Pvwli Avq I Kg©ms¯’vb 30% ch©šÍ e…w× Kiv m¤¢e|
†`‡ki Av_©-mvgvwRK Ae¯’vi Dbœqb, ˆe‡`wkK gy`ªv
AR©b I Kg©ms¯’vb m…wói †¶‡Î wPswo Pv‡li m¤¢vebv
LyeB D¾¡j |
M. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ †ivMwU n‡jv gv‡Qi dyjKv cPv
†ivM| Branchiomyces sanguinis bvgK
QÎv‡Ki Avµg‡Y gv‡Qi G †ivM nq| G †iv‡Mi
j¶Y¸‡jv n‡jv-
i. cªv_wgK Ae¯’vq dyjKv dy‡j I‡V I Zv‡Z i³
R‡g hvq|
ii. cieZ©x‡Z dyjKvq jvj `vM c‡o I dyjKvi is
µgk mv`v n‡q hvq|
iii. dyjKvi MvÎmg~n ax‡i ax‡i GKwUi mv‡_
AciwU †j‡M hvq Ges L‡m c‡o|
iv. KLbI KLbI dyjKv †_‡K †kø®§v wbM©Z nq|
v. AvµvšÍ gv‡Qi ¯^vfvweK Pjv‡div eÜ n‡q hvq
Ges Lv`¨ MªnY Kwg‡q †`q|
A_©vr, DwjøwLZ j¶Ymg~n †`‡L dyjKv cPv †iv‡M
AvµvšÍ gvQ kbv³ Kiv hv‡e|
N. DÏxc‡K Avjv‡ji cyKy‡i PvlK…Z iæB gvQ dyjKv cPv
†iv‡M AvµvšÍ n‡qwQj|
G †iv‡M gv‡Qi Mv‡q GKai‡bi mv`v ¸wU †`Lv hvq|
GQvovI G †iv‡M AvµvšÍ n‡j dyjKv dy‡j wM‡q
¯^vfvweK is bó n‡q hvq Ges gvQ cvwbi Dci †f‡m
_v‡K | Branchiomyces sanguinis bvgK QÎv‡Ki
Kvi‡Y G †ivM n‡q _v‡K| G †iv‡Mi cªwZKvi I
cªwZ‡iv‡ai Rb¨ Avjvj grm¨ Kg©KZ©vi civgk©byhvqx
wb‡gœv³ ˆRweK I ivmvqwbK e¨e¯’v MªnY K‡ib-
i. cyKy‡ii Zjvi Kv`v mwi‡q cªwZ kZ‡K 1 †KwR
nv‡i Pyb cª‡qvM K‡ib|
ii. cvwb‡Z 2.5% jeY wgwk‡q †ivMvµvšÍ
gvQ¸‡jv‡K †Mvmj Kwi‡q cybivq cyKy‡i
Qv‡ob|
iii. cyKy‡ii `~wlZ cvwb cwieZ©b K‡i cwi‡kvwaZ
cvwb †`b|
iv. mvgwqKfv‡e ˆRemvi cª‡qvM eÜ iv‡Lb|
v. cyKy‡ii Zjv I cv‡oi gqjv AveR©bv Ges
AvMvQv cwi®‹vi K‡i †`b|
vi. gvQ‡K cwiwgZ cwigv‡Y mylg Lv`¨ mieivn
K‡ib|
DcwiD³ cªwZ‡iva I cªwZKvi e¨e¯’v¸‡jv MªnY Kivq
†ivMwU Ab¨ cyKy‡i Qovqwb| ZvB ejv hvq, grm¨
Kg©KZ©vi civgk©wU †hŠw³K wQj|
7. divwm weÁvbx wb‡Kvjvm A¨vcvU© (Nicholas
Appert) 1810 mv‡j me©cª_g Lv`¨ msi¶‡Yi
wUbRvZKiY (Canning) c×wZwU Avwe®‹vi K‡ib|
 wUbRvZ K‡i 3-4 eQi ch©šÍ grm¨ mvgMªx msi¶Y Kiv
†M‡jI me ai‡bi gv‡Qi Rb¨ c×wZwU Dc‡hvMx bq|
K. gvQ cªwµqvRZKiY Kv‡K e‡j?
L. ïuUwKKiY ej‡Z Kx †evS?
M. DÏxc‡K ewY©Z gvQ msi¶Y c×wZwU e¨vL¨v
K‡iv|
N. DÏxc‡Ki c×wZwU me ai‡bi gv‡Qi msi¶‡Yi
Dc‡hvMx bv nIqvi KviY we‡kølY K‡iv|
7 b¤^i m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi DËi
K. †Kv‡bv Rjvkq †_‡K gvQ Avni‡Yi ci Zv‡Z ZvRv
gv‡Qi mKj ¸Yv¸Y A¶yY&Y †i‡L †fv³v‡`i Pvwn`v
Abyhvqx `xN© ev ¯^í †gqv‡` msi¶Y K‡i evRviRvZ
Kiv‡K gvQ cªwµqvRvZKiY e‡j|
L. m~h©v‡jvK ev AvaywbK cªhyw³i mvnv‡h¨ (†hgb- †mvjvi
Wªvqvi) gvQ‡K ïwK‡q msi¶Y Kiv‡K ïuUwKKiY ejv
nq| ïuUwKKiY c×wZ‡Z ZvRv gvQ †_‡K 80–85%
cvwb AcmviY Kiv nq, d‡j RxevYy msµgY, eske…w×
Ges gv‡Qi cPb NUv‡Z cv‡i bv| †QvU gvQ
ïuUwKKi‡Yi †¶‡Î cwi®‹vi Kiv gvQ‡K 10% jeY
cvwb‡Z 15-20 wgwbU Wywe‡q †i‡L RxevYygy³ Kiv
nq| G¸‡jv‡K cieZ©x‡Z †iv‡` ïwK‡q ïuUwK Kiv
nq| eo gvQ cwi®‹vi Kivi ci gv_v †_‡K †jR ch©šÍ
AvovAvwofv‡e KvUv nq| Gici †iv‡` ïKv‡bv nq|
gvQ ïuUwK Ki‡Z m‡e©v”P 10 w`b mgq jv‡M|
M. DÏxc‡Ki gvQ msi¶Y c×wZwU n‡jv K¨vwbs ev
wUbRvZKiY|
gvQ cªwµqvRvZ K‡i evqyk~b¨ cv‡Î msi¶Y KivB
n‡jv K¨vwbs| G c×wZ‡Z 3-4 eQi ch©šÍ gvQ msi¶Y
Kiv hvq| wb‡P K¨vwbs c×wZwU eY©bv Kiv n‡jv-
cª_‡g UvUKv gv‡Qi gv_v, cvLbv, AvuBk, bvwofyuwo
AcmviY K‡i †K¬vwibhy³ cvwb w`‡q ay‡q wb‡Z n‡e|
Gici gvQ UyK‡iv K‡i cª_‡g jeY cvwb‡Z Ges c‡i
cwi®‹vi cvwb‡Z ay‡q wb‡Z n‡e| Zvici jeY `ªe‡Y
gv‡Qi UyK‡iv¸‡jv‡K wm× K‡i cvwb Swi‡q VvÐv
Ki‡Z n‡e| Gici wm× gvQ¸‡jv‡K cwi®‹vi-cwi”Qbœ
I RxevYygy³ wU‡b ev †KŠUvq ¯Í‡i ¯Í‡i mvRv‡Z n‡e|
cªwZ ¯Í‡i wewfbœ iKg gmjv, †Zj, mm, jeY BZ¨vw`
w`‡Z n‡e| Gfv‡e wU‡bi †KŠUv fwZ© Ki‡Z n‡e hv‡Z
†Kv_vI dvuKv bv _v‡K| Gici †gwk‡bi mvnv‡h¨
evqyk~b¨ K‡i †KŠUvi gyL eÜ Ki‡Z n‡e| wU‡bi
evwn‡ii As‡ki gqjv †mvwWqvg dm‡dU wgwkªZ K‡i
Mig cvwb w`‡q ay‡q wb‡Z n‡e| Gici 120° †m.
ZvcgvÎvi 50-60 wgwbU DËß K‡i wU‡bi wfZ‡ii
gvQ‡K RxevYygy³ Ki‡Z| n‡e| Zvc †`Iqv †kl n‡j
VvÐv cvwb w`‡q †KŠUv VvÐv wb‡Z n‡e| Gici wU‡bi
Mv‡q †j‡ewjs Ki‡Z n‡e| †j‡ewj KvM‡R gv‡Qi
RvZ, IRb, Drcv`‡bi ZvwiL, †gqv` DËx‡Y©i
ZvwiL, †Kv¤úvwbi bvg BZ¨vw`i D‡jøL _vK‡Z n‡e|
DwjøwLZ cªwµqv Aej¤^‡bi gva¨‡g gvQ‡K wUbRvZ
Kiv hvq|
N. DÏxc‡Ki c×wZwU n‡jv wUbRvZKi‡Yi gva¨‡g gvQ
msi¶Y|
wUbRvZ K‡i 3-4 eQi ch©šÍ gvQ msi¶Y Kiv †M‡jI
me ai‡bi gv‡Qi Rb¨ c×wZwU Dc‡hvMx bq|
K¨vwbs ev wUbRvZKiY c×wZ‡Z D”PZv‡c evqyk~b¨
Ae¯’vq 250° dv. ev 120° †m. ZvcgvÎvq 50-60
wgwbU a‡i gvQ‡K RxevYygy³ Kiv nq| ZvB †hme
cªRvwZi gv‡Qi †cwki MVb D”P ZvcgvÎvq wVK _v‡K
ïaygvÎ †mme gvQ‡KB K¨vwbs K‡i| msi¶Y Kiv nq|
†mRb¨ †ewk Pwe©hy³ ev G‡Kev‡i Kg Pwe©hy³ gvQ
K¨vwbs ev wUbRvZKiY Kiv nq bv| mvaviYZ †hme
gv‡Qi Pwe© gv‡Qi †`‡ni IR‡bi 7-15% Gi g‡a¨
_v‡K †m¸‡jv wUbRvZKi‡Yi Rb¨ DËg| GLb ch©šÍ
ïay mvgyw`ªK gv‡QiB, †hgb- Uybv, g¨v‡K‡ij,
wcjUvW©, mvwW©b, m¨vgb cªf…wZ cªRvwZi gvQ wUbRvZ
Ki‡Z †`Lv hvq| G c×wZ‡Z e¨eüZ wU‡bi †KŠUvi
Af¨šÍ‡i gvLb ev ivmvqwbK c`v‡_©i cª‡jc †`Iqv nq
hv‡Z msi¶Y fv‡jv nq|
myZivs, DwjøwLZ ˆewkó¨m¤úbœ gvQ e¨vZxZ me ai‡bi
gv‡Qi msi¶‡Yi Rb¨ K¨vwbs ev wUbRvZKiY c×wZ
Dc‡hvMx bq||
8. wek¦e¨vcx wPswoi Pvl 1970 mv‡j ïiæ n‡jI
evsjv‡`‡k Gi Pvl e¨vcK nv‡i ïiæ n‡q‡Q 1990
mv‡ji c‡i| evsjv‡`‡ki DcK~jxq A‡j †jvbv
cvwb‡Z Ges Af¨šÍixY ¯^v`y cvwb‡Z wPswo Pvl nq|
wPswo AvR evsjv‡`‡ki †cª¶vc‡U GK weivU wkíiƒ‡c
cwiMwYZ n‡q‡Q|
K. evuIo Kv‡K e‡j?
L. DcK~jxq AÂj †Kb wPswo Pv‡li Rb¨
Dc‡hvMx? e¨vL¨v K‡iv|
M. evsjv‡`‡ki †cª¶vc‡U †KvbwU wkíiƒ‡c
cwiMwYZ n‡”Q? DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K e¨vL¨v
K‡iv|
N. evsjv‡`‡ki †cª¶vc‡U D³ dmjwU Pv‡li
m¤¢vebv we‡kølY K‡iv|
8 b¤^i m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi DËi
K. b`b`xi MwZc_ cwieZ©bRwbZ Kvi‡Y Ak¦¶yivK…wZi
†h Rjvk‡qi m…wó nq Zv‡K evuIo e‡j|
L. f~wgi Af¨šÍ‡i hZ`~i ch©šÍ mgy‡`ªi cvwb cª‡ek K‡i
Zv‡K DcK~jxq AÂj e‡j aiv nq| wPswo cªavbZ
†jvbv ev AvswkK †jvbv cvwb‡Z fv‡jv nq| evM`v
 wPswo ¯^v`y cvwb‡Z Aí mgq †eu‡P _vK‡Z cv‡i|
Aciw`‡K, Mj`v wPswoi †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv cªRvwZ
AvswkK †jvbv, Avevi †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv cªRvwZ ¯^v`y
cvwb‡Z Rb¥v‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e mKj Mj`viB
RxebP‡µi cªv_wgK ch©v‡q †jvbv cvwbi cª‡qvRb nq|
GRb¨, DcK~jxq AÂj wPswo Pv‡li Rb¨ Dc‡hvMx|
M. evsjv‡`‡ki †cª¶vc‡U wPswo AvR weivU wkíiƒ‡c
cwiMwYZ n‡q‡Q|
evsjv‡`‡ki gvby‡li Lv`¨ I cywó‡Z Ges ißvwb c‡Y¨i
ZvwjKvq wPswo GKwU D‡jøL‡hvM¨ ¯’vb `Lj K‡i
Av‡Q| wek¦evRv‡i wPswo Lv`¨ wn‡m‡e †ek †jvfbxq
I AvKl©Yxq| ¯^v` I cywói Kvi‡Y we‡k¦ Gi Pvwn`v
µ‡gB evo‡Q| bvbv cªwZK~jZv †cwi‡q evsjv‡`‡k
wPswoi Drcv`b w`b w`b †e‡oB P‡j‡Q| wPswo Pv‡l
Drmvn cª`v‡b miKvwifv‡e 2 j¶ 7 nvRvi wPswoi
†Ni †iwR‡÷ªkb Kiv n‡q‡Q (grm¨ msKjb, 2017)|
eZ©gv‡b G‡`‡k wPswo Lvgv‡ii AvqZb 2,75,539
†n±i| wPswoi †cvbv Avni‡Y 8.33 j¶ Ges
Drcv`b I cªwµqvRvZKi‡Yi mv‡_ RwoZ i‡q‡Q
1.5-2.0 jÿ †jvK (K…wl WvBwi, 2018)| d‡j wPswo
AvR G‡`‡k weivU wkíiƒ‡c cwiMwYZ n‡q‡Q| †`‡ki
ißvwbRvZ grm¨ c‡Y¨i cªvq 58% wPswo| 2016-17
A_©eQ‡i evsjv‡`‡k 0.62 j¶ †gwUªK Ub grm¨ I
grm¨RvZ cY¨ ißvwb K‡i hvi gva¨‡g 4.287 †KvwU
UvKvi ˆe‡`wkK gy`ªv AwR©Z n‡q‡Q (Export
Promotion Bureau, 2016-2017)| wPswo
Pv‡li Rwg‡Z hw` DbœZ cªhyw³ cª‡qv‡M wbweo
c×wZ‡Z Pvl Kiv nq Z‡e fwel¨‡Z G LvZ †_‡K
wecyj cwigvY ˆe‡`wkK gy`ªv AR©b Kiv m¤¢e n‡e|
Av‡jvPbvi cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq, evsjv‡`‡ki Av_©-
mvgvwRK Dbœq‡b wPswo LyeB ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv ivL‡Q|
N. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ dmjwU n‡jv wPswo|
wPswo A‡giæ`Ðx cªvYx, hv Av‡_ª©v‡cvWv c‡e©i
†WKv‡cvWv e‡M©i AšÍM©Z| evsjv‡`‡k wPswo Pv‡li
e¨vcK m¤¢vebv i‡q‡Q| G †`‡ki AvenvIqv, Rjevqy,
gvwU I cvwb wPswo Pv‡li Rb¨ LyeB Dc‡hvMx|
†`‡ki cªvK…wZK Drm †_‡K mn‡RB wPswo †cvbv
cvIqv hvq| K…wÎgfv‡e 49wU n¨vPvwi‡Z evM`v I
36wU n¨vPvwi‡Z Mj`v wPswoi †cvbv Drcv`b Kiv
nq| †iYy msMª‡ni cwigvY cªvq 9 †KvwU| ZvQvov ¯^í
wewb‡qv‡M mn‡RB wPswo Lvgvi M‡o †Zvjv hvq| Mj`v
wPswoi mv‡_ Kvc© RvZxq gv‡Qi wgkª PvlI AwaK
jvfRbK| evsjv‡`‡ki AmsL¨ b`x Lvj, †Wvev,
cyKyi Ges e‡½vcmvM‡ii 480 wK‡jvwgUvi ZU‡iLv
eivei A_©‰bwZK GjvKvmg~‡n wPswo Pv‡li cªPyi
m¤¢vebv i‡q‡Q| eZ©gv‡b DcK~jxq GjvKvq 40%
Rwg‡Z A_©vr cªvq 1.72 jvL †n±i Rwg‡Z wPswo Pvl
n‡”Q| AviI AšÍZ 2.35 j¶ †n±i Rwg‡Z wPswo
Pvl Kiv m¤¢e| (K…wl WvBwi, 2018)| G †`‡k wPswoi
Pvl‡hvM¨ Rwgi cwigvY evwo‡q mn‡RB cwZZ Rwg
cybiæ×vi Kiv m¤¢e|
ZvB ejv hvq, evsjv‡`‡ki DcK~jxq we¯ÍxY© GjvKv
Ges Af¨šÍixY Rjvkqmg~n wPswo Pv‡li †ek AbyK~‡j
Ges we‡`‡k wPswoi e¨vcK Pvwn`v _vKvq ˆe‡`wkK
gy`ªv AR©b, Kg©ms¯’vb m…wó, cywó Pvwn`v c~iY BZ¨vw`
j¶¨ AR©‡b G‡`‡k wPswo Pv‡li D¾¡j m¤¢vebv
i‡q‡Q|
9. dinv` wgqv ¯’vbxq grm¨ Pvwl‡`i KvQ †_‡K gvQ wK‡b
XvKvq evRviRvZ Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨ iIqvbv nq| grm¨
cY¨ cwienb I evRviRvZKiY m¤ú‡K© h_vh_ Ávb
bv _vKvq gvQ c‡P wM‡q ¶wZMª¯Í nq|
K. eidRvZKiY Kv‡K e‡j?
L. wUbRvZKiY ej‡Z Kx †evS?
M. D³ cY¨ cwienYKv‡j we‡eP¨ welq¸‡jv e¨vL¨v
K‡iv|
N. D³ cY¨ evRviRvZKi‡Y we`¨gvb mgm¨v
`~ixKi‡Yi c`‡¶cmg~n we‡kølY K‡iv|
9 b¤^i m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi DËi
K. †h c×wZ‡Z eid e¨envi K‡i gv‡Qi †`‡ni ZvcgvÎv
Kwg‡q k~b¨ wWwMª †mjwmqvm wKsev Zvi KvQvKvwQ
bvwg‡q G‡b gvQ msi¶Y Kiv nq Zv‡K eidRvZKiY
e‡j|
L. †Kv‡bv cPbkxj Lv`¨`ªe¨‡K m¤ú~Y©i~‡c evqyk~b¨
wbivc` cv‡Î Ave× Ae¯’vq Ges mywbw`©ó Zvc I Pvc
cª‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g ¶wZKi RxevYy aŸsm K‡i msi¶Y
Kivi c×wZ‡K wUbRvZKiY e‡j|
mvaviYZ wUbRvZKi‡Yi gva¨‡g gvQ 3-4 eQi ch©šÍ
msi¶Y Kiv hvq| GB c×wZ‡Z D”PZvc (250° dv.
ev 121° †m ZvcgvÎvq 50-60 wgwbU) cª‡qvM K‡i
mKj ¶wZKviK e¨vK‡Uwiqv aŸsm I Zv‡`i
GbRvB‡gi Kvh©KvwiZv bó K‡i †`Iqv nq| d‡j
Lv`¨`ª‡e¨i ivmvqwbK wewµqvRwbZ cPb †iva nq|
M. DÏxc‡K dinv` wgqv ¯’vbxq gvQ Pvwl‡`i KvQ †_‡K
gvQ wK‡b XvKvq evRviRvZ K‡i|
evRviRvZKi‡Yi D‡Ï‡k¨ Drcv`bK…Z gvQ GK ¯’vb
†_‡K Ab¨ ¯’v‡b †bIqv‡K cwienb e‡j| gvQ
cPbkxj `ªe¨ nIqvq cwien‡bi mgq wKQy mZK©Zv
Aej¤^b Kiv Avek¨K| gvQ cwienbKvjxb we‡eP¨
welq¸‡jv wb‡gœ D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv-
 1. gvQ cwienbKv‡j †iv`, e…wó Ges wewfbœ
msµgY n‡Z gvQ‡K i¶v Kivi myweavw` _vK‡Z
n‡e|
2. cwienb hv‡bi wdm †nvìv‡ii mKj †`qvj cvwb
wb‡ivaK I Zvc Acwievnx n‡Z n‡e|
3. cwienbKv‡j Ggbfv‡e gvQ msi¶Y Ki‡Z n‡e
†hb †_Z‡j bv hvq|
4. cwienbKv‡j ZvRv gvQ eid K‡i 5° †m.
ZvcgvÎvi wb‡P kxZj Ae¯’vq ivL‡Z n‡e|
5. †iwdªRv‡i‡UW K¨vwiqv‡i ZvRv gvQ
cwienbKv‡j ZvcgvÎv wbqš¿Y e¨e¯’v Giƒc n‡Z
n‡e hv‡Z gv‡Qi ZvcgvÎv 18° †m. n‡Z 2° †m.
Gi g‡a¨ DVvbvgv K‡i|
6. gvQ cwienbKv‡j iw¶Z ev·, e¨v‡ij ev †WK-
†nvì, †cb †evW©, †kjd-†evW© cwi®‹vi I
msµgYgy³ ivL‡Z n‡e||
DwjøwLZ welq¸‡jvi mwVK e¨e¯’vcbvi gva¨‡g
¸YMZgvb A¶ybœ †i‡L gvQ cwienb Kiv m¤¢e|
N. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ cY¨wU n‡jv gvQ|
gvQ Drcv`‡Ki KvQ †_‡K †µZvi wbKU †cŠuQv‡bvB
n‡jv û evRviRvZKiY| dinv` wgqvi gvQ
evRviRvZKiY m¤ú‡K© h_vh_ Ávb bv _vKvq gvQ
c‡P hvIqvq †m ¶wZMª¯Í nq| n mwVKfv‡e
evRviRvZKi‡Y wbgœwjwLZ c`‡¶cmg~n wb‡Z n‡e-
1. gvQ msMª‡ni †bŠKv¸‡jv eidK…Z ev wngvwqZ
gvQ cwien‡bi †¶‡Î †iwdªRv‡i‡UW I
Bbmy‡j‡UW f¨v‡bi e¨e¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e|
2. grm¨ I grm¨RvZ cY¨ ißvwbi Kv‡R mwVK
gv‡bi c¨v‡KwRs `ªe¨vw` e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e|
3. gvQ msi¶YKv‡j mwVK Abycv‡Z eid e¨envi
Ki‡Z n‡e| Avgv‡`i †`‡ki Rb¨ kxZKv‡j
eid I gv‡Qi AbycvZ 1:2 Ges Mªx®§Kv‡j 1:1
nIqv DwPZ|
4. Af¨šÍixY I DcK~jxq GjvKvi gvQmg~‡ni mnR
evRviRvZKi‡Yi j‡¶¨ †hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’vi
DbœwZ Ki‡Z n‡e|
5. cªZ¨šÍ GjvKvq AvaywbK grm¨ AeZiY †K›`ª
Ges cvBKvwi evRvi ¯’vc‡bi c`‡¶c MªnY
Ki‡Z n‡e|
6. grm¨ AeZiY †K›`ª Ges e¨emv †K›`ª¸‡jv‡Z
AvaywbK AeZiY myweavw` Ges cvBKvwi grm¨
evRvi ˆZwi Ki‡Z n‡e| Gme ¯’v‡b ¯^v¯’¨m¤§Z
mKj myweavw` I mwVK cwiPh©vi e¨e¯’v ivL‡Z
n‡e|
7. ißvwbK…Z grm¨ I grm¨RvZ c‡Y¨i †¶‡Î
cwi`k©b I gvb wbqš¿Y e¨e¯’v eva¨Zvg~jK
Ki‡Z n‡e|
DcwiD³ c`‡¶c¸‡jv h_vh_fv‡e ev¯ÍevwqZ n‡j
evsjv‡`‡ki grm¨ evRviRvZKi‡Yi mgm¨v¸‡jv
A‡bKvs‡k `~i Kiv m¤¢e n‡e|
10. Zvwgg 50 kZK AvqZ‡bi cyKy‡i ivRcyuwUi Pvl
K‡i| grm¨ Avni‡Yi mgq n‡q †M‡jI gvQ¸‡jv
†Zgb eo bv nIqvq welqwU †m grm¨ Kg©KZ©v‡K
Rvbvq| mewKQy ï‡b grm¨ Kg©KZ©v Zv‡K cyKy‡ii gvwU
I cvwbi ¸Yv¸Y Ges cyKyi ˆZwi‡Z ÎywU i‡q‡Q e‡j
Rvbv‡jb| wZwb mvwe©Kfv‡e cyKy‡i †cvbv gRy`, Pyb I
mvi cª‡qv‡Mi †¶‡Î h_vh_ civgk© w`‡jb|
K. gvrm¨ e¨e¯’vcbv Kv‡K e‡j?
L. gvQ Pv‡l ïay cªvK…wZK Lv`¨ h‡_ó bq †Kb?
M. Zvwg‡gi cyKy‡i cª‡qvRbxq †cvbv, Pyb I mv‡ii
cwigvY wbY©q K‡iv|
N. Zvwg‡gi cyKy‡ii gvQ¸‡jvi mwVK e…w× bv
nIqvi KviY we‡kølY K‡iv|
10 b¤^i m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi DËi
K. gvrm¨ e¨e¯’vcbv ej‡Z Rjvkq ˆZwi I †cvbv Drcv`b
†_‡K ïiæ K‡i Gi cwiPh©v, †ivM evjvB `gb,
AvniY, cªwµqvRvZKiY, wecYb, msi¶Y cªf…wZ
welq‡K †evSvq|
L. †`‡ni e…w× I †eu‡P _vKvi Rb¨ gvQ cyKy‡ii cªvK…wZK
cwi‡ek †_‡K dvB‡UvcøvsKUb (Dw™¢`KYv) I Ry-
cøvsKUb (cªvYxKYv) Lv`¨ wn‡m‡e MªnY K‡i| wKš‘,
gvQ Pv‡li †¶‡Î AwaK Drcv`b cvIqvi Rb¨ cyKy‡i
AwaK Nb‡Z¡ †cvbv Qvov nq| G Ae¯’vq ïay cªvK…wZK
Lv`¨ gv‡Qi `ªæZ e„w× NUv‡Z cv‡i bv| GgbwK mvi
cª‡qvM K‡i cªvK…wZK Lv`¨ e…w× Ki‡jI Zv h‡_ó nq
bv| cªvK…wZK Lv‡`¨i cvkvcvwk m¤ú~iK Lv`¨ w`‡Z
nq|
m¤ú~iK Lv‡`¨ wewfbœ cywó Dcv`v‡bi gvÎv Pvwn`v
Abyhvqx _v‡K, hv gv‡Qi `ªæZ ˆ`wnK e…w× NwU‡q
AwaK gybvdv AR©‡b m‡nv‡hvwMZv K‡i| A_©vr,
A_©‰bwZKfv‡e jvfRbK Drcv`b cvIqvi Rb¨ gvQ
Pv‡l ïay cªvK…wZK Lv`¨ h‡_ó bq|
M. DÏxc‡K Zvwgg Zvi 50 kZK AvqZ‡bi cyKy‡i
ivRcyuwUi Pvl K‡i|
Zvwgg‡K Zvi cyKy‡i GKwU wbw`©ó cwigv‡Y Pyb I mvi
cª‡qvM Ges †cvbv gRy` Ki‡Z n‡e| cyKy‡ii gvwU I
cvwb †kvab Ges De©iZv e…w×i Rb¨ kZK cªwZ 1-2
†KwR Pyb cª‡qvM Kiv cª‡qvRb| ZvB Zvwgg Zvi 50
kZK AvqZ‡bi cyKy‡i 50-100 †KwR Pyb cª‡qvM
 Ki‡e| cyKy‡i gv‡Qi cªvK…wZK Lv`¨ Drcv`‡bi Rb¨
cwiwgZ gvÎvq ˆRe I A‰Re mvi cª‡qvM Ki‡Z nq|
cªwZ kZ‡K ˆRe mvi wn‡m‡e 4-5 †KwR †Mvei A_ev
2-3 †KwR gyiwMi weôv Ges A‰Re mvi wn‡m‡e 100-
150 Mªvg BDwiqv Ges 80-100 Mªvg wUGmwc w`‡Z
nq| G wn‡m‡e Zvwgg Zvi 50 kZ‡Ki cyKy‡i 200-
250 †KwR †Mvei A_ev 100-150 †KwR gyiwMi weôv,
5-7.5 †KwR BDwiqv Ges 4-5 †KwR wUGmwc cª‡qvM
Ki‡e| mvi cª‡qv‡Mi 7 w`‡bi g‡a¨ †cvbv gRy` Ki‡Z
nq| cªwZ kZK cyKy‡i 5-7 †mwg AvKv‡ii 70-75 wU
ivRcyuwUi †cvbv gRy` Kiv nq| Zvwgg Zvi 50 kZK
AvqZ‡bi cyKy‡i 3500 3750wU †cvbv gRy` Ki‡e|
Zvwgg Zvi cyKy‡i ivRcyuwU Pv‡li Rb¨ Dc‡i DwjøwLZ
cwigv‡Y Pyb I mvi cª‡qvM Ges †cvbv gyR` Ki‡e|
N. ivRcyuwU Pv‡li Rb¨ Zvwg‡gi cyKyi ˆZwi‡Z Ges
cyKy‡ii gvwU I cvwbi ¸Yv¸‡Y ÎywU wQj|
ivRcyuwU Pv‡li Dc‡hvMx cyKy‡ii gvwU †`vAvuk I cwj
†`vAvuk Ges gvwUi wcGBP 6.0-8.0 Gi g‡a¨ n‡j
Zv gvQ Pv‡li Rb¨ DËg| cyKy‡i cªwZ 100 Mªvg
gvwU‡Z 8-10 wgwjMªvg bvB‡Uªv‡Rb _vKv cª‡qvRb|
ivRcyuwU Pv‡li cyKy‡ii cvwbi eY© nvjKv meyR,
MfxiZv Kgc‡¶ 1.5 wg. †_‡K 2 wg. Ges AvqZb
25-100 kZK nIqv fv‡jv| cyKyi eb¨v ev †Rvqv‡ii
cvwb‡Z †hb Zwj‡q bv hvq †mRb¨ cyKy‡ii cvo DuPy
K‡i w`‡Z nq| cyKy‡ii Zjvq AwZwi³ Kv`v _vK‡j
Zv AcmviY Ki‡Z nq| RjR AvMvQv gv‡Qi cywó
Dcv`vb MªnY K‡i Ges cyKy‡i m~‡h©i Av‡jv cª‡e‡k
evav †`q| cvwb‡Z Aw·‡R‡bi cwigvY Kwg‡q †`q,
d‡j gv‡Qi cªvK…wZK Lv`¨ R‡b¥ bv| ZvB cyKy‡ii
RjR AvMvQv, cyKyi cv‡oi †SvcSvo wkKomn Dc‡o
†dj‡Z nq| iv¶y‡m Ges AevwÃZ gvQ cyKy‡ii
Ab¨vb¨ gv‡Qi mv‡_ Lvevi wb‡q cªwZ‡hvwMZv K‡i Ges
A‡bK mgq Pv‡li gvQ‡K †L‡q †d‡j| ZvB cyKyi
†_‡K iv¶y‡m gvQ AcmviY A_ev 20-30 Mªvg
†iv‡Ubb ev cªwZ kZ‡K 4wU dmUw·b U¨ve‡jU cª‡qvM
Ki‡Z nq|
myZivs ejv hvq, Dchy³ cyKyi wbe©vPb I DwjøwLZ
e¨e¯’vcbvmg~n mwVKfv‡e m¤úbœ bv Kivi Kvi‡Y
Zvwg‡gi cyKy‡ii gvQ¸‡jvi mwVK e…w× nqwb|