Chapter 12: Data Handling Numerical

• Measured quantities
Data Collection, Organisation and Representation Process, and Interpretation of • Measures numerically
Data Representation • Example: the number of books read in a week, the height of the badminton
players, the time spent on exercises.
Statistical question • Consist of discrete data and continuous data
A question that can be answered by collecting data and there will be variability or
diversity in the data related to the question. Exercises:
1. Classify the following data as categorical data or numerical data:
Statistical question Reason a. The body temperature of each students
“How tall are the students in Class 1F” There is variability in the height of the b. The number of trees planted in each district
students from that class. 150 cm, 156 c. The causes of road accidents
cm, 164 cm, and so on.
“What is the favorite food of the There is variability in the types of food
students in Class 1F” chosen by the students from that class. 2. Classify the following data as categorical data or numerical data:
Nasi lemak, fried noodles, laksa and so a. Number of stamps each students collects
on. b. Time spent on the Internet
c. Ability to play sepak takraw
Data Collection d. Colour of cars
Data Collection Method e. Length of earthworms
f. Language spoken at home
g. Annual income
Interview Survey Observation Experiment

Frequency Table
Classifying Data
Organize the ungroup data by constructing a frequency table
Data can be classified into categorical data and numerical data.

Exercises:
Data
1. The data shows the number of children in each family for 20 families. Organize
Categorical Numerical the data by constructing a frequency table.
2 0 1 1 2 1 3 0 4 3
Discrete data Continuous data 2 4 1 0 2 1 0 2 2 3
(whole unit) (continuous scale)
Number of Children Tally Frequency

Categorical Data
• Measure characteristic
• Cannot be measured numerically but can be described
• Example: gender of a person, colours of cars, flavours of sweets, blood
groups
2. The data shows the T-shirt size of Form 1 Cekal students. Organize the data by Bar Chart
constructing a frequency table. 1. A bar chart is a type of data representation which represents data by using bars.
XL L XL M M L M L M It is suitable for showing comparisons between categories.
M M M XL XL L XL L M 2. A dual bar chart is suitable for comparing two sets of data
M L M L L S M M L
Example:
Size of T-Shirt Tally Frequency 1. The frequency table shows the activities during leisure time for Form 1 Bakti
students. Construct a bar chart to represent the data and justify the
appropriateness of the data representation.

Activities Frequency
Data representation Reading 8
Watching television 9
Surfing the Internet 7
Exercising 6
Listening to music 4
 3. A survey was carried out in a class to find out how the students travel to school
and the results are as shown in the table below. Construct a bar chart to
represent the data and justify the appropriateness of the data representation.
Transportation Car School bus Public bus Bicycle Walk
Frequency 8 10 7 2 5

2. The table shows the scores obtained by a group of students in the Science quiz
and the Mathematics quiz. Construct a bar chart to represent these sets of data.

Marks
Student
Science quiz Mathematics quiz
4. The table shows the prices of four types of accommodation around the
Ai Fen 30 45
Historical City of Melaka at normal rate and during holiday season. Construct a
Haris 35 40
Nora 45 40 bar chart to represent the two sets of data and justify the appropriateness of
Raju 50 35 the data representation.
Type of accommodation Hotel Home stay Budget Hotel Hostel
Normal rate (RM) 300 250 150 100
Holiday Season (RM) 350 300 200 100
Pie Chart 3. The table shows the favourite songs of a group of children. Construct a pie
A pie chart is a data representation that uses sectors of a circle to show the portion chart to represent the data and justify the appropriateness of the data
of each category of the whole data. representation.

Example: Bangau Geylang Lompat

Favourite Rasa Ikan Dayung
1. The table shows the number of cars of Dynamic model sold by a car dealer. Oh Si Paku Si katak
song Sayang Kekek Sampan
Construct a pie chart to represent the data and justify the appropriateness of Bangau Geylang Lompat
the data representation. Number
of 30 40 20 15 10 5
2.
children
Colour of cars Red Yellow White Blue
Number of cars 9 12 10 5
Favourite Song Number of children Fraction Angle of sector

Colour of cars Number of cars Fraction Angle of sector

Red

Yellow

White

Blue

Total
Line Graph 2. The table shows Kamil’s height over a period of six years. Construct a line graph
1. A line graph is a data representation used to display changes of data over a to represent the data and justify the appropriateness of the data
period of time. The data is represented by points which are connected in a representation.
straight line.
2. The horizontal axis usually represents the time duration and the vertical axis Year 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
usually represents the frequency values. Height (cm) 145 150 153 160 164 167

Example:
1. The table shows the body temperature of a patient over a particular period of
time. Construct a line graph to represent the data and justify the
appropriateness of the data representation.

Time ( a.m. ) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Temperature
37.8 37.9 38.2 38.4 38.2 37.9 37.9 37.6 37.6 37.5
( oC )
Dot Plot Stem-and-leaf plot
1. A dot plot shows the distribution of data on a number line. 1. A stem-and-leaf plot is a data representation that separates the data values
2. Dot plot suitable to represent discrete or categorical data within a small range. into stem and leaf according to their place value.
3. Dot plot can be used to 2. Stem-and-leaf plot suitable to represent discrete or categorical data within a
i. Study the distribution of data ( whether the data are clustered around small range.
a certain value or scattered uniformly) 3. Leaf is the last digit of the number; stem is the remaining digit on the left of the
ii. Display the frequency of each value or category of the data number.
iii. Detect odd observations or extreme values in the data 4. Stem-and-leaf plot is used to
i. Show the values of the original data
Example: ii. Detect odd observations or extreme values in the data
1. The duration of dental treatment ( in minutes ) provided by a dentist to 14 iii. Study the distribution of data
patients is as shown below. Represent the data in a dot plot and justify the iv. Determine the maximum and minimum values of the data.
appropriateness of the data representation.
Example:
23 24 21 24 25 24 25 1. The data shows the Mathematics marks for a class of 20 students. Represent
24 22 17 21 23 22 23 the data by using a stem-and-leaf plot and justify the appropriateness of the
data representation.

60 56 69 32 63 58 71 86 52 64
50 67 82 63 75 50 69 78 77 59

2. The data shows the number of text messages sent by a group of students on a
particular day. Represent the data by using a dot plot and justify the
appropriateness of the data representation.
3 4 8 7 11
6 5 7 6 3
9 6 5 11 8
2. In a survey, the ages of 24 readers of a magazine are recorded as follows. Data Types of data Advantage
Represent the data by using a stem-and-plot and justify the appropriateness of representation
the data representation. Categorical and
Bar Chart Able to compare data among categories
discrete data
Able to compare two sets of data which
44 53 33 65 51 30 42 34 Categorical and
Dual Bar Chart have been divided into two different
57 36 51 32 39 44 25 31 discrete data
groups or categories
58 47 31 22 58 38 60 47
Categorical and Able to show each category as a fraction
Pie Chart
discrete data of the overall data
Discrete data or Able to show the change in patterns of
Line Graph
continuous data the data over a period of time
Able to show the frequency of each value
Categorical and
Dot plot of the data and suitable for small amount
discrete data
of data
Stem-and-leaf Discrete data or Able to retain the original data values and
plot continuous data suitable for small range of data

Interpret data representation

1. By interpreting data representations, we can obtain information and hence
make inferences and predictions.
2. Histogram and frequency polygon are two types of data representation that
display grouped data.
3. Grouped data are data grouped according to class intervals.
4. Histogram is suitable to represent continuous data such as height, mass and
students’ scores in test.
5. Histogram is similar to the bar chart except that there are no spaces between
bars. Each rectangular bar in a histogram has the same width but the height of
the bar represents its corresponding frequency.
6. Frequency Polygon is formed by joining all the midpoints at the upper part of
each bar of the histogram using straight lines.

Example:
Complete the following frequency table and construct a histogram.
Convert a data representation to another representation
A data representation can be converted to other suitable representations for Mass (kg) Frequency Lower Boundary Upper Boundary
further analysis. 5–8 5
9 – 12 7
13 – 16 10
17 – 20 8
21 – 24 6
25 – 28 4
Total 40
Exercises
1. The histogram shows the heights of 50 girls.

a. Find the number of girls with height from 155 cm to 159 cm.
b. A girl with a height of 160 cm and above is eligible to participate in the
volleyball team. Find the number of girls who are eligible to participate in
the volleyball team.
c. By observing the shape of the histogram, make an inference based on the
distribution of the heights of the girls.
Solution:

2. The frequency polygon shows the time taken by a group of participants to

complete the fun run in a park.
 a. Find the total number of participants in the fun run.
b. Find the number of participants who recorded a time of 16 minutes to 20
minutes to complete the run.
c. By observing the shape of the frequency polygon, make an inference based
on the distribution of time taken by the participants.
Representing data ethically
1. Ethical representation of data will make it easier for us to interpret data and
ensure that the information conveyed is clear.
2. Data that are not represented ethically will cause confusion and
misinterpretation during data analysis.
3. Causes of non-ethical data representation:
i. The scale used in the representation must be consistent and start at 0.
ii. The data displayed must be accurate

Exercises:
1. The bar chart shows the number of goals scored by four football players in the
Permai District Football League.
a. Is the number of goals scored by
3. The stem-and–leaf plot shows the diameters of axles manufactured by a Adam twice the number of goals
machine. scored by Ravi? Explain your answer.
b. In your opinion, does this bar chart
clearly represent the number of goals
scored by the players?

a. Determine the total number of axles manufactured.

b. Find the largest and the smallest diameters of the axles manufactured.
c. A mechanic notices that he has to reduce the axles with diameters
exceeding 27.5 mm so that the axles can fit into wheels. Calculate the 2. The pie chart shows the grades obtained by a group of students in a
percentage of axles that need to have their diameters reduces. Mathematics test. Does this pie chart display data accurately? Explain your
d. State an inference based on the distribution of the diameters of axles in answer.
this stem-and-leaf plot.
3. Zurina conducts a survey on 40 students to find out their favourite games. The
results of survey are shown in the bar chart. Does this bar chart display data
accurately? Explain your answer.
Convert a data representation to another representation
1. The bar chart shows the profits obtained by Usaha Tegas Company from 2010
to 2015. Convert the bar chart representation to another suitable
representation and justify the conversion for this representation.

4. The line graph shows the temperatures in Mahkota City from 0800 to 1600.
Does this line graph clearly display the data? Explain your answer.
2. The stem-and-leaf plot shows the results of a survey on the pulse rates per 3. The bar chart shows the average monthly rainfall of Impian City from July to
minute of patients treated at a community polyclinic. Convert the December 2015. Convert the representation to another suitable data
representation to a dot plot and justify the conversion for this representation. representation and justify the conversion.
4. A blood donation campaign organized by the Malaysian Red Crescent has
received an overwhelming response from the public. The pie chart shows the
blood groups of 25 donors in the first three hours. Convert this representation
to another suitable data representation and justify the conversion.