Eslah English language and computer learning academy

Grammar for intro

Unit One
Possessive adjectives:
Possessive adjectives are used to show ownership of a noun and they are used before a noun.
Ex: my, your, our, their, his, her, its. This is my book.

(3) Verb:
Verb is a word used to show an action, state and property of a noun or pronoun.
Ex: We pray every day, Wahid is a doctor, Zubair has a nice car and etc.
Verb Verb Verb

Verb from a sentence is divided into two kinds like (1) Main Verb (2) Auxiliary verb.
(1) Main Verb:
Main verb refers to a particular action, state and property of a subject.
Ex: speak, write, go, play, study and etc.
He plays soccer every morning. (Action) He is a teacher. (State) He has a car. (Property)
(2) Auxiliary Verbs:
Auxiliary verbs don’t have any particular meaning and they are used for making changes in a
sentence and sometimes they are used as main verb too.
Auxiliary verbs have two kinds as follows:
 Helping Auxiliary Verbs:
Are those verbs which are changed for singular and plural subjects and they have
third forms too.
Ex: Tobe (is, am, are) past form (was, were) third form (been).
Todo (do, does) past form (did)
To have (have, has) past form (had)
 Model Auxiliary Verbs:
Are those verbs which are not changed for singular and plural subjects and they don’t have
third forms too.
Ex: Will past form would
Shall past form should
May past form might
Can past form could
Must past form had to
Auxiliary verbs as Main Verbs:
Ex: I do my homework every day. He has four
brothers. He did his homework yesterday. He is a boy.

The verb be:

Be is a to be verb which is used for making positive and interrogative sentences

Ex: this is our English book. Is this our English book?

These are their home works. Are these their home works?

I am student in sherzai institute Am I student in sherzai institute?

Contraction of be
I’m= I am He’s= He is You’re= You are She’s= She is It’s= It is
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Grammar for intro

Unit Two
Demonstrative pronouns or adjectives:
Are used to indicate someone, something or place
Ex: this, that, these, those. That is a table. This is a class room. Those are pens

Yes/No questions
Are those question which we can answer them by yes or no.

Ex: are you studying in Sherzai center? Yes, I am studying in Sherzai center.

Am I a student of Sherzai center? Yes, I am.

Are you playing in the class? No, I am not playing.

W.H questions or information questions

Are those questions which need more information.
(when. what. while ,where , which , who. how
Ex: what’s your job? I am a student.

Where:
Where is used to ask about place.
Ex: Where is your home? My home is in Aino Mena
Where are you from? I am a From Afghanistan.

Unit Three
Assertive/ Declarative sentences:
these are the sentences which affirm or deny statements.

Kinds of Assertive/ Declarative sentences: there are two main kinds.

a. Affirmative statements: he is a good student.
b. Negative statements: they are not noisy students.

Answers with be: answers can be given in following ways:

Ex: Are you trying in your English lessons?

1. Short answers 2. Long answers

Positive: yes I am .
Positive: yes, I am.
I am trying in my English lessons.
Negative: no, I am not
Negative: no, I am not(I’m not)
Iam not trying in my English lessons.

Wh questions with be
What:
What is used to ask about name, time, thing and job.
Ex: What is your name? My name is Ahmad. What time is it? It is 5:00 o’clock PM.
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What is that? That is a car. What do you do? I am a teacher.

How:
How is used to ask about state.
Ex: How are you? I am fine. How is your job? It is fine.
Who:
Who is used to ask about subject or subjects.
Ex: Who is speaking? Omer is. Who are they? They are my friends. Who did you see in Kabul?
Karim saw me.
Unit Four
Possessive pronouns:
Possessive pronouns are used to show the ownership of a noun and they are used after the
noun.
Ex: mine, yours, ours, theirs, his, hers, its. This book is mine. That is yours.

Present continuous Tense:

Shows an action which is going right now or at the time of speaking.
St: S + tobe (is, am, are) +V ing +C.
We are playing soccer now. Are we playing soccer now? We aren’t playing soccer now. Aren’t we
playing soccer now?

Conjunction: It is a word which join two sentences, words or phrases.

For example: he and his best friend went to bazaar and movie theatre.

And: this is used for two similar things.

He cleaned the dining room and she cleaned the living room.

But: this is used for two different and opposite things.

He cleaned the dining room but she cooked lunch.

Too and So: Too and So are used to join two positive similar sentences.

Ex: Basher goes to school. Karim goes to school. Basher goes to school, Karim does too. Ahmad
teaches English. Wahid teaches English. Ahmad teaches English and so does Wahid.

Adjective +Noun:
We use this structure to describe noun
Ex. Clever teacher Black shirt

Unit-Five
Adverb of time:
Shows the time of an action.
Ex: everyday, Monday, at 7:00 o’clock etc.in the afternoon

Present continuous tense- Wh Questions

Ex: What is Zohra Doing? Ex: What are Mahmoud And Dawood
doing
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She is sleeping right now. They are eating dinner

Unit-Six
Simple Present Tense:
Shows an action which we do regularly or habitually.
St: S+V+C. For plural subjects.
St: S+Vs/es+C. For singular subject.
Note:
(Es) is added with the verb when it is ended with these letters (s, ss, ch, sh, x, o, z).
Auxiliary Verbs: Do, Does.
Do is used for plural subjects. Dose is used for singular subjects.
Ex: We play soccer every day. Do we play soccer every day?
S V C

We don’t play soccer every day. Don’t we play soccer every day?
Ex: He speaks English. Does he speak English? He doesn’t speak English. Doesn’t he speak English?
Ex: Omer goes to school every day. He fixes the cars. He writes the homework every day. She cleans
the house.

Verb Regularity:
Verb according to regularity is divided into two kinds like (1) Regular verbs (2) Irregular Verbs.
(1) Regular Verbs:
Are those verbs which are changed to second and third form by adding d or ed.
Ex: walk, walked. close, closed. open, opened. watch, watched. look, looked and etc.
(2) Irregular Verbs:
Are those verbs which are changed to second and third form by changing their form.
Ex: go, went, gone. see, saw, seen. speak, spoke, spoken. buy, bought.

Unit-Seven
Simple present tense short answers
Do-Does Ex; Do you live in Kandahar? Ex: Does the house have a Garage?
Yes, I do/No ,I don’t Yes ,it does/ No ,it doesn’t
There

Is used to show the existence of a noun which is far away

Ex: There is a book. There are Omer and Bashir.

Unit-Eight
Simple present –WH questions
Usage of Where what and how with do and does
Ex: where do you learn English? In Sherzai Institute.
Ex: What does he do? He is a teacher.
Ex: How do you like it ? I really like it.
Placement of adjectives
Be+ Adjectives Adjectives + noun
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A teacher’s job is stressful A teacher has a stressful job

Unit-Nine
Count Nouns:
Are those nouns that we can count.
Ex: books, students, cars etc.
Non count Nouns:
Are those nouns that we can’t count and we can’t make them plural.
Ex: water, milk, sugar. rice, oil etc.
Some:
Some is used for countable and non-countable nouns in positive sentences.
Ex: There are some boys in the ground. There is some water in the glass.
Any:
Any is used for countable and non-countable nouns in interrogative and negative sentences.
Ex: Are there any pools in Kandahar? Yes, there is one. Is there any water in the bottle? Yes,
it is half full.

Adverb of frequency:
Shows the repetition of an action.
Ex: always, usually, often, sometimes, rarely, seldom, never.

Unit-Ten
Can is model auxiliary verb, we use it for ability and permission.
Ex: He can drive a car. Sir, Can I sit here? Can I use your pen? Please.

Unit- Eleven
Simple future Tense:
Shows an action which will happen in the future.
St (1): S + will/shall + V +C.
St (2): S + tobe (is, am, are) +going to + V +C.
Note:
Shall is used for I and We in British English.
Going to is used for a near future or a future plan.
Ex: I will go to school tomorrow. Will I go to school tomorrow?
S Aux V C

Ex: I will not go to school tomorrow? Won’t I go to school tomorrow?

Ex: I am going to meet you tomorrow. Am I going to meet you tomorrow?
S tobe going to V C

Yes/No and Wh-questions with be going to

Ex: what are you going to buy for teacher’s day? I am going to buy a gift.
Ex: Is your Mom going to cook dinner for? Yes, she is. She going to cook a special dinner.

Unit Twelve
Have/has + Noun:
We use Have + Noun for specific physical problems.
Ex: I have a headache. He has a fever.
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Grammar for intro

Feel + adjective:
We use Feel + adjective for the way we feel in general.
Ex: I feel homesick. He feels better now.

Imperative Sentence:
It is used for command, request and suggestion.
Ex: Open the door. (Command) Please open the door. (Request) Let’s go to the pool today.
(Suggestion)

Unit Thirteen
Preposition of place: is a preposition used to refer to a place.
Ex: next to, behind, between, under and etc…….

Unit Fourteen
1. Simple past tense: it shows an action which started and finished in the specific past time.
STR: S + V2 + C
3. Verb regularity:

Regular verb Irregular verb

1. Regular verbs: Regular verbs are those verbs which have specific rules and they take (d) or(ed).
Ex: Play/played/played
Like/liked/liked
Cook/cooked/cooked

2. Irregular verbs: Irregular verbs are those verbs which don’t have specific rules we just change
the spelling and pronunciation and they don’t take (d) or (ed)
Ex:Come/came/come
See/saw/seen
Eat/ate/eaten
Write/wrote/written
Go/went/gone

2. Simple past - yes/ no questions with short answers:

Here for yes/no questions we must use these helping verbs to make questions and negations.
Was: for singular
Were: for plural for state and activities
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Did: for activities

Examples: -

singulars Plurals

Was he going to Mosque? Were you speaking English in IQRA?

Yes, he was. Yes, we were.

Did she like this English book? Did I speak English in IQRA?
Yes, she did. / No, she didn’t. Yes, I did. / No, I didn’t.

Was Ahmad present yesterday? Were your brothers absent?

Yes, he was. No, they weren’t.

Unit Fifteen
Simple past - W h- questions with did , was and were
1. for actions:
Q: what did you do last night? A: I finished my Home work
Q: why did he come late? A: because he had work.
Q: where did she study English language? A: She studied English language in Sherzai

2. for property:
Q: what did you have for dinner? A: I had spaghetti for my dinner.
Q: why did he have a problem? A: because he was driving fast.
Q: where did we have English books? A: We had English books in Sherzai.
3. for state:
Q: what was he before two years? A: I was a mason.
Q: why were you happy yesterday? A: because we went to amusement
park.
Q: where was she born? A: she was born in Afghanistan.

Unit Sixteen
Subject Pronouns:
Subject pronouns are used instead of subject nouns.
Ex: I, you, we, they, he, she, it. Omer goes to school every day. He goes to school every day.
Object pronouns:
Object pronouns are used instead of object nouns.
Ex: me, you, us, them, him, her, it. I am calling Omer. I am calling him.
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Verb + to
To + verb is used to show ideas or thoughts and verbs that come before to + verb are called
infinitive verbs.
Ex: I agree to come on time. He decided to buy a car. They plan to go Kabul for picnic.
Infin verb Infin verb Infin verb

Would:
Would is used for polite request and imagined situation.
Ex: I would be a governor four years later. He would be in Dubai next month. Would you write my
homework, please?