SANTOS, ANGELINA P.

BSBA-IM-2C

LESSON 1

History of ICT

ICT, or information and communications technology (or technologies), is the infrastructure

and components that enable modern computing.
Although there is no single, universal definition of ICT, the term is generally accepted to
mean all devices, networking components, applications and systems that combined allow
people and organizations (i.e., businesses, nonprofit agencies, governments and criminal
enterprises) to interact in the digital world.

The first commercial computer was the UNIVAC I, developed by John Eckert and John
W. Mauchly in 1951. It was used by the Census Bureau to predict the outcome of the
1952 presidential election. For the next twenty-five years, mainframe computers were
used in large corporations to do calculations and manipulate large amounts of
information stored in databases. Supercomputers were used in science and
engineering, for designing aircraft and nuclear reactors, and for predicting worldwide
weather patterns. Minicomputers came on to the scene in the early 1980s in small
businesses, manufacturing plants, and factories.
In 1975, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology developed microcomputers. In
1976, Tandy Corporation's first Radio Shack microcomputer followed; the Apple
microcomputer was introduced in 1977. The market for microcomputers increased
dramatically when IBM introduced the first personal computer in the fall of 1981.
Because of dramatic improvements in computer components and manufacturing,
personal computers today do more than the largest computers of the mid-1960s at
about a thousandth of the cost. Computers today are divided into four categories by
size, cost, and processing ability. They are supercomputer, mainframe, minicomputer,
and microcomputer, more commonly known as a personal computer. Personal
computer categories include desktop, network, laptop, and handheld.

  IT defines as Information Technology, consists of study, design, advance

development, accomplishment, support or administration of computer foundation
information system, mostly software application and computer hardware. Information
technology works with the use of electronic computers and computer software to
renovate, defend, development, and broadcast and other information. Information
technology has overstuffed to cover many features of computing and technology, and
this word is more familiar than ever before. Information technology subject can be quite
large, encompassing many fields. IT professionals perform different types of
responsibilities that range from installing applications to designing complex computer
networks.
       IT professional's responsibilities are data management, networking, database,
software design, computer hardware, management and administration of whole system.
IT (Information Technology) is combined word of computer and communications or
"InfoTech". Information Technology illustrates any technology which helps to
manufacture, manipulate, accumulate, communicate or broadcast information.
      Recently it has become popular to broaden the term to explicitly include the field of
electronic communication so that people tend to use the abbreviation ICT(Information
and Communications Technology).

The term "information technology" evolved in the 1970s. Its basic concept, however,
can be traced to the World War II alliance of the military and industry in the
development of electronics, computers, and information theory. After the 1940s, the
military remained the major source of research and development funding for the
expansion of automation to replace manpower with machine power. Since the 1950s,
four generations of computers have evolved. Each generation reflected a change to
hardware of decreased size but increased capabilities to control computer operations.
The first generation used vacuum tubes, the second used transistors, the third used
integrated circuits, and the fourth used integrated circuits on a single computer chip.
Advances in artificial intelligence that will minimize the need for complex programming
characterize the fifth generation of computers, still in the experimental stage.

Uses of ICT in our Daily Lives

ICT (Information and Communications Technology) has a huge effect in my life as a

student. It helped me to understand on how to use technology responsibly and how to
use it to help others. Having access to these communication technologies is simply a
privilege and it must not abused and used to harm others. Instead, these technologies
should be used for common good of other people. Using computers, emails and social
media should help me to communicate and connect with other people in the fastest and
easiest way. Also, using the internet and search engines and websites should help me
obtain information and knowledge that could help me in my research and school papers.
Instead of using these technologies to harm others (like cyberbullying etc.), I must use
this to help others by sharing good news and positive and real information.  

Lastly, ICT helped me to realize how important school and knowledge is. Especially now
that we are in a new normal, and travels are still limited, I can still go to my studies by
using technologies and computer even I am at home. I am grateful of these
technologies, and I promise to use them to cause good.

Impacts of ICT in the society

The impact of ICT on society is great. As more and more people begin to work from
home, or jobs become de-skilled, computer based, the social implications are going to
be very serious. The most important issue is increased leisure time, and as more work
is done in less time, the result should mean more leisure time. In some rare cases this
does happen. Take for example small businesses, or larger teleworker companies
where people are allowed to work from home. Leisure time does not always increase,
the managers and the companies require the workers the same amount of time spent
on the job, so people should become more productive and a lot more work will be done.
A bonus of this would be that as leisure time increases, the leisure industry will grow,
and more people would use the leisure time, which would improve the workers morale.
Another effect of ICT on the society is the introduction of home shopping over the
Internet, this aspect could possibly result in people never leaving their homes, doing
everything from home, possibly resulting in house bound individuals who could not
leave their houses even if they wanted to. Continuing on this vein, talking about working
at home, the amount of required offices may be reduced. This would both result in fewer
buildings in the city centre and reduce traffic pollution from people who are no longer
required to commute to work. There are definite upsides to home shopping however,
people who cannot currently leave their houses, the physically disabled people or
people who are too busy to do anything to do shopping, who currently rely on other
people to do their shopping, near-free internet shopping could allow people to be more
independent and less reliant on other people. Returning to teleworkers and working
from home, people may feel that.

LESSON 2

Definition of Computer
A computer is a device that accepts information (in the form of digitalized data) and
manipulates it for some result based on a program, software, or sequence of
instructions on how the data is to be processed.

Complex computers include the means for storing data (including the program, which is
also a form of data) for some necessary duration. A program may be invariable and built
into the computer hardware (and called logic circuitry as it is on microprocessors) or
different programs may be provided to the computer (loaded into its storage and then
started by an administrator or user). Today's computers have both kinds of
programming.
Major types of computers
Analog computer - represents data by measurable quantities
Desktop computer - a personal computer that fits on a desk and is often used for
business or gaming
Digital computer - operates with numbers expressed as digits
Hybrid computer - combines features of both analog and digital computers
Laptop (notebook) - an easily transported computer that is smaller than a briefcase
Mainframe (big iron) computer - a centralized computer used for large scale computing
Microcomputer - generally referred to as a PC (personal computer). Uses a single
integrated semiconductor chip microprocessor.
minicomputer - an antiquated term for a computer that is smaller than a mainframe and
larger than a microcomputer
Netbook - a smaller and less powerful version of a laptop
Personal computer (PC) - a digital computer designed to be used by one person at a
time
Smartphone - a cellular telephone designed with an integrated computer
Supercomputer - a high performing computer that operates at extremely high speeds
Tablet computer (tablet PC) - a wireless personal computer with a touch screen
Workstation - equipment designed for a single user to complete a specialized
technical/scientific task.

Applications of ICT (Computers) in Our Daily Lives

Uses of the computer in government offices. The government works or official works

take more time to complete in the past. But today citizens, consumers are getting a
solution with high speed and accuracy. Because of the use of computers in official
works.

History of the modern computer

Most histories of the modern computer begin with the Analytical Engine envisioned
by Charles Babbage following the mathematical ideas of George Boole, the
mathematician who first stated the principles of logic inherent in today's digital
computer. Babbage's assistant and collaborator, Ada Lovelace, is said to have
introduced the ideas of program loops and subroutines and is sometimes considered
the first programmer. Apart from mechanical calculators, the first really useable
computers began with the vacuum tube, accelerated with the invention of the transistor,
which then became embedded in large numbers in integrated circuits, ultimately making
possible the relatively low-cost personal computer.

Modern computers inherently follow the ideas of the stored program laid out by John
von Neumann in 1945. Essentially, the program is read by the computer one instruction
at a time, an operation is performed, and the computer then reads the next instruction.

From the mid-1900s to the present, the advancement of computers is divided into five
generations. While the year span for each generation varies depending on the reference
source, the most recognized generational timeline is below.

1940 to 1956
First generation computers were room-sized machines that used vacuum tubes for
circuitry and magnetic drums for limited internal storage. These machines
used punched cards for data input and a binary machine code (language). Examples of
first generation computers include the ABC (Atanasoff Berry Computer), Colossus, IBM
650 and the EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Computer).

1956 to 1963
Second generation computers replaced vacuum tubes with transistors, used magnetic
tape storage for increased storage capacity, used BAL (basic assembler language) and
continued to use punched cards for input. Transistors drew less power and generated
less heat than vacuum tubes. Examples of second-generation computers include
the IBM 7090, IBM 7094, IBM 1400, and the UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer).

1964 to 1971
Third generation computers used ICs (integrated circuits) with several transistors and
MOS (metal oxide semiconductor) memory. Smaller, cheaper and faster than their
predecessors, these computers used keyboards for input, monitors for output, and
employed programming languages such as FORTRAN (Formula
Translation), COBOL (Common Business Oriented Language) and C-Language.
Examples of third generation computers include the IBM 360 and IBM 370 series.

1972 to 2010
Fourth generation computers used integrated circuits and microprocessors with VLSI
(very large scale integration), RAM (random access memory), ROM (read-only
memory), and high-level programming languages including C and C++. The creation
and expansion of the World Wide Web and cloud computing (the ability to deliver
hosted services using the Internet) significantly enhanced computing capabilities during
this period. Examples of fourth generation computers include Apple's Macintosh and
IBM's PC.

2010 and beyond

Fifth generation computers are based on AI (artificial intelligence), use large scale
integrated chips and more than one CPU (processor). Fifth generation computers
respond to natural language input, solve highly complex problems, make decisions
through logical (human-like) reasoning and use quantum computing and
Nanotechnology (molecular manufacturing). Fifth generation computers and programs
allow multiple programs (and computers) to work on the same problem at the same time
in parallel.

The advent of the Internet, cloud computing, and high bandwidth data transmission

enables programs and data to be distributed over a network quickly and efficiently,
while application programs and software make computers the tools of choice for such
things as word processing, databases, spreadsheets, presentations, ERP (enterprise
resource planning), simulations, education, CMS (content management
systems), gaming and engineering.
History of Computer: Generations of Computer

Vacuum tube – an electronic device that controls the flow of electrons in a vacuum. It
used as a switch, amplifier, or display screen in many older model radios, televisions,
computers, etc.

Transistor – an electronic component that can be used as an amplifier or as a switch. It

is used to control the flow of electricity in radios, televisions, computers, etc.

Integrated circuit (IC) – a small electronic circuit printed on a chip (usually made of
silicon) that contains many its own circuit elements (e.g. transistors, diodes, resistors,
etc.).

Microprocessor – an electronic component held on an integrated circuit that contains a

computer’s central processing unit (CPU) and other associated circuits.

CPU (central processing unit) – It is often referred to as the brain or engine of a

computer where most of the processing and operations take place (CPU is part of a
microprocessor).

Magnetic drum – a cylinder coated with magnetic material, on which data and programs
can be stored.

Magnetic core – uses arrays of small rings of magnetized material called cores to store
information.

Machine language – a low-level programming language comprised of a collection of

binary digits (ones and zeros) that the computer can read and understand.

Assembly language is like the machine language that a computer can understand,
except that assembly language uses abbreviated words (e.g. ADD, SUB, DIV…) in
place of numbers (0s and 1s). 

Memory – a physical device that is used to store data, information and program in a
computer.

Artificial intelligence (AI) – an area of computer science that deals with the simulation
and creation of intelligent machines or intelligent behave in computers (they think, learn,
work, and react like humans).
First Generation of Computers

Classification of generations of computers

The evolution of computer technology is often divided into five generations.

Five Generations of Computers

Generations of computers Generations timeline Evolving hardware

First generation 1940s-1950s Vacuum tube based

Second generation 1950s-1960s Transistor based

Third generation 1960s-1970s Integrated circuit based

Fourth generation 1970s-present Microprocessor based

Fifth generation The present and the future Artificial intelligence based

The main characteristics of first generation of computers (1940s-1950s)

 Main electronic component – vacuum tube

 Main memory – magnetic drums and magnetic tapes
 Programming language – machine language
 Power – consume a lot of electricity and generate a lot of heat.
 Speed and size – very slow and very large in size (often taking up entire room).
 Input/output devices – punched cards and paper tape.
 Examples – ENIAC, UNIVAC1, IBM 650, IBM 701, etc.
 Quantity – there were about 100 different vacuum tube computers produced
between 1942 and1963.
Second Generation of Computers

The main characteristics of second generation of computers (1950s-1960s)

 Main electronic component – transistor

 Memory – magnetic core and magnetic tape / disk

 Programming language – assembly language
 Power and size – low power consumption, generated less heat, and smaller in
size (in comparison with the first generation computers).
 Speed – improvement of speed and reliability (in comparison with the first
generation computers).
 Input/output devices – punched cards and magnetic tape.
 Examples – IBM 1401, IBM 7090 and 7094, UNIVAC 1107, etc.

Third Generation of Computers

The main characteristics of third generation of computers (1960s-1970s)

 Main electronic component – integrated circuits (ICs)

 Memory – large magnetic core, magnetic tape / disk
 Programming language – high level language (FORTRAN, BASIC, Pascal,
COBOL, C, etc.)
 Size – smaller, cheaper, and more efficient than second generation computers
(they were called minicomputers).
 Speed – improvement of speed and reliability (in comparison with the second
generation computers).
 Input / output devices – magnetic tape, keyboard, monitor, printer, etc.
 Examples – IBM 360, IBM 370, PDP-11, UNIVAC 1108, etc.

Fourth Generation of Computers

The main characteristics of fourth generation of computers (1970s-present)

 Main electronic component – very large-scale integration (VLSI) and

microprocessor.
 VLSI– thousands of transistors on a single microchip.
 Memory – semiconductor memory (such as RAM, ROM, etc.)
 o RAM (random-access memory) – a type of data storage (memory
element) used in computers that temporary stores of programs and data
(volatile: its contents are lost when the computer is turned off).
o ROM (read-only memory) – a type of data storage used in computers that
permanently stores data and programs (non-volatile: its contents are
retained even when the computer is turned off).
 Programming language – high level language (Python, C#, Java, JavaScript,
Rust, Kotlin, etc.).
o A mix of both third- and fourth-generation languages
 Size – smaller, cheaper and more efficient than third generation computers.
 Speed – improvement of speed, accuracy, and reliability (in comparison with the
third generation computers).
 Input / output devices – keyboard, pointing devices, optical scanning, monitor,
printer, etc.

 Network – a group of two or more computer systems linked together.

 Examples – IBM PC, STAR 1000, APPLE II, Apple Macintosh, etc.

Fifth Generation of Computers

The main characteristics of fifth generation of computers (the present and the
future)

 Main electronic component: based on artificial intelligence, uses the Ultra Large-
Scale Integration (ULSI) technology and parallel processing method.
o ULSI – millions of transistors on a single microchip
o Parallel processing method – use two or more microprocessors to run
tasks simultaneously.
 Language – understand natural language (human language).
 Power – consume less power and generate less heat.
 Speed – remarkable improvement of speed, accuracy and reliability (in
comparison with the fourth generation computers).
 Size – portable and small in size, and have a huge storage capacity.
 Input / output device – keyboard, monitor, mouse, trackpad (or touchpad),
touchscreen, pen, speech input (recognise voice / speech), light scanner, printer,
etc.
  Example – desktops, laptops, tablets, smartphones, etc.

The computer – this amazing technology went from a government/business-only

technology to being everywhere from people’s homes, work places, to people’s pockets
in less than 100 years.