25/3/23, 10:30 Adamic language - Wikipedia

Adamic language
The Adamic language, according to Jewish tradition (as recorded in the midrashim) and some
Christians, is the language spoken by Adam (and possibly Eve) in the Garden of Eden. It is
variously interpreted as either the language used by God to address Adam (the divine language),
or the language invented by Adam with which he named all things (including Eve), as in the
second Genesis creation narrative (Genesis 2:19).

Adam naming the animals as

described in Genesis. In some
interpretations, he uses the “Adamic
language” to do so.

In the Middle Ages, various Jewish commentators held that Adam spoke Hebrew, a view also
addressed in various ways by the late medieval Italian poet Dante Alighieri. In the early modern
period, some authors continued to discuss the possibility of an Adamic language, some
continuing to hold to the idea that it was Hebrew, while others such as John Locke were more
skeptical. More recently, a variety of Mormon authors have expressed various opinions about the
nature of the Adamic language.

According to Ethiopian and Eritrean traditions, the ancient Semitic language of Ge'ez is the
language of Adam.[1] Southern Semitic languages spoken in Ethiopia and Eritrea are older than
Northern Semitic languages, such as Hebrew.[2] Semitic languages were spoken in Eritrea from
approximately 2000 BC.[3]

Patristic Period

Augustine addresses the issue in The City of God.[4] While not explicit, the implication of there
being but one human language prior to the Tower's collapse is that the language, which was
preserved by Heber and his son Peleg, and which is recognized as the language passed down to
Abraham and his descendants, is the language that would have been used by Adam.

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Middle Ages

Traditional Jewish exegesis such as Midrash[5] says that Adam spoke the Hebrew language
because the names he gives Eve – Isha[6] and Chava[7] – only make sense in Hebrew. By contrast,
Kabbalism assumed an "eternal Torah" which was not identical to the Torah written in Hebrew.
Thus, Abraham Abulafia in the 13th century assumed that the language spoken in Paradise had
been different from Hebrew, and rejected the claim then-current also among Christian authors,
that a child left unexposed to linguistic stimulus would automatically begin to speak in Hebrew.[8]

Umberto Eco (1993) notes that Genesis is ambiguous on whether the language of Adam was
preserved by Adam's descendants until the confusion of tongues,[9] or if it began to evolve
naturally even before Babel.[10][11]

Dante Alighieri addresses the topic in his De vulgari eloquentia (1302-1305). He argues that the
Adamic language is of divine origin and therefore unchangeable.[12] He also notes that according
to Genesis, the first speech act is due to Eve, addressing the serpent, and not to Adam.[13]

In his Divine Comedy (c. 1308–1320), however, Dante changes his view to another that treats the
Adamic language as the product of Adam.[14] This had the consequence that it could no longer
be regarded as immutable, and hence Hebrew could not be regarded as identical with the
language of Paradise. Dante concludes (Paradiso XXVI) that Hebrew is a derivative of the
language of Adam. In particular, the chief Hebrew name for God in scholastic tradition, El, must
be derived of a different Adamic name for God, which Dante gives as.[15]

Early modern period

Proponents

Elizabethan scholar John Dee makes references to an occult or angelic language recorded in his
private journals and those of spirit medium Edward Kelley. Dee's journals did not describe the
language as "Enochian", instead preferring "Angelical", the "Celestial Speech", the "Language of
Angels", the "First Language of God-Christ", the "Holy Language", or "Adamical" because,
according to Dee's Angels, it was used by Adam in Paradise to name all things. The language was
later dubbed Enochian, due to Dee's assertion that the Biblical Patriarch Enoch had been the last
human (before Dee and Kelley) to know the language.

Dutch physician, linguist, and humanist Johannes Goropius Becanus (1519–1572) theorized in
Origines Antwerpianae (1569) that Antwerpian Brabantic, spoken in the region between the
Scheldt and Meuse Rivers, was the original language spoken in Paradise. Goropius believed that
the most ancient language on Earth would be the simplest language, and that the simplest

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language would contain mostly short words. Since Brabantic has a higher number of short words
than do Latin, Greek, and Hebrew, Goropius reasoned that it was the older language.[16] His work
influenced that of Simon Stevin (1548–1620), who espoused similar ideas in "Uytspraeck van de
weerdicheyt der Duytse tael", a chapter in De Beghinselen Der Weeghconst (1586).

Opponents

By the 17th century, the existence and nature of the alleged Adamic language was commonly
discussed amongst European Jewish and Christian mystics and primitive linguists.[17] Robert
Boyle (1627–1691) was skeptical that Hebrew was the language best capable of describing the
nature of things, stating:

I could never find, that the Hebrew names of animals, mentioned in the
beginning of Genesis, argued a (much) clearer insight into their natures, than
did the names of the same or some other animals in Greek, or other languages
(1665:45).[17]

John Locke (1632–1704) expressed similar skepticism in his An Essay Concerning Human
Understanding (1690).[17]

Modern period

Latter Day Saint movement

Joseph Smith, founder of the Latter Day Saint movement, in his revision of the Bible, declared the
Adamic language to have been "pure and undefiled".[18] Some Latter Day Saints believe it to be
the language of God.[19] Glossolalia, or speaking in tongues, was commonplace in the early years
of the movement, and it was commonly believed that the incomprehensible language spoken
during these incidents was the language of Adam. However, this belief seems to have never been
formally or officially adopted.[20]

Some other early Latter Day Saint leaders, including Brigham Young,[21] Orson Pratt,[22] and
Elizabeth Ann Whitney,[23] claimed to have received several words in the Adamic language by
revelation. Some Latter Day Saints believe that the Adamic language is the "pure language"
spoken of by Zephaniah[24] and that it will be restored as the universal language of humankind at
the end of the world.[25][26][27]

Apostle Orson Pratt declared that "Ahman", part of the name of the settlement "Adam-ondi-
Ahman" in Daviess County, Missouri, was the name of God in the Adamic language.[22] An 1832

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handwritten page from the Joseph Smith Papers, titled "A Sample of the Pure Language", and
reportedly dictated by Smith to "Br. Johnson", asserts that the name of God is Awman.[28]

The Latter Day Saint endowment prayer circle once included use of the words "Pay Lay Ale".[29]
These untranslated words are no longer used in temple ordinances and have been replaced by
an English version, "O God, hear the words of my mouth".[30] Some believe that the "Pay Lay Ale"
sentence is derived from the Hebrew phrase "pe le-El" (‫)פה לאל‬, "mouth to God".[30] "Pay Lay
Ale" was identified in the temple ceremony as words from the "pure Adamic language".[31]

Other words thought by some Latter Day Saints to derive from the Adamic language include
deseret ("honey bee")[32] and Ahman ("God").[33]

The Book of Moses refers to "a book of remembrance" written in the language of Adam.[34]

Goidelic languages

It has also been claimed that Scottish Gaelic or Irish was the language spoken in the Garden of
Eden. One book that promoted this theory was Adhamh agus Eubh, no Craobh Sheanachais nan
Gàël (1837; "Adam and Eve; or, the Gaelic Family Tree").[35][36]

See also

History of linguistics

Mythical origins of language

Origin of language

Proto-Human language

Universal language

References

1. "Is 'Ge'ez' the original language of humanity? | Ethiopia The Kingdom of God" (https://ethiopiatheking
domofgod.org/content/%E2%80%98geez%E2%80%99-original-language-humanity) .
ethiopiathekingdomofgod.org. Retrieved 3 January 2023.

2. Adugna, Gabe. "Research: Language Learning - Amharic: Home" (https://library.bu.edu/amharic/Hom

e) . library.bu.edu. Retrieved 3 January 2023.

3. Munro-Hay, Stuart (1991). "Aksum: An African Civilisation of Late Antiquity" (https://www.livingston.or

g/cms/lib4/NJ01000562/Centricity/Domain/602/aksum.pdf) (PDF). www.livingston.org. Retrieved
3 January 2023.

4. Book XVI, chs. 10 - 12.

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5. Genesis Rabbah 38

6. Book of Genesis 2:23

7. Genesis 3:20

8. Umberto Eco, The Search for the Perfect Language (1993), p. 32 f.

9. Genesis 11:1–9

10. Genesis 10:5

11. Umberto Eco, The Search for the Perfect Language (1993), 7–10.

12. Mazzocco, p. 159

13. mulierem invenitur ante omnes fuisse locutam. Umberto Eco, The Search for the Perfect Language
(1993), p. 50.

14. Mazzocco, p. 170

15. Paradiso 26.133f.; Mazzocco, p. 178f.

16. Gorporius Becanus, Johannes (2014). Van Adam tot Antwerpen: Een bloemlezing uit de Origines
Antwerpianae en de Opera van Johannes Goropius Becanus (https://books.google.com/books?id=bgWy
CAAAQBAJ&pg=265) . Hilversum: Uitgeverij Verloren. pp. 265–77. ISBN 9789087044312.

17. Noordegraaf, Jan (1983). "Nog eens Hedendaagsch fetischisme" (http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/_voo00419

8301_01/_voo004198301_01_0009.php) . Voortgang. Stichting Neerlandistiek VU. 4 (10): 193–230.
Retrieved 16 January 2018.

18. Book of Moses 6:6 (https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/pgp/moses/6.6?lang=eng) .

19. Robertson, John S. (1992), "Adamic Language" (http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/EoM/i

d/5449) , in Ludlow, Daniel H (ed.), Encyclopedia of Mormonism, New York: Macmillan Publishing,
pp. 18–19, ISBN 0-02-879602-0, OCLC 24502140 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/24502140)

20. Copeland, Lee. "Speaking in Tongues in the Restoration Churches", Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon
Thought, Vol 24, No. 1

21. Brigham Young, "History of Brigham Young" (http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/cgi-bin/showfile.exe?CISOR

OOT=/MStar&CISOPTR=7661&filename=7662.pdf) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20110612
023524/http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/cgi-bin/showfile.exe?CISOROOT=%2FMStar&CISOPTR=7661&fil
ename=7662.pdf) 12 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Millennial Star, vol. 25, no. 28, p. 439
(1863-07-11), cited in History of the Church 1:297, footnote (Young prays in the Adamic tongue).

22. Journal of Discourses 2:342 (http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/cgi-bin/showfile.exe?CISOROOT=/JournalOf

Discourses3&CISOPTR=1953&filename=100504_170857_cp342_Va_M230_J82_v02.pdf) Archived (htt
ps://web.archive.org/web/20071025133000/http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/cgi-bin/showfile.exe?CISOR
OOT=%2FJournalOfDiscourses3&CISOPTR=1953&filename=100504_170857_cp342_Va_M230_J82_v02.
pdf) 25 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine (God = "Ahman"; Son of God = "Son Ahman"; Men =
"Sons Ahman"; Angel = "Anglo-man").

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23. Woman's Exponent 7:83 (http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/cgi-bin/showfile.exe?CISOROOT=/WomansExp&

CISOPTR=6638&filename=6639.pdf) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20071025132953/http://
contentdm.lib.byu.edu/cgi-bin/showfile.exe?CISOROOT=%2FWomansExp&CISOPTR=6638&filename=
6639.pdf) 25 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine (1 November 1878) (Whitney sings a hymn in
the Adamic tongue).

24. Zephaniah 3:9 (https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Zephaniah%203:9&version=nrsv)

25. Oliver Cowdery, "The Prophecy of Zephaniah" (http://patriot.lib.byu.edu/cgi-bin/showfile.exe?CISORO

OT=/NCMP1820-1846&CISOPTR=10065&filename=5298.pdf) , Evening and Morning Star, vol. 2, no.
18, p. 142 (March 1834).

26. Bruce R. McConkie (1966, 2d ed.). Mormon Doctrine (Salt Lake City, Utah: Bookcraft) p. 19.

27. Ezra Taft Benson (1988). Teachings of Ezra Taft Benson (Salt Lake City, Utah: Bookcraft) p. 93.

28. "Sample of the Pure Language" ca. March 1832 (https://web.archive.org/web/20161122044333/http://

www.josephsmithpapers.org/paper-summary/sample-of-pure-language-between-circa-4-and-circa-20
-march-1832/1)

29. Steven Naifeh and Gregory White Smith, The Mormon Murders (New York: St. Martins's Press, 1988)
ISBN 0-312-93410-6, p. 69. "the sign of the Second Token [is] raising both hands and then lowering
them while repeating the incantation "Pay Lay Ale" three times"

30. "Current Mormon Temple Ceremony Now Available" (http://www.utlm.org/newsletters/no76.htm) ,

Salt Lake City Messenger, no. 76, November 1990.

31. Scott, Latayne (2009). The Mormon Mirage: A Former Member Looks at the Mormon Church Today.
Zondervan. p. 332. ISBN 978-0-310-29153-4.

32. Book of Mormon (https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/bofm/ether/2.3?lang=eng) .

Ether 2:3.

33. Doctrine and Covenants (https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/scriptures/doctrineandcovenants/78.20?l

ang=eng) . Doctrine and Covenants 78:20.

34. Moses 6:5, 46 (https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/pgp/moses/6.5,46?lang=eng) .

35. McEwan, Emily (27 February 2015). "Gaelic design for the 21st century: A laptop decal" (https://gaelic.c
o/gaelic-laptop-decal/) . Gaelic.co. Retrieved 9 February 2019.

36. Wolf, Nicholas. "When Irish was still the greatest little language in the world" (https://www.irishtimes.c
om/culture/books/when-irish-was-still-the-greatest-little-language-in-the-world-1.2082623) . The
Irish Times. Retrieved 9 February 2019.

Bibliography

Allison P. Coudert (ed.), The Language of Adam = Die Sprache Adams, Wiesbaden:
Harrassowitz, 1999.

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Angelo Mazzocco, Linguistic Theories in Dante and the Humanists, (chapter 9: "Dante's
Reappraisal of the Adamic language", 159–181).

Umberto Eco, The Search for the Perfect Language (1993).

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