NSTP REVIEWER (LESSON 1-23)

LESSON 1

Constitution Defined
Constitution refers to set of written or unwritten rules and principles officially practiced by the
duly elected and appointed civil servants and the constituents to govern the whole system of
the nation. This means that a certain nation has certain guidelines duly observed by the sovereign
leaders and followers for the common good.

For instance, having an equal justice to everyone, no one should be above the law, rich or poor, male
or female, young or old, educated or illiterate, they should have a fair treatment in the justice system.
If anyone commits a crime, he should be tried according to the justice system of the land.

Constitution Classified
Origin and History
Distinctly, the first one is the conventional or enacted, this kind of constitution is enacted
by a constituent assembly or granted by the monarch to his subjects like the 1889 Constitution of
Japan and the other is cumulative or evolved, this one is like the English Constitution, a product of
growth or long period of development originating in customs, traditions, judicial decisions, rather than
from a deliberate and formal enactment

The above classification has two forms: a. the written one that is done through a proper
convention of duly elected representatives known as the constitutional convention the next one is b.
the unwritten. This is entirely a product of political evolution, consisting largely of a mass of customs,
practices and judicial decisions viz a viz with a smaller body of statuary enactments of a fundamental
character, manifested by different dates. In short, it is not codified by a certain document. The third
one is the c. manner of amending them. Amendment according to the dictionary means “changes
or correction for a better one” Under this, there are two ways:
a. Rigid or inelastic, this can be described as a document of special sanctity which cannot be
amended or altered except by some special machinery and the other is,
b. Flexible and elastic, this one is classified as having no higher legal authority than ordinary legal
laws this means that this is not as strong as the first one.

Contrast Between Written and Unwritten Constitution

A written constitution is done through with special care like series of deliberation and debates before it
is enacted. Thus, there is evidence of authenticity, which means clear and definite. On the other hand,
its disadvantage is on the difficulty of its amendment. If there might be some amendments to be done
it will be too long and tiring and there is danger of retarding the healthy growth and progress of the
nation. In short, it is time consuming and budget.

Needed Aspects of a Good Constitution

1. Based on its forms
● Conciseness. The most significant components are to be included because if it is too
detailed there is a tendency, it would lose the advantage of a fundamental law which, in few
provisions outlines the structure of the government and the whole state and the rights of
thecitizens, Thus, hard to be interpreted by the public.
● Broad. All the needed information is included because distinction of the powers and function
of the government should be comprehensively defined.
● Definite. Non-clarity of the statement might lead to confusion.
2. Based on its contents
● It should be something that deals within the framework of the government and its powers.
 - It should go beyond what is not present in the premise of the prescribed governmental
structure (constitution of government).
● It is anchored on the fundamental rights of the people. There is presence of sovereignty of the
people. (Constitution of liberty).
- It is focused on the mode or procedure for amendment or revising the constitution (the
constitution of sovereignty)

LESSON 2

1. It serves as the supreme fundamental law of the land.

This means that the constitution serves as the highest official document responsible in formulating a
government. It is supreme enough that it serves as the mouthpiece of the people for them to be just
fully treated and be followed. It is the central governing rules that unite all the branches of the
government. Further, it functions as the law whereby by all other laws must observe with strict
compliance for the benefit of the country’s components. If ever conflicting actions and decisions, it is
the constitution that shall provide rightful disposal or action based on the provided statutes or
provisions of the constitution. Therefore, in every action, it should be constitutional in nature.

2. It establishes basic framework and underlying principles of government.

The constitution is the skeleton of the governing rules practiced in a certain state. Its purpose is to
assure that laws promulgated is adopted or patterned on the provisions of the constitution. It regulates
the validity of a certain actions, terms and conditions observed in order to safeguard the involved
parts. It, likewise, warrants a very highly dignified proposition and action of the government for its
constituents.

Constitutional law can be defined as the branch of public law that treats constitutions, their nature
formation, amendment, and interpretation.

Hector De Leon stated that:

“It refers to the law embodied in the constitution as well as the principles growing out of the
interpretation and application made by the courts of the provisions of the constitution in specific cases.
Therefore, the Philippine constitution itself is brief but the law of the constitution lies scattered in
thousands of Supreme Court decisions.”

In a simple interpretation, it means that a certain judicial court makes its decision over a
certain situation, should be based on the provisions of the national constitution.

Constitutional law refers to the law embodied in the constitution as well as the principles growing out
of the interpretation and application made by the courts of the provisions of the constitution in specific
cases

LESSON 3

Preamble defined
A preamble is a preliminary statement especially to a formal document, explaining its purpose. If we
consider as a certain ceremonial program, this invocation or an opening prayer before the program
proper starts.

PREAMBLE
We, the sovereign Filipino people, imploring the aid of Almighty God, in order to build a just
and humane society and establish a government that shall embody our ideal and aspirations, promote
the common good, conserve and develop our patrimony, and secure to ourselves and our posterity
the blessings of independence and democracy under the rule of law and a regime of truth, justice,
freedom, love, equality, and peace and do ordain and promulgate this Constitution.

Let us examine the meaning of words or phrases included in the preamble.

1. The sovereign Filipino people. This means that the Filipino people has the supreme rank or
power or are in full authority of our land.
2. Imploring the aid of the aid of Almighty God. This means that we’re a praying always for Gods
provision and protection.
3. To build a just and humane society. This means we are to engage equal treatment or rights
among us, no one in above or below.
4. To establish a government that shall embody our ideals. This means to put up a form of
government good enough for our needs and views.
5. Develop our patrimony. This means what we inherited from our forefathers shall be given care.
6. Secure our posterity the blessings of independence and democracy. This means that we should
also provide security for the future generations.
7. Do ordain and promulgate. This means the provision of the constitution shall be publicly
announced as a decree.

Source of Constitution’s Authority.

1. The Filipino people. We are the citizens of the Philippine islands who are in unity.
2. Sovereign people. We are the Filipino people who are in authority of our land
3. Our Faith in God. We are the Filipino people, as we live in our country always seek God’s
assistance as our main provider and protector

Aims in adopting the national constitution

As mentioned in the preamble they are the following:
1. to build a just and humane society; and
2. to establish a government that shall:
● embody our ideals and aspirations
● promote the common good
● conserve and develop our patrimony; and
● to secure to ourselves and our posterity the blessings of independence and democracy under
the rule of law and a regime of truth, justice, freedom, love, equality, and peace.

LESSON 4

The Citizens of the Philippines

Section 1 of the Philippine Constitution provides that the following are citizens of the Philippines:
1. those who are citizens of the Philippines at the time of the adoption of this Constitution;
2. those whose fathers or mothers are citizens of the Philippines;
3. those who were born before January 17, 1973, of Filipino mothers, who elect Philippine
Citizenship upon reaching the age of majority; and
4. Those who are naturalized in accordance with law.

What are the duties and obligations of Citizens?

We have to realize that for every right we are enjoying as enumerated in the Bill of Rights of
the Philippine Constitution, there is a corresponding obligation. There will be no chaos in our
society if only everybody will perform his or her duties and obligations

The following are the vital duties and obligations of every citizen in a democratic society:
 1. To be loyal to the Republic. This means that we have faith and confidence in the Republic and
love for and devotion to the country. We have to be proud being Filipinos, respect our
customs, traditions, language and institutions. Our country is considered our home, the home
of our forefathers who fought for our country against the invaders, the home of our children
and grandchildren, the seat of our affections, and the source of our happiness and well-being.
2. To defend the State. Considering the fact that our country is our home, it is our prime duty to
love and defend the state at all costs regardless of our creed, religious beliefs, and wisdom.
Loving one’s country can be shown not by words but by deeds. It should be a continuous
flame of love considering the fact that we receive benefits and protection from the State of
which we are a part. In return, it is our primary and honorable duty to defend it against any
peril whether from within or from without. (Art. II, Sec.3).
3. To contribute to the development and welfare of the State. We are a part of the State and we
directly receive the benefits from the government in the form of infrastructure, peace and
order, etc. in return, how can we contribute to the development and welfare of the State? We
can do this in the form of paying willingly our taxes and promptly, by helping to maintain
peace and order, conserving natural resources, the promotion of social justice by suggesting
supportive measures beneficial to the people as a whole, by patronizing local products and
trade and by engaging in productive work.
4. To uphold the Constitution and obey the laws. It is our prime obligation to uphold the
Constitution and obey the laws. If the people would disregard them, our country would ruin
and we will not have peace and order.
5. To cooperate with duly constituted authorities. In every organization, there is always a leader
to manage the affairs of all the constituents. If the members will not cooperate, we can never
expect to become successful in all the undertakings that our government would like to do for
the good of its citizens.
6. To exercise rights responsibly and with due regard for the rights of others. No man is an
island and we have to live with others. In the exercise of our rights, we have to see to it that
we also respect the rights of other people. If we do this, we can expect harmonious
relationship among members of the society.
7. To engage in gainful work. It is stated in the Bible that if we want to eat, we have to work. It is
our obligation as citizens of our country to become productive, by engaging in gainful work so
that we can provide the basic need of our family and ourselves as well. As cited by de Leon
(1989). “The essence of life is work. Every citizen should bear in mind that only by hard and
sustained work can men and nations live and survive. National greatness never springs from
the cult of ease of self-complacency, but from the crucible of grim struggle and patient
industry.”
8. To register and vote. It is our prime duty as citizens of the Philippines to register and vote.
Suffrage is both a privilege and a duty, which every qualified citizen must perform. It is not
sufficient to just register and vote, but it should be coupled with intellectual judgment during
election. We have to consider the different political issues by different candidates, so that, at
least we can choose the right person to manage government affairs.

LESSON 5

Article II, Section 7 mentioned that the state shall pursue an independent foreign policy. In its relations
with other states, the paramount consideration shall be national sovereignty, territorial integrity,
national interest and the right to self-determination.

The above policy unveils that the Philippines as a nation, should have an independent
policy in terms of its relationship with other countries and what is to be prioritized or be secured first
are: the national sovereigns, meaning, the citizens of the Philippines shall have an authority over
other nationalities or foreigners; for the territorial integrity, it is more on the image of our country by
which we should protect and promote for a better way; national interest, this means that our
government must do something or an action that will be exactly beneficial for the people of the
Philippines; and the right to self-determination, the state shall have the liberty to do actions and
decisions without any intervention from other countries. Meaning, we have the right to exercise lawful
actions that is for us, the Filipino people.

For instance, the West Philippine seas, as we claimed, is now in the state of trouble because
there are plenty of neighboring countries that are interested in it because of the presence of the fossil
oil. Vietnam would like to have a portion of it, Malaysia, likewise, claimed to be the owner of the place
and China would like to have a big chunk of the disputed area that right now they are constructing
solid structures stationed with military people, while we the Filipinos do so, in fact, we have Filipino
settlers in Spratly Islands. Anent to the situation, several actions were done by our government that
we will never give up claiming the island because it is a part of the Philippine territory. The action of
our government not to surrender the islands to other countries is a part of our state policy to secure
the land because it is a part of the Philippine territorial area.

LESSON 6

Section 9 of Article II states that a nation shall promote a just and dynamic social order that
will ensure the prosperity and independence of the nation and free the people from the poverty
through policies that provide adequate social services, promote full employment, rising standard of
living, and an improved quality of life for all. The preceding section, in short, says that the Philippine
government should work hard to make the Filipino people to have a better living or sufficiently
productive.

Actions that should be done by the state:

Policies necessary to be pursued. A just and dynamic social order should be promoted.
Provision of adequate social services should be always at stake. And this covers in the areas of
health, education, housing and other basic necessities of man; likewise, employment of the people at
par with the rising standard of living as well as the kind life.

LESSON 7
Section 10 of Article II stresses that the state shall promote social justice in all phases of the national
government. In short, there should be an equal treatment to the Filipino people or there should be no
one above or below the law.

The duty of the state to promote social justice.

1. Aims of policy to promote social justice. This means that there should be a social justice in the
following areas: social, economic, political and cultural in order to ensure the presence of dignity,
welfare and security of all the people. In short, there should be freedom from want.

Added to the above duty are the aims of the policy to promote social justice:
a. to protect and enhance the right of all people to human dignity:
b. Reduce social, economic and political inequalities; and
c. To remove cultural inequalities.

2. Ensures to achieve aims. These aims are to be achieved by putting up laws to which the
congress shall give priority to put equality in having wealth and the use of political power. In
diffusion of wealth, there should be a regulation in terms of acquisition of property or ownership;
in terms of political power, no government official should use or abuse his/her power.
Commitment to create economic opportunities. It is the supreme duty of the State to create economic
opportunities for all the citizens based on the freedom of initiative and self-reliance of the individuals.
But it should be noted that the citizens must have to do their best effort for prosperity.

LESSON 8

Remember well that human being is a supreme creation by God. As a result, he should be well
respected because of his sacred human right. It is a must that in a democratic state, every human
being should enjoy his/her rights and it is truly found in the Constitution. And these special rights are
protected and guaranteed simply because of the idea that in the inherent dignity and basic moral
worth of every human being, regardless of who he is like race, color, young or old, origin, religion or
status of life. And these rights include liberty and property. Therefore, to make this functional, it is the
duty of the State to enact laws and formulate programs that are promoting human dignity and
safeguarding the rights of the citizens from any destructive course like violence or the use of force,
intimidation, deception or any illegal means for the purpose of exploiting with the target of using
destructive way. Respect for human rights is not just an obligation but a must for everyone to carry it
with dedication.

Strengthening the family as a basic autonomous social institution

Under Sec 12 of Article 22, the state recognizes the sanctity of family life and shall protect
and strengthen the family as an institution. It shall equally protect the life of the mother and the life of
the unborn from conception. The natural and primary right and duty of parents in the rearing of the
youth for civic efficiency and the development of moral character shall receive the support of the
government

Autonomous means to be self-sufficient. The above declaration clearly provides a constitutional point
of truth to the independence and self-sufficiency of the family likewise, commands the State to
strengthen the family unit as a society.

Right to life of an unborn from conception and of the mother.

By the time a fetus is developed from the mother’s womb it is already understood as a human being;
thus, has a basic human right to have life; so, abortion is unlawful. On the other hand, the health of
the mother should be given strong consideration. It is alright to sacrifice the life of the fetus or the
unborn provided the life of the mother is in danger.

LESSON 9

The following duties should be carried with care.

1. It is the duty of the parents and government to educate the child because the youth of today will
be the citizens in the future. Thus, it is obligatory of the government to share the inherent rights
and duty of the parents in training their children to be good and be useful citizen of our country.
2. It is the right of the state to interfere with education of the children. This means that government
should establish public schools for the Filipino people.
3. Power of the State to regulate all schools means all children in their proper age to attend the
school for literacy purpose and the teachers should have the appropriate qualifications to teach.
4. The state and parental obligations. It is the duty of the State to ensure the obligations are fulfilled
by the parents and to supply the essential educational facilities.
5. The duty of the State to encourage educational institution. This means that the state shall
encourage other private institution to operate the schools as long as the requirements are visibly
present
LESSON 10

Section 13 of Article II states that the State recognizes the vital role of the youth in nation building and
shall promote and protect their physical and moral, spiritual, intellectual, and social being. It shall
inculcate in the youth patriotism and nationalism, and encourage their involvement in public and civic
affairs. In short, the government should highly value the youths of our country.

Under the above provision the youth has the role in nation building as follows:

1. The youth must wisely use their instinct intelligence for the sake of the nation. In the present time
the younger generations are more creative than the previous generation because of modern
technology, like the use of Internet. Therefore, with that kind of mind development, it is also a
sacred obligation that they should participate in building the nation for the common good.
2. They should be responsible in shaping the country’s destiny. The state should promote not only
intellectual development of the youth but also of their moral formation, positive personal and
social values among them.
3. The youth should prepare themselves as effective and efficient leader as in the future. In their
shoulder rest the success of our country. It should be well remembered that they are the hope of
our nation

LESSON 11

Section 14 of Article II stresses that the State recognizes the role of women in nation-building, and
shall ensure the fundamental equality before the law of women and men. It is true that there are
plenty of cases whereby women should always allow the men to be leaders, and this is very Biblical.
Women according to written Holy Scriptures defined that they should submit to the authority of their
husband and this is true to some Muslim countries and even Christian religions. But time arrives to the
point that in reality women are also the backbones of our nation because of intellectual, physical and
moral capacity they are also real players in shaping the image of our nation. Meaning by the time,
when women are given a break to do the task the same as a man can do, they are proven effective.

In the Philippines alone, there had been plenty of cases whereby women play a big role in shaping the
future of our country, starting from the colonial period up to the present. Even in work places they are
usually dominated by men, in place, some women are excelling well and this is evidently true because
it is said that women are more careful than men like in driving public vehicles.

The role of the women in nation-building

1. They should involve themselves in worthy causes and activities of national concerns
2. Play as partners in the task of nation building
3. Women should utilize their equal rights with men in developing the nation

LESSON 12

Section 22 of Article 2 stresses that the State recognizes and promotes the rights of
indigenous cultural communities within the framework of national unity and development.

The meaning of indigenous cultural communities.

As stipulated in the constitution, the words indigenous cultural communities are those who
are non-dominant groups in the Philippines that possess and desires to preserve ethnic, religious or
linguistic traditions or characteristics markedly not the same from the rest of the population.
As to their rights, under Section 22 of Article 2, it is duly recognized based on the constitution the
existence and the rights of the indigenous cultural communities. They, likewise, should enjoy for the
said entitlement as group or an individual of all the human rights the same as others, as recognized
by the constitution. It is also imperatively designed that that the state should promote the rights of the
indigenous group within the structure of national unity and development. Therefore, it is very clear that
the customs, traditions and beliefs and their interests should be well considered.

LESSON 13
Drucker “It denotes both function and the people who discharges it. It also denotes social position and
authority, but a discipline and field of study, likewise, management is also a task. It is people, and it is
discipline.”

Massie “It is a process by which a cooperative group directs action towards a common goal.”
Peterson et al “It is a technique by means of which the purposes and objectives of a particular human
group are determined, clarified and effectuated”

Piffner et al “It is identified with the direction of individuals and functions to achieve ends
previously determined.”

Koontz et al “It is an accomplishment of desired objectives by establishing an environment

favourable to performance by people operating in an organized group endeavor.”

Putting all those definitions into one, it could be summarized as,” management is a form of
just and human way in controlling people using a very systematic means of approach that they can be
effectively disciplined with the spirit of unity and cooperation toward a determined goal.”

LESSON 14
Fayol's principles are listed below:
1. Division of Work – When employees are specialized, output can increase because they become
increasingly skilled and efficient.
2. Authority – Managers must have the authority to give orders, but they must also keep in mind
that with authority comes responsibility.
3. Discipline – Discipline must be upheld in organizations, but methods for doing so can vary. 4.
4. Unity of Command – Employees should have only one direct supervisor.
5. Unity of Direction – Teams with the same objective should be working under the direction of one
manager, using one plan. This will ensure that action is properly coordinated.
6. Subordination of Individual Interests to the General Interest – The interests of one employee
should not be allowed to become more important than those of the group. This includes
managers.
7. Remuneration – Employee satisfaction depends on fair remuneration for everyone. This includes
financial and non-financial compensation.
8. Centralization – This principle refers to how close employees are to the decision-making process.
It is important to aim for an appropriate balance.
9. Scalar Chain – Employees should be aware of where they stand in the organization's hierarchy,
or chain of command.
10. Order – The workplace facilities must be clean, tidy and safe for employees. Everything should
have its place.
11. Equity – Managers should be fair to staff at all times, both maintaining discipline as necessary
and acting with kindness where appropriate.
12. Stability of Tenure of Personnel – Managers should strive to minimize employee turnover.
Personnel planning should be a priority.
13. Initiative – Employees should be given the necessary level of freedom to create and carry out
plans.
14. Esprit de Corps – Organizations should strive to promote team spirit and unity.

Fayol's Six Functions of Management

● Forecasting.
● Planning.
● Organizing.
● Commanding.
● Coordinating.
● Controlling.

LESSON 15
Theory X Assumptions
The average man is by nature he works as little as
1. He lacks ambition, dislikes responsibility, and prefers to be led.
2. He is inherently self-indifferent to objectives is organizational needs.
3. He is by nature resistant to change.
4. He is gullible, not very bright and easily duped by charlatan or demagogue.

Theory Y Assumptions
1. The expenditure of lazy, physical and mental effort is as possible natural play or rest.
2. Man will exercise self- direction and selfcontrol in service of objectives to which he is committed
3. Committed to centered and a function of rewards, and the most significant of these, e.g.,
satisfaction of ego and selfactualization needs can follow from the pursuit of organizational
objectives.
4. The average person under proper conditions not only to accept but also seek responsibility
5. The capacity to exercise relatively high degree of imagination, creativity and ingenuity in solution
of organizational problems is widely, not narrowly distributed in the population.
6. Under current organizational conditions, the intellectual potential of the average human beings is
only partially utilized.

LESSON 16
Trait Theories - traits
Behavioral Theories - behavior
Situational Theories - situation

LESSON 17

LEADER STYLE
● Laissez-Faire Leadership
- This type is the largely hands-off with minimal direction and supervision from the manager to
the staff. The key to using this method is having well trained and efficient directors who can
work as intermediaries between you and your employees.
● Autocratic Leadership
- This is a leadership style that has become something of a relic in today's business
environment. The reason is that most employees work better without the overbearing
presence of their boss around at all times. However, there are some who would argue that the
Autocratic methods are still as effective as they were in Feudal Europe - but only if properly
balanced with feedback and face time.
● Participative Leadership
 - The third approach is to find a happy medium between the above two methods. These
managers back-off more to allow people to tap their creativity and think independently using
their own initiative, while still maintaining enough control to guide the overall vision of teams
without imposing their own vision on their decisions. In short, you're giving them a much
greater lead and will need to be more trusting of decisions made by your directors.

Other Leadership Styles

● Situational Leadership
- This has leaders using their leadership skills in different methods depending on if the situation
calls for task or relationship-oriented decisions.
● Transactional Leadership
- This technique has you getting things done within the current methods accepted by the
industry. Many people refer to this method as a "by the book" management style.
● Transformational Leadership
- The opposite of Transactional, Transformational Leadership revolves around breeding change
in as many ways as possible.
● Strategic Leadership
- Many large corporations, as well as the armed forces, use this leadership style - essentially
working to outwit an opponent at every step.

LESSON 18
FILIPINO MANAGEMENT STYLES
A. Manager by kayod the term kayod means to work hard in order to have a best result this kind of
manager is super-workaholic and so dedicated with his work. True to his nature of application, he is
formal, introvert and is no susceptible to bribery.
B. Manager by lusot. The term lusot means to pass through in a certain difficult or hideous
circumstance. As a result, his style is more on always finding ways that he can avoid any complains or
make excuses everytime his management fails or to find loopholes at once as an alibi.
C. Manager by libro. Libro in English is book or he is called “bookish” This kind of person truly relies
on the guiding rules of the book or any kind of manual that he uses. He is known to be systematic and
analytical and has sufficient formal training.
D. Manager by oido. This person learns his skills by oido or by ear. Sometimes they are called as
“graduates of Hard Knocks University” meaning by experience using a practical way. He is in contrast
to the libro manager.
E. Manager by ugnayan. He has the skills that are a combination of all types of manager.
According to Ernesto Franco (1980), he is one type of manager now, and different in another time,
depending on the situation. He is a gifted reconciler of all philosophies and beliefs held by various
managers. He integrates various styles of management depending on the need and conditions of his
organization. He is participatory and coordinative.

LESSON 19
- Planning is a strategic act of deciding in advance what is to be done, who are to be involved, how
to be carried and when to be done.

Natures of Planning
1. It must be a goal oriented. This shows that your plan has something to be accomplished at the end.
2. The essence of primacy in planning. Planning is the beginning before other necessary parts or
actions can be executed. For instance, if you are going to operate and engineering company engage
in construction business, there must be a blue print of plans before you are going to hire people who
will manage your business.
3. Pervasiveness of planning. Planning should be done by “all” leaders in a certain organization. It
should not only be done by the head of a certain department.
4. Efficiency of plans. This is a measurement or calibration on how workable is the plan. That is why
managers before they implement a certain course of action, they consider plan A, plan B or even plan
C if one fails, the other shall be applied.

LESSON 20
STEPS IN PLANNING
1. Clarify the problem
2. Obtain complete information about the activities involved.
3. Analyze and classify the information.
4. Establish planning premises and constraints

LESSON 21
Planning is done because of the following reasons:
1. To offset uncertainty and change. This means planning will be an effective instrument in removing
some unpredictable negative incidents that may happen along the operation. If there is planning,
heavy cost of expenses and labor will be minimized.
2. To focus attention on objectives. Planning is the base line by which a certain organization has to
determine, pay attention and focus for a productive result of the activities of the different organizations
to move in unity.
3. To gain economical and efficient operations. Planning is a measuring gauge or a best instrument to
avoid waste of time, money and effort because everything is packed systematically.
4. To facilitate control. A plan can help the monitor on the operation of the company for the
accomplishment and failures.

Guidelines for Good Planning

1. Be sure that there is a specific objective. It should be clearly done and the main target of the
operation; rather than making a messy effect.
2. The aforementioned must be done because the main purpose of the plan will mobilize the
operation. A plan should produce a good end result, meaning it should be applied or else it will just
remain a piece of paper placed on the table to be watch.
3. If it covers a lot of people, coordination, communication and cooperation should be
employed.
4. Plan is to be revised for a better result. Possible changes of some provisions of the plan for
improvement should be done to be in pace with the fast-changing events/technology of the present
time.
5. Planning should be also delegated to other reliable or designated people within the company. In
other words, there should be no manipulation in planning, the so-called participative planning can be
effective.
6. All plans are tentative and interim. There should be a space to any changes, it should not be
always permanent. Flexibility should be adopted to adjust it to any occurrence of incidents that could
not be avoided.

LESSON 22
● A work plan represents the formal road map for a project. It should clearly articulate the
required steps to achieve a stated goal by setting demonstrable objectives and measurable
deliverables that can be transformed into concrete actions. An effective plan serves as a
guiding document, enabling the realization of an outcome through efficient team collaboration.
● Before developing the methodology to create an effective plan, it can be useful to define
some relevant nomenclature. Goals, strategy, objectives and tactics are terms that are often
used interchangeably. However, each has a specific meaning.
● A work plan is an important tool that helps a project to assign tasks, manage workflow and
track the various components and milestone deadlines. A work plan often has a duration of
 six to 12 months, but it can be adjusted, based on a specific need within the company.
Implementing work plans helps articulate strategies to employees in a way to improve team
member focus and drive. Review these key components when developing work plans to
ensure you are not overlooking important details.

LESSON 23
Guidelines for preparing a work plan
Step 1: Determine the End Goal/Result
● The very first thing you need to know is exactly what it is that you hope to achieve with your
plan. You need a specific and measurable outcome that you are seeking to achieve or you will
never actually know if you’ve achieved the objective. Now, whether this is a huge, overarching
goal or a somewhat smaller one is up to you. Work plans (while commonly saved for large
projects) can most definitely still be used for smaller ones. The key is to have something that
can be reached through multiple steps and that is SMART. These goals are the ones that will
be achievable.
● A SMART goal is Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant and Time-Bound. That means
you need to know what is being done and why. You also need to be able to measure the
results and know that the goal has been achieved. You also need to be able to achieve the
goal. Is it realistic to get it done the way you’re attempting? It should be relevant, which
means each of the steps within the goal needs to add up to the final result you’re looking for.
And finally, it needs to be time-bound, which means there needs to be a specific time frame
for when it’s done.
Step 2: Break it down
● Next, you’ll need to break down the overarching goal into smaller steps that can easily be
handled by a single person or a smaller team. Each of these steps should be specific and
measurable so that every member of the team can tell when they have been achieved. If the
steps are too large or too variable it can be difficult to determine if that step is complete and if
the next team or individual can get started on their steps to move the project forward. It can
also be difficult for the individual working on that step to understanding what they’re trying to
achieve.
● Using a Gantt chart and your SMART goal setting makes it easy to accomplish this.
Step 3: Assign Roles
● Take a look at each of the different steps that need to be done for your ultimate goal to come
to fruition. Now, take a look at each of the smaller steps that you’ve determined need to be
accomplished. Finally, take a look at the team you have at your disposal to assign these tasks
to. What are their strengths? Where would they be able to help push the project forward?
Which tasks would each member excel at the most? That’s how you want to take the initiative
and assign the tasks out so that each person is working in an area where they will perform
best.

Step 4: Set Deadlines

● Each of your tasks should have a deadline attached to it so each member knows what they’re
working toward and how long they have to do it. If they don’t have a set deadline it becomes
very difficult to hold anyone to get their tasks completed. After all, they have as long as they
want, right? That’s not the case so take the time to set the deadlines that everyone needs to
stick to and make sure that each member of the team knows their deadline. They should
know the deadline for their task, for the task immediately before theirs and for the overall
project (at a minimum) so they can make sure that their tasks are performed on time and
consistent with the overall timeline that you’re looking for.
Step 5: Follow-Up with Everyone
● You want to make sure that you’re following up with every member of the team to make sure
that everyone is following the rules and the deadlines that have been set for them. This
 doesn’t mean you need to walk into every office and see what’s happening. With the right
work plan and Gantt Chart you’ll be able to check in on the employee progress that’s going on
without ever having to walk into those offices. These charts allow you to set to-dos and see
who is following the plan and the schedule. You’ll also be able to see where your team is
struggling.
Step 6: Keep Everyone on Task
● If you’re following up with everyone who is involved in this project you should immediately
know if something is going wrong. You should also be able to immediately make changes to
the process, the people involved or the steps involved if you find this to be the case. Even
more important, you can see where people are getting off track or not pulling their weight.
These aspects make it easier for you to get the project done on time and a budget because
you’re on top of it all.
Step 7: Set Check-Ins
● Chances are there are several people within the team that you’re working with that need to
work with others. They may not need to work directly together all the time, but they probably
have at least a few stages of the project that they need to communicate about. Set up
check-in times for the members of the full team to get together and discuss what’s going on
and to ask any questions they may have of you or the other team members. This allows the
project to stay on task and allows each of your team to interact with one another positively,
face to face.
● Now, when it comes to check-in you want to make sure that you’re doing it effectively. Even
though this isn’t just about you checking in with your employees, but about everyone checking
in with each other, there are some tips and that you can get some benefit out of. For one
thing, you should respect that their time is valuable and that you don’t want to take up too
much of it. You should also not be afraid to ask for help or clarification in understanding some
aspects of the work plan and project. If you don’t understand that’s fine, but if you try to tell
someone else what to do when you don’t know what you’re talking about it’s only going to
cause more trouble in the long run.
Step 8: Review the Work
● Once the project is complete or even after each stage of the project is complete you may
want to take a closer look to see if everyone is following along with the work plan. It’s entirely
possible that they are not getting the tasks done quite right or that the work plan needs to
change because something else has changed. Maybe they didn’t complete the task to the
level that you were expecting or required. Whatever it is you are the one that is in charge.
You’re the one who needs to make sure that everything meets standards.
● If you come across a section of the project that doesn’t meet the standards that have been
set that’s the time that you should be doing a little more digging and looking to see just why it
didn’t work out the way it was supposed to. You may find yourself having to get parts of the
project redone and the sooner you recognize that the better off you and the project as a whole
are going to be. You won’t have as much downtime where nothing is happening when it
should.
Step 9: Evaluate the End Result
● When the project is fully completed and presented to you that doesn’t mean that everything is
done. That means that the team believes they have completed all of the stages of the work
plan, but there could be more to the process. Your job, as the final project manager, is to take
a look at the finished result. Whether your project is a paper, a physical object or something
else entirely, you need to make sure that the result is what you wanted (or if what you wanted
wasn’t possible it’s an effective result).
Step 10: Move On
● Now it’s time for you to get started on the next project. If you have something lined up already
it’s time to just jump right in and see what you can make of it. If you don’t have anything yet
you may not need your team to do anything. Instead, you can just sit back, relax and wait for
 the team to be needed again. This is the stage where, no matter what else, you’re going to
turn off the work plan you’ve created and be done with it once and for all. If you do have
another project that needs to be completed, you’re going to need a new work plan, after all.
So, take a close look, make sure your work plan is complete, and then get on with the rest of
your work schedule.

● When it comes down to it, you need a work plan that is going to work for you and that’s
possible if you know what you’re doing. You need to make sure that you are completing each
task efficiently and effectively. You need to make sure that you are planning every step in the
best way possible, and you also need to make sure that you’re keeping everyone to the job
that they are supposed to be doing. All of this can be done with the right work plan and
definitely with the use of a Gantt chart.