A-4

CONTENTS
SYLLABUS
UNIT I
Power System Network Matrices
- 1: B.E. VIll Semester (Electrical)
Definitions of Graph theory
P.5
Incidence Matrices
Primitive matrices
P. UNIT I
P.10
Calculation of Network matrices by Singular Transformation cidence and etwork Matrices: Graph
incidence
Methods
P.15 Matrices, Primitive network, formation of network
UNIT -II
Power System Network Matrices -2: matrices by Singular transformations.
Derivation of addition of branch and addition of link P.49,55
Formation of ZBus and YBUs by algorithms
UNIT II
P.60, A-1
Modification of Zeus for changes in power system Algorithm for formation of Bus Impedance and Bus
P.59
UNIT III
Admittance matrix for system without mutual coupling.
Three Phase Network Matrices:
Three phase balance and unbalanced network elements for UNIT
balance and unbalance excitation. P.87
Formation of sequence impedance matrix. Three phase Networks: Three phase balance network
P.93
Short Circuit Studies: elements with balanced and unbalanced excitation,
Short circit calculation for Balance three phase network using
ZBUs (Three incidence and network matrices for three phase element.
phase to ground fault and Line to ground fault)
P.185 to 199 Algorithm for formation of three phase bus impedance
UNIT-IV matrices without mutual coupling.
Load Flow Analysis:
Power system load flow equation .118 UNIT N
Solution technique: Newton-Raphson method in rectangular
equations,
Load Flow Studies: Power system load flow
form without PV bus P.129, 124, A-2
Transient Stability Studies Newton-Raphson and
SOution technique, Gauss-Seidel
Modlling of synchronous machine P.222
fast
Power system network for transient stability studies P.227 231
to
voltage control
Numerical solution of swing equation by Modified Euler method decoupled technique with and without
P.233 and phase shifting8
OUSes. Representation of tap changing

uanstormers, Elementary load flow progra Electrical)

SYSTEM (BE. VIl Sem.
COMP. APP. IN POWER
COMP. APP. IN POWER SYSTEM (B.Tech. VI Sem. Electri
 S
UNIT- V phase network short cirecuit
Three
Short circuit studies:
impendence matrix for balance and
calculations using bus
programme for short cire
unbalanced faults. Computer
system.
studies on simple
VM
UNIT
studies: Modelling of synchronous
Transient stability
power system network for transient stability
machine.
studies, Numerical, solution of swing equation by
modified Euler and Runge-Kutta 4th order method
Elementary computer programme for the transient stability
study.
 UNIT-I
NCIDENCEAND NETWORK
MATRICES
Define the following (in regard with power system
Define
Q.1.
network)
Element,
(a)
(b) Node,
(Graph, Subgraph,
(d) Path,
(e) Tree,
Co-tree,
Branch, Links,
(g)Loop, Basic loop,
(h) Cut-set, Basic cut-set,
Ans. (a) Element (e)
The geometric structure ot an electne power system network is
by single line
described by replacing the network components
segments known as elements
are called nodes.
(b) Node(n): The terminals of elements
is a terminal ot
A node and an element are incident if the node
the element
interconnection of
(c) Graph: A graph shows the geometrical
theelements of an electric power system network.
A graph is connected, if and only
if there is a path between
connected graph is
every pair of nodes. If each element of the
sub-graph.
asigned a direction, it is then oriented
of the graph.
subgraph is any subset of elements connected elements with no
(a) Path: A path is a subgraph of
more than two elements connected to any one node.
connected subgraph containing all nodes of a graph
(e) Tree: A
Dut no closed path is called a tree.
branches and
The elements of a tree are called
Branch (b):
connected graph.
is form a subset of the elemenis of the
a tree is
ne number of branches b required to form
b=n-1
Elect)
DD COMP. APP. IN ELECT. ENGG. (B.E. VIll Sem.
 IN G
ELECT. ENGG. (B.E.
(B.E. VIl
Vin ELECT. ENGG. (B.E. VIll Sem
VBD COMP. APP. Sem.Elect COMP. APP. Elect.)
BD
connected graph that are not incidend matrix. The elements of the
Link (): The elements of the eleme t-node matrix 2S
called links and form a subgraph,
included in the tree are not follows:
called the tree. 1 if the i element incident to and oriented away
necessarily connected, is

The number of links lof a

connected e elements
is
3ij
node.
- n+1 fromthej
l=e -b=e
(g) Loop: If a link
is added to the tree, the resultim
sulting graph
aij
1if the i element is incident to and oriented towards
called a loop.
contains one closed path, node.
ink forms one or more thejth
The addition of each subsequent,
aij -0. if the ith element is not incident to the j" node.
additional loops.
Basic Loop: Loops which contain only one link are The dimension of the matrix is e xn wheree is the number of
independent and are called basic loops. elements and n is the number of nodes in the graph.
a
The number of basic loops is equal to the number of links d Since
the orientations (of the basic loops)
are so chosen as to be sama
a0 1, 2...
of
i=
their links.
j=0
(h) Cut-set: A cut-set is a set of elements that, if removed
the columns of A are linearly dependent. Hence, the rank of
divides a connected graph into two connected subgraphs.
Basic cut-set: A<n.
Independent cut-sets are called basic cut-sets. (b) Bus Incidence mairix (A): -
The number of basic cut-sets is equal to the number of Any node of a connected graph can be selected as the reference
branches and the orientations are so chosen to be the same as that of node. Then, the variable of the other nodes, referred to as buses, can
their branches. be measured with respect to the assigned reference. The matrix
Q.2. Write short notes on: obtained from A by deleting the column corresponding to the
(a) Element-node Incidence matrix (A) reference node is the element-bus incidence matrix A which will be
called the bus incidence matrix. The dimension of the matrix is
(b) Bus Incidence matrix (A)
ex (n b, where b is the number of
=

(c)Branch-paths Incidence matrix (K) 1) and the rank is n 1

(d) Basic cut-set Incidence branches in the graph.
matrix (B)
(e) Augmented cut-set Incidence matrix (B) Ir the rows of A are arranged according to a particular tree, the
() Basic loop Incidence idx can be partitioned into submatrices Ab of dimension
matrix (C)
where the rows of
g) Augmented loop Incidence
matrix (C) A-1) and A, of dimension 1x (n - 1)

Ans. (a) Element-node b correspond to branches and the rows of A, to links.

Incidence matrix (A): -The
incidence of elements to nodes (K): -The incidence of
Incidence matrix
in a connected graph is shown o the Branch-path
branch-path inCidence
es to paths in a tree is shown by the
 Sem. E
ELECT. ENGG. (B.E. VIll Sem. LECT. ENGG. (B.E. VII
APP. IN Sem, Elect.)
BD COMP. APP.
IN
Elect COMP,
IP.
ference nOde,
from a bus to the reference
ND
nod Thaorrespondenceof the hr
of the branches and basic cut-sets.
matrix where a path is oriented
submatrix B can be obtained from the
elements of this matrix are: The bus incidence
is in the path from the jth bus incidence
incidence of links to buses is shown by the submatrix
1, it the ith branch to matr A.
The
incidencece of branches to busesis shown by
reterence is oriented in the same direction. andthe the submatrix
is in the path from the jth h.
A
Ay
a one-to-one correspondend of
kij =-1, if the ith branch busto Since there is the branches
and
the opposite direction. B.AA shows the incidence of links to buses, that
references but is oriented in cut-sets,
is.
basic
the ith branch not in the path from ith A BAp
1s
k 0,
= if bus
reference. Therefore,

The branch-path incidence matrix and the submatrix A Tl B=A,A

the branches to paths and branches to buses, respectively. Since there
th
addition, as shown in equation
In
is a one-to-one correspondence between paths and buses,
Ab= K
A,K =U
Theretore,
Therefore,

K' = A
B=AK
-
(e) Augmented cut-set Incidence matrix (B):
This is a non-singular square matriX with rank (n -1)
Fictitious cut-sets, called tie cut-sets, can be introduced in order
d) Basic cut-set Incidence matrix (B); -

The incidence of elements to basic cut-sets of a connected that the number of cut-sets equals the number of elements. Each tie

graph is shown by the basic cut-set incidence matrix B. The elements

cut-set contains only one link of the connected graph. An augmented
cut-set incidence matrix is formed by adjoining to the basic cut-set
of this matrix are:
incidence matrix additional columns corresponding to these tie cut
bii= 1, if the 1" element is incident to and oriented in the sets, A tie cut-set is oriented in the same direction as tne asS0Cidicu
same direction as the j basic cut-set. link. This is a square matrix of dimension exe and is nonsingular
(0 Basic loop Incidence matrix (C); -
bii -1, if the i element is incident to and oriented in the
The incidence of elements to basic loops of a connected graph
opposite direction as the
j" basic cut-set. 15 shown by the basic loop incidence matrix C. The elements of this

bij 0, if the element is not incident to the matrix are:

i basic cut-set.
in the
The basic cut-set incidence
matrix is of dimension, e x D ij 1, if the ith element is incident to and oriented

The matrix B can be partitioned Sune direction

as the jth basic loop.
into submatrices Ub a
oriented in the
B, where the rows of
U, correspond to branches and the rows of ij-1, if the ith element is incident to and
B to links. The identity -one Pposite direction as the
matrix U; shows the oneo jth basic loop.
 ELECT. ENGG. (B.E. VIll Ser IN ELEC ENGG. (B.E.
10
VBD COMP. APP. IN
ElectIBDCOMP, APP.
Sem. VIl Sem.
Elect.)
is not incident to the jth bas.loop numbers for
for direct current cuits and
=0, if the ith element
11
complex
Cij
dimension e
eal
termatingcurrent
circuits. numbers
for
is of
of
The basic loop
incidence matriX Is
ex1,ale erformance equanon or an element
into submatrices Cb and UU, where in impedanes
matrix C can be partitioned
rows
wr
linb
of U to Ks.
th Vpq pqpq pq ce form is
branches and the )
rows of Ch correspond to admittance formn Is
(C): orin
Augmented loop Incidence matrix pq pq
-
g) ipqtJpq
a connected graph is eo1o1. --(ii)
The number of basic loops in The parallel source
to the curre
rent in admittance form
is related
a
number of links. In order to have total
number of loops equal.
to
the series source ltage in impedance form by
number of elements, let (e ) loops, corresponding to pqepq
the Jpq
branches, be designated as open loops. An open loop then is lefined -(111)
A set of unconnected elements is defined as
by a branch.
branch The a primitive
as a path between adjacent nodes connected The performance equations of a primitive network
Ork, can be
rientation of an open loop 1s the same as that for the associated derived
ved from () or (11) by expressing the variables as vectors and
the
branch.
eters as matrices. The performance equation in impedance
The augmented loop incidence matrix is formed by adjoinine to is
form
the basic loop incidence matrix the columns showing the incidence
of elements to open loops.
Q.3. Show the representation of primitive network in
impedance and admittance form.
-E-E
S-02 (a)
Ans. Network-components represented both in impedance form
and in admittance form are shown in figure below. The performance
of the components can be expressed using either form. The variables
and parameters are:
Vpg is the voltage across the element p-q.
intin
pE-E
epg is the source voltage in series
with element p-q, (6)
component. (a)
pg is the current through Fig. Represen ta tions of a netoork
element p-q. admittance Jorm.
Impedance form; (b)
Jpq is the source current in parallel with element p-q
2pq IS the self-impedance of element p-q. V+ [zi
or in admittance
form is
Ypg is the self-admittance of element
p-q. = [ylV
i+j the primitive
Each element has two [z} or [y] of
variables Vpa and ipq In steady state, A diagonal element of the matrix self-admittance ypa,pg An
these variables and the are uetwork is the self-impedance Zpq.pq
cr
parameters of the elements Zpqan
 ELECT, ENGG. (8.E. VIl Som VI Sem. Elect)
COMP. APP, IN ELECT, ENGG, (B.E.
D COMP. APP. IN wp
wD
13

oft-diagonal element is the mutual

impedanCe pq.rs or the mu where EBR
vector of voltages across the branches,
p-q and r-s. The prim InR =vector of currents through the branches,
the elements
admittance PNIs between inverting
obtained by ing the prim ZuR =branch impedance matrix whose elements are
admittance matrix (yl can be and IyI
ma
are diagonal matrice
matrices [z) open-circuit driving-point and transfer impedaces of
mpedance matrix [z]. The
elements. In this Cao
Case, the branches of the network,
coupling between
t there is no mutual reciprocals or the correspe
Selt-impedances are equal to
the YnR = branch admittance matrix whose elements are
short-circuit driving point and transfer admittance of
self-admittances equations,
network pertormance the branches of the network.
Q4. Write down the A network is mad
adeu
Performance equations: In the loop frame of reference, the performance of an
Ans. Network bus frame
ne of
In the referen interconnected network is described by I independent loop equations
interconnected set of elements.
of an described by
an interconnected network is n- I is the number of linkS or basic loops. The performance
the performance of the number of des.
where
equation in impedance form is
where n is
independent nodal equations
An

performance equation in impedance form is

matrix notation, the ELoop ZLooplLoop
EgUS=ZBUS IBUS
or in admittance form
is
or in admittance form is ILoop YLoopLoop
IpUs YBUS Epus
where Epoop vector of basic loop voltages,
where EBUS = vector of bus voltages
measured with respect to th
ILoop Vector of basic loop currents,
reference bus.
ZLoop loop impedance matrix,
BUS =vector of impressed bus currents
YLoop loop admittance matrix,
ZBUS = bus impedance matrix whose elements are
open-circuit driving-point and transfer impedances. Q.5. Derive the relation to obtain Zioep from singular
transformation. S-00, 03, W-03]
YBUS = bus admittance matrix whose elements are
Ans. Loop impedance and Loop admittance
matrices
short-circuit driving-point and transfer admittances.
obtained by using
In the branch frame of reference, the performance of the The loop impedance matrix ZLoop can be
interconnected network is described by b independent branch C to relate the variables and
the basic loop incidence matrix
loop quantities of the
equations where b is the number of branches. In matrix notation, the parameters of the primitive network to
performance equation in impedance form is equation of the primitive
interconnected network. The performance
EBR ZBRIBR
= network.
or a admittance form is T+ = [z]
BR=YBR EBR is premultiplied by C' to obtain
 ENGG. (B.E. VIll Sem.
Sem, Elect.)
4
VBD COMP. APP. IN ELECT. cOMP. APr. IN ELECT. ENGG. (B.E. VIIl Sem. Elect.) 5

c'y+C'a
=
c'[z]i ---Gi) Table (1): Formation of network matrices by singular
the incidence of elements to transformations
Since the matrix C shows basic
algebraic sum of the voltage around each ho. Ndwork matrices
loops, C7 gives the
loop. In accordance with
Krichhoff's voltage law, the algebrain sum Primilive Loop Ba Branch
loop is zero. Hence,
of the voltages around a
c'v= ---(ii)
sum of the source voltao. ClaC
Similarly, C'e gives the algebraic tages LOOP ZB.

each basic loop. Therefore,

around
ELoop C'e -(ii)
AwIA
LOOP

Since power is invariant,

BMB
T Loop) ' ELoop (i
Substituting for E Loop from equation (iii), then
Table (2): Current and voltage relations between primitive
TLoop)' CtE = 6")E and interconnected networks.
Since this equation is valid for all values of e, it follows that
= (TLoop) C Frame of reference

Loop Bus Branch

Hence,
i C lLoop
ClLooP Taus A5 Ian= B
Since C is a real matrix,
c'=C, and i =ClLoop ------(iv)
BLooP CH -ABus BEDE
Substituting from equations (i), (iii) and (iv) into (G) yields,
ELoop C'I2/ClLoop --(V)
The performance equation of the network in the loop can be obtained from
frame of The loop admittance matrix
reference is
-1
ELoop Z1oop Loop YLoop Loop
-----(vi)
and it follows from equations (v)
and (vi) that = (C'[Z] c)
matrix
ZLoop C'[z]C Q.6. Derive the relation to obtain Bus admittance
IS-02]
Since C from singular transformation.
is a singular matrix, matrices:- The bus
transformation of [z]
C[z]C is a singuia Ans. Bus admittance and bus impedance
the bus incidence
admittance matrix YBUS Can be obtained by using
 16 BD COMP. APP. IN ELECT. ENGG. (B.E. VIl
Sem.
Sem
Elect COMP.AR IN ELECT. ENGG. (B.E, VIl Sem. Elect)
matrix A to relate the variables and parameters of the
the primitive ND
(G')'v
network to bus quantities of the interconnected network. Gy'A EBUS =
performance equation of the primitive network
The
ince this equation is valid for all values of j, it follows that
i+j= [yV
AEBUS = ---(7)
is premultiplied by A', the transpose of the bus incidence
matri Substituting from equations (7) into (4), we obtain
obtain to
BUSA TyJA EBUS. ----(8)
Ai+A'j=A'Ty) -----(1) network is
Since the matrix A shows the incidence of elements Since the performance equation of the
to
Ses, igUS = YBUs EBUS -----9)
Ai a vector in which each element is the algebraic sum ofthe
is
from equations (8) and (9) that
currents through the network elements terminating at it follows
a bus. n
accordance with Kirchhoff's current law, the algebraic
sum of the YBUS =A y]A
currents at a bus is zero. e
is singular and therefore A'[y]A
The bus incidence matrix A
Then
singular transtormatiori of [y].
A'i =0 is a
2) The bus impedance matrix can be obtained from
Similarly, A'j
gives the algebraic sum of the source
currents = (A°[y]A)
ZBUS YBÚs
at each bus and equals the vector of impressed
bus currents.
Therefore 0.7. Derive the relation to obtain Branch Impedance
matrix from singular transformation. S-01, W-00, 02)
BUS = A'j
-----(3) Ans. Branch admittance and Branch impedance matrices:
Substituting from equations (2) and (3) into (1) yields
The branch admittance matrix YBR Ccan be obtained by using
BUS= A'Iy -(4) cut-set incidence matrix B to relate the variables and
the basic
Power into the network is (IBUS) EBUS and the
sum of the parameters of the primitive network to branch quantities of the

powers in the primitive network is interconnected network. The performance equation of the primitive
(j*)'v. The power in the
primitive and interconnected networks must be equal, network in admittance form is premultiplied by B° to obtain
that is, the
transformation of variables must be power-invariant.
Hence B'i+B'j=B'Iy - -(1)
TBUS)'EBUS =
G'v ----- Since the matrix B shows the incidence of elements to basic
Taking the conjugate transpose of equation
(3), Cut-sets, B'i is a vector in which each element is the algebraic sum
BUs)
Since A is
=
''A
areal matrix
of thecurrents through the elements incident to a basic cut-set.
The elements of a basic cut-set if removed divide the network

A = A, and (TBUS) = (G'A -(6)

into two connected subnetwork. Therefore, an element of the vector

Substituting from equation (6) into

(5), we obtain B'i is the algebraic sum of the current entering a subnetwork and by
irchhoff's current law, it is zero. Therefore
 ABD COMP. APP. IN ELECT. (B.E.Vill
ENGG. (B.E. VIl Sen 19
Sem.Elect Elect.)
= IN ELECT. ENGG. (B.E. VII Sem.
Bi 0 aMBD COMP.
APP.
power system element-node
Similarly, Bj is a vector in which each element -(ii Prob.1.For a particular
ement
algebraic sum of the source currents of the elements incident . the
is A is given by,
incidence matrix
basic cut-set and is the total source current in parallel with a the
Therefore
0
IBR = B 1
Substituting from equations (ii) and (iii) into i) yields (i) =|0
1
IBR B'ly] ------(1) 1
Power into the network is (lBR) (EBR) and since power
i Find:
invariant
(i) Branch-path incidence
matrix.
(BR)' EBR =
G (ii) Basic cut-set matrix.
Obtaining (lBR) from equation (iii), then (w.03)
(ii) Loop incidence matrix.
G'B EBR
Since B is a real
G)'v =
Soln. Given eln 1 2 3
0
matrix -1 0

B B and GBEBR =G)v 21 0-1 0

Since this equation is valid for all values of j, it follows that A = 30 0-1 1

BEBR --------(V)
4
0 1 O-1

Substituting from equation (v) into (iv) yields

5 0 1 -1 0

IBR B'[y]BE BR Drawing the basic sample network from the above
---(vi)
The relation between the branch currents and the branch
voltage is
IBR YBR EBR --(Vii)
lt follows from equations (vi) and (vii) that
YBR
B
y]B
The basic cut-set matrix B is a singular matrix and theretore
B'ly]B is a singular transformation of [y].
The branch impedance matrix can be obtained from
ZBR YBR = (B'[y]B)
AD COMP. APP. IN ELECT. ENGG. (B.E, VIII Sem. Elect.) 21

Prob.2. Find Ypr for a power system shown in fig.Q

dcl. Positive
sequence reactances of the comp. are marked on
diagram. (W.03)

04 PUU 06 PU

1025 PU

-
0
0 1025 PU

Soln. The corresponding oriented graph

O
Basic cut set matrix B
elcs (A) (B) (C)

0 0
B_20 1
B 4
0
0 0 1

-1 1
a-1
1 0 0-1
B 0 10 -1
0 01
As YBR B ly]B
Now from the given data
22 ABD COMP. APP. IN ELECT. ENGG. (B.E.
VIl S Elect.) 23
IN ELECT. ENGG. (B.E. VII Sem.
0.1025 0 0. 0 WD
COMP. APP. IN

0 10
Z =
0.4 0 0
0 0.6 0
0 0 0.1025

0.4 0 0 20 0 22
0 0.1025
=yl= 0 0
0.1025
o L3
0 0.6 30
0
10 0 -1 0.4 0 0
YBR =0 10 0.1025 0
-1
0 0 1 1 0.1025 0
0 0.6
1 0 0 0.12
0 1 0 Soln. (i) Corresponding Oriented Graph.
0 01 3
-1 -1 1
1
0.6 0.6
0.60.7025 -0.6
2
L-0.6 -0.6 0.7025
Prob.3. A four Bus sample system is shown in figure
Consider ground as reference and the values mentioned as self
impedances in p.u., obtain the following :
(i) Oriented Graph, Tree and Co-Tree.
Gii) Basic loop incidence matrix.
(iii) Basic cut-set incidence matrix. Where Branch (tree)

(iv) Verify the relation Ch =

-B'
-- Link ( cotree)

(v) Form loop impedance matrix. [S-03

24 ARD COMP. APP. IN ELECT. ENGG. (B.E.
B.E. VIII 25
ELECT, ENGG, (B.E, VII Sem. Elect.)
VIll Se
Sem. APP. IN
(i) Basic Loop Ineidence Matrix Elea aMD COMP.
ele
1 2 3 4 5 6
11 o.1 0 0 0 0 0
0
0 0.2 0 0
Cb 0
-1
C 0 0.22 0
-1 0 0 00 0.3
U 0 0 0 0 0.43 00

0 0 0 0 0.12
(iii) Basic cut-set Incidence Matrix Now Loop impedance matrix ZLoop
B D
0
ZLoop =C'[z]C
20 1
0 0 01 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0
U 0 02 0 0 0 0
B
0 0 0 1
10 0 -1 1
0|| 0 0 022 0 0 0 0 1
5-1 0 0 1
B 11 1-1 -
10 0 0 03 0 0
4-1 -1 -1 1
0 0 0 0 043 01 0
0 0 0 0 0 012] 0 1
iv) Impedance matrix 0.83 0.4

10.10 0 0 0 0 0
0.4 0.94|

0.2 0 0 0
0
0 0.0 0.22 0 0 (IV) C = 0
0 0 0.30 0 0 0
5 0 0 00 0.43 0 -1-
-1 0
6 0 0 0 0 0 0.12
B-1-1 -1
-
0
Therefore B=
-1 -1
which is equal to Cb
1.e. The primitive impedance matrix of the given network
Hence proved that Ch =- B
 26 VBD COMP. APP. IN ELECT, ENGG.
(B.E, VIl Sem 27
Sem. APP. IN ELECT, ENGG. (B.E,
VII Sem. Elect.)
Prob.4. Find YBR for a power system Elec VIWD cOMP,
shown in gure
Positive sequence reactances of the comp. are markoa 1 00 1
diagram. B,-0
1
0 1
(W.03)
00 1
1

04 PU 0 6 PU
Now y= z
networkk
impedance matrix of the given
and the primitive
O.1025 0 0 0
0.1025 PU
0.4 0
0-1025 PU Z 0 0 0.6 0

0 0 0.1025
Soln. YBR = ? find out [y).
Using partitioning method of matrices to
Now as YpR = (B' [y]B) 9.75 0 0 0
First we will evaluate the Basic cut set matrix B. 2.5 0
Corresponding oriented graph (with branches and links, i.e. we get, y= 1.67 0
0 0
tree
and co-tree) 0 9.756|

0 0
975 0
o 25 0
0 01 0 0
YBR 0 10 1
0 0 1
0
0 01 1J|o
0 167
o 975
00 0 1
o |1 1

19.506 9.756 9.756

YBR 9.756 12.256 9.756
9.756 9.756 11.426
A BC 0.0938 -0.034 -0.051
11 0 01 -
0.034 0.267 -0.198
B-2/0 -0.051 -0.198 0.3
B 30 and therefore,
0 11 Prob.5.Derive an expression for Branch admittance matrix
41 1

using singular transformation.

Soln.: The corresponding oriented graph of the given network
28 29
VBD COMP. APP. IN ELECT. ENGG. (B.E. VIII Sem, Elect IN ELECT. ENGG. (B.E, VII Sem. Elect.)
act) cOMP. APP.
VDD
to be verified B = Aj. K'
iv) Relation

B =0 0 1

[o -1 0
A =0 1
-1
0 0

-1 0 0
(i) Bus Incidence Matrix; K' =-1-1 0

-1 -1-1
1-1 0
o -1 0 [-1 0 11 0 01
-i-1 -1-1 o-0
0
=0 1
A K 1

2 -1 0 Ab
-1-1 -111
1
1

A 01
0 0

4 0 -1 0 A (b) YBUS = A'[y]A

5 0 1
0.11 0 0 00 0 0

6 0 0 -1 0 0.23 0 0 0 0
(ii) Branch Path Matrix 0 0 0.4 0 0 0
00
Z
elpath
0 0 0.13 0
0 0 0 0.6 0
1-1-1 -

0 0 0 0.14
K =2 0 -1
-1 9.09 0 0 0 0 0
30 0
0 4.35 0 0 0 0
ii) Basic cut-set Matrix
elb y=z 0
0
0
0
2.5
0 7.692
0
0 0
10 0 00 0 1.67 0
2 01 0
0 0 0 0 7.142
00 1
Ub
B= Now A [y]A
1 0
-1 1
0 0 0
0
0 0 1

B =0 -1 1
-1 1

0x
6 1 1

00 -1 0-1 -1]
30 31
VBD COMP. APP. IN ELECT. ENGG. (B.E.
E. VIl
VIll Sem
Sem. ENGG. (B.E, VIl
Sem. Elect.)
Elec INELECT.
9.09 0 0 cOMP
MP. APP.
0 0 0 -1 0 VID
00 Incidence Matrix (A)
4.35
0
0
2.5
0
0
0
0
0
0
1-1
10
() Bus
0 0 0
1-
0 0 0 7.692 0 0
0-1 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 1.67 0 0
1 0
I0
0 0 0 0 0 7.142 0 0 A =4 0
0 -1 0 0
13.44 -
4.35 0

-4.35 16.212 -4.17 -1

7 0 I
0
4.17 11.312 (K)
0
(ii) Branch Path Matrix
Problem.6. For the network shown in figure, assume Not.
3 is reference Node and find the following matrices : 1-1 -1-1 -1
K=20-1
) Bus incidence matrix (i) Basic loop incidence matrix
0 -1
i) Basic cut-set incidence matrix (iv) Branch pal 0 0 1 0
-1
incidence matrix.
4 0 0
Incidence Matrix (B)
0

3 (iit) Basic cut-set

A BCD
0 0 0
1
1

0 0
2 0 1

3 0 0
1
0

B 4| 0 0 0 1

Soln. The corresponding oriented graph of the given network 5110

6 1 101
0.

7 0 1
0 1

(iv) Basic Loop Incidence Matrix (C)

A B C
-10
O 2-10 -1 -1
0 1

5 C 4 0 -1 -1
10 0

3 ref, node
01 0
70 0 1
32 33
BD COMP. APP. IN ELECT. ENGG. (0.E. ELECT. ENGG, (8.E. VII Sem, Elect.)
sem.t
Vi Bem APP. IN
Prob.7. Consider the following given power Elea DD
COMP
power
network. systen

ot
Calculate the incidence matrices.
-7
s-5
Solution: -
The corresponding single line and orient
nted b-4
connected graph is drawn below (with 0 as reference node) Branch 1-3
-- Link
cotree of the orien ted connected graph.
Fig. Tree and

(a) Inçidence matrix (A)

(a) Element-node

(6)
1
3

-
O A 4

(c)
Figure: Power system representation
(a) Single line diagram
(b) Positive sequence network diagram
(C) Oriented connected graph
 35
(B.E. VII Sem.
Elect.)
BD a.E. VIll Sem.
COMP. APP. IN ELECT. ENGG. (B.E. Sem cOMP.APP IN ELECT. ENGG.
Ele D and. Tie cut-set
(b) Bus Incidence matrix (A) cut-set Incidence matrix (B)
(d) Basic
(B)
Incidence matrix
bus
bus Buses

As

AL

Basic cut-set
Tie cul-set

Fig. Basic and tie cut-gets of the orien ted connec ted graph.
(c) Branch path Incidence matrix (K)

With node 0 as reference, the branch-path incidence mati

Basic cut-sets Basic cut-sets
assoicated with the tree shown in Fig. above is B C

path
Us

B 4
2 -
5

6 B
36
BD COMP. APP. IN ELECT. ENGG. (B.E. VI som.
Eleu ELECT. ENGG. (B.E, VII Sem. Elect.)
31
Basio cut-aeta Tie eut-eote COMP. AP
APP. IN

A B D RD Basio loope Baaie loopa

C
8- 3

- C
5

U
Basic cut-sets Tie eut-sets

Us 0
The matrix (a) can be partitioned as follows
Open loops Basic loops
B C D E G

B U

1
3
(e) Basic loop Incidencè matrix (C) and Augmented 1
1 -1
Incidence matrix (C) C4

Open loops Basic loops

U C
Basic lop
- Open loop
0 U
 39
IN ELECT. ENG0, (8.E. VIf Sem. Elec1.)
38 D cOMP, APP. IN ELECT. ENGa. (B.E. vIl Gem.
Sem. cOMP. APP.
EleuVD
Prob.8.
TO

(1)
(2)
Fig. Sample netuwork.
-- -Dranch
Linh Fig. Tree and cotres
of the oriented eonnacted
sroph of sampla natioork,
a. Form the incidence matrices A, A, K, B, B, C, and connected graph of
a. The branches and links of the oriented
for the network shown in Fig. above. network are shown in figure above. The element-node incidence
the
b. Form the network matrices YBUS» YBR, and ZLonn0op
h
matrix is
singular transformations.
Soln.
The impedance data for the sample network is given in Tahl e
below: 2

Element Bus code

Self
Impedance Bus code
Mutual
Impedance
A 3 -1
number p-9 Zpq.pq r-s pq.rs
1-2(1) 0.6
1-3 0.5 1-2(1) 0.1
3-4 0.5
Selecting node 1
as the reference, the bus incidence matrix is
1-2(2) 0.4 1-2(1) 0.2
bus
5 2-4 0.2

The network contains four nodes and five elements, that is,
=
n=4 and e 5. The number of branches is

b=n-1=3
A
-1
and the number of basic loops is

l=e- n+ 1
=2
 41
VBD COMP. APP. IN ELECT. ENGG. (B.E. VIll APP IN ELECT. ENGG. (B.E. VIl Sem. Elect.)
Sem. Elect VBD COMP.
.

El
The branch-path incidence matrix is

path

3 -
The basic and tie cut-sets of the oriented connected graph
ph
the network are shown in fig. below. The basic cut-set incidenes
Basic loop
Open loop
D

loops
Fig. Basic and open
of the oriented con-
nected graph of sample
network.
matrix is
A BC The augmented cut-set incidence matrix is

AB C D E
2

B 3

The basic and open loops of the oriented connected graph are
shown in Fig. below. The basic loop incidence matrix is

D E

O
-
Fig. Basic and tie
C- 3
Basic cut-set cut-sets the oriented
Tie cul t connected graph of sample
network.
42 VBD COMP. APP. IN a.E. VIl
ELECT. ENGG. (B.E. VIl Sem.
Ser 43
Elee
ELECT. ENGG. (B.E. VIl
Sem. Elect.)
The augmented loop incidence matrix is aND COMP. APP. IN
obtained by singular
admittance matrix
The bus
N B C D E ransformation is

C = 3

7
of the sample networkkis
b. The primitive impedance matrix :

12 3 4 5

1 0.6 0.1 0.2

2 0.1 0.5
le] =3 0.5

0.2 0.4

0.2

By inversion, the primitive admittance matrix is

5
1 2 3

2.083-0.417 -1.042
-0.417 2.083 0.208
0

ul3 2.000

-1.042 0.208 3:021

5.000
44
VD COMP. APP. IN ELECT. ENGG. (B.E.
VIl Sem. ENGG. (B.E, VII Sem. Elect.)
45

Elect APP, IN ELECT.

The loop impedance kuD COMP,
WWD a singular
matrix obtained by a singu admittance matrix obtaíned by
transformation is The branch
transformation is

38
E
 ENGG. (B.E.VIl
VIL (B.E, VII Sem. Elect) 7
46 D COMP. APP. IN ELECT. Sem.Elec COMP,APP,IN ELECT. ENGG.
D Consider
OUESTION A four Bus sample system is shown in figure.
REPEATEDLY ASKED UNIVERSITY ONS Prob.3.
primitive ne ence and the values mentioned as self impedances in
referen
Q.1. Show the representation
of network ground as following
impedance and admittance form. IS-02 the
p.u, obtain
Refer Q.3,P.10] ) Oriented Graph, Tree and Co-Tree.
obtain loop from singula incidence matrix,
Q.2. Derive the relation to singu (ii) Basic loop
[S-00, 03, W-03 incidence matríx.
transformation. (iii) Basic cut-set
[Refer Q.5,P.13] =-B
matriv (iv) Verify the relation Cb
Q.3. Derive the relation to obtain Bus admittance Ax irom
matrix. IS-03)
singular transformation. [S-02 (v) Form loop impedance
Refer Q.6,P.15) [Refer Prob.3,P. 22]
Q.4. Derive the relation to obtain Branch Impedance
nce matrix Prob.4. Find YBR for a power system shown in figure.
from singular transformation. S-01, W-00, 021 sequence reactances of the comp. are marked on diagram.
Positive
Refer Q.7,P.17] (w.03)
Prob.1.For a particular power system element-node incidenos
[Refer Prob.4,P.26]
matrix A is given by,

|1 -1 0 0
1 0 -1 0
A =0 0 -1 1

1
0-1
0 1-1 0
Find
) Branch-path incidence matrix.
(i) Basic cut-set matrix.
(ii) Loop incidence matrix. (W.03)
[Refer Prob.1, P.19]
Prob.2. Find YBR for a power system
shown in fig.Q 10).
Positive sequence reactances
of the comp. are marked on diagram.
(W.03)
IRefer Prob.2,P.21]
 UNIT-II COMP, APPL. IM ELECT, ENGG.(B.E. VIl Sem, Elect)
49
aD
ALGORITHMS FOR FORMATION x
m+l) x (m+1). The
new voltage and current vectors are a dimension
OF NETWORK MATRICES o 41)x1, To determine the new bus impedance matrix requires
elements in the new row and column.
the calculation of the
Q.1. Show the representation of partial networl And onl partial network
If p-q is a link, no new bus is added to the
Write down the performance equation of the same.
case, the dimensions of the matrices in the performance
Ans. Performance equation of a partial network: The Ia this
elements of the bus impedance
representation of partial network is shown in figure below, equation are unchanged, but all the
Assume that the bus impedance matrix ZBUs is known Tor
for matrix must be recalculated to include the effect of the added link
a
partial network of m buses and a reference node 0. The performa
nance Q.2. Derive equations useful for formation of ZBUS
equation of this network, is element p-q is a branch to the exísting partíal
when the added
EBUS = ZBUSIBUS network
network Start from performance equations of a partial
and its representation.
Ans. Addition of a branch
The performance equation for the partial network with an
Partial E2
Ne twork
E1 added branch p-q is written below
P m

E Z Z12 Z1p
Zm 14
Em
E2 Z21 Z22 Lap Zam Z2a l2

Reference.

Ep
=P
Zp Zp2 Lpp Zpm Lpa p
where EBUS = an m xl vector of bus voltages measured
with respect to the reference node.
IBUS = an mxI vector of impressed bus currents. Zml Zm2 Zmp Lmm mq
Em m
When an element p-q is added to the partial network it may

be a branch or a link.
Eq Zgl Zg2 Lqp Zqm Laa
If p-q isa branch, a new bus q is added to the partial
network and the resultant bus impedance matrix is of dimension
1
48 VBD COMP. APPL. IN ELECT. ENGG. (VIll Sem. Elecl
 UNIT-II
ALGORITHMS FOR
FORMAT
ATION WwDCOMP. APPL,
IN ELECT ENGG.(8.E. VIl Sem, Elect) 49

NETWORK TRICE Iont:1) X (m+1). The new voltage and current vectors are a dimension
OF (m )xl. To determine the new bus impedance matrix requires
+1)x1,
netu
representation of partial twork only the
calculation of the elements in the new row and column.
Q.1. Show the
performance equation
of the same. If p-q is a ink, no new bus is added to the partíal network.
write down the
equation of a partial netwe etwork: this case, the dimensions of the matrices in the performance
Ans. Performance figure below
The fa

is shown in all the elements of the bus impedance

representation of partial
network eauation are unchanged, but
impedance matrix ZBUS Is isis known
kno link.
Assume that the bus for matrix must be recalculated to include the effect of the added
reterence
ce node
node 0.
0. The performanos
nere
buses and a Q.2. Derive equations useful for formation of ZgUS
partial network of m
network, is
equation of this is a branch to the existing partial
when the added element p-q
EBUS=ZBUSlBUS
network Start from performance equations of a partial network

and its representation.

Ans. Addition of a branch
network with an
The performance equation for the partial
below.
Partial added branch p-q is witten
Ne twork
9
P
E Z11 Z2 Tip Z1m 19

Z2 Z22 Lep 2m Z212

Reference.
P Zp
***

Zpm
where EBUS = an m xl vector of bus voltages measured
Ep p2 Lpp **

with respect to the reference node.

**

IBUS= an mxI vector of impressed bus currents.

**
Lmp Zmm mq Im

When an element p-q is added

Em m mm2
to the partial network it may
be a branch or a link. Lap Zqmq9
f p-q 1Sa branch,a new bus g is added to the partia
|Eg92qg2
network and the resultant
bus impedance sion
matrix is of

48
VBD COMP. APPL. IN ELECT, ENGG. (VII Sem. Elecy
 IN ELECT, ENGG. (B.E. Vil
Se
50 BD COMP. APPL. 51
The representation of
partial network with ded branch
added wwD cOMP. APPL. IN ELECT. ENGG.(B.E. VII Sem, Elect.)

shown below.
i E=Zili
E2 Zzili
*******

Partial E, Zpili
ne twor k Element@
P-9
Em2mil ii)

Eg-Zqili
Re ference
Letting I =Iper unit in equation Gi), Zgi can be obtained

directly by calculating Eq.

It is assumed that the network consists of bilateral passive
The bus voltages associated with the added element and the
elements. Hence Zgi Ziq, wherei= 1, 2, ..sosans m and refers
=
to voltage across the element are related by
the buses of the partial network, not including the new bus q. Tha Eq=Ep-Vp ...ii)
one
added branch p-q is assumed to be mutually coupled with Or The currents in the elements of the network in above figure are
more elements of the partial network. expressed in terms of the primitive admittances and the voltages
The elements Zgi can be determined by injecting a current at across the elements by
Ypa.pa pqpa pq
the i bus and calculating the voltage at the q bus with respect to p
the reference node as shown in following figure. Since all other bus pO
po.pq pa.po pa
currents equal zero, it follows from equation (1) that
In equation (iv), pq is fixed subscript and refers to the added
element and po is a variable subscript and refers to all other
elements. Then,
Element p-9 ipg and vpq are respectively, current through and voltage across

the added element.

Partial : pa and vpo are the current and voltage vectors of the elements
Ne twork Ep
of the partial network.

i-1e pq.pq is the self-admittance of the added element

pq pq is the vector of mutual admittances between the added

element p-q and the elements p-q of the partial net-
Reference work
pq.pq is the transpose of the vector Ypq.pq
 53
COMP, APPL, IN ELECT. ENGG.(B.E. VII Sem. Elect.)
52
VD cOMP. APPL, IN ELECT. ENGG. (B.E, VIl
VIl Sem.
Sem
Elect D be calculated by injecting a currentat
The element Zpq Can
of the partial
lypopol Is the primitive admittance matrix
the
thbus and calculating the voltage at that bus. Since all other bus
network
follows from equation that
figure is
rrents equal zero,
it (G)
shown in
The current in the added branch,
ipg V) E=Z1qlq
zero since the added branat
nch is E2 Z29q
However, Vng is not equal to
Da
the elements of the
mutually coupled to one or more of
network. Moreover,
Ep pqq ix)
Vpa-Ep-E Vi)
at the buses in the
EmZmqlq
where Ep and Eo are the voltages artial
Eq-2pa4
network.
Zgg can be obtained
have Letting Iq =l per unit in equations (ix),
From equations (iv) and (v), we
pgpq.pq pq tpq.pa Vpo = 0 directly by calculating Eg-

and therefore, The voltages at buses p and q are related by equation (iii)
pq.pa Vpo and the current through the added
element is
pq
Ypa.pq pq- =-1 x)
Substituting for Vpo from equation (vi) The voltages across the elements of the partial network are
elements by (iv)
given by equation (vi) and the currents through these
Vpg
Ppa(Ep-E) .(Vil) From equations (iv) and (x), we have
pq.pq
pqYpapq pg tYpq.pa Vpa =-1
Substituting for vpg in equation (ii) from (vii)
and therefore,
(Ep -Ea)
Eg =Ep +9po
pq.pq tpa.pa Ypo
pq Y pq.pg
Finally, substituting for Eq,Ep,Ep and Eo from equation
(ii) with Ii Substituting for Vpo from equation (vi)
=l
Pa.pa piZoi) l+Ypq,pa (Ep-Eo)
Zg pq (xi)
Ypa.pq
i 1,2..., m
Ypq.pq
V
i#9
 ABD COMP. APPL. IN ELECT. eVIlSem.
ENGG. (B.E, VI

Elhea 55
APPL. IN ELECT, ENGG.(8.E, VII Sem, Elect)
Substituting for vpg in equation
(ii) form (xi) aMyD COMP.
ZgUs when
(Ep-Ea) 0.3. Derive equations useful for formation of
1+ papo added element of p-q is a link to the existing partíal network.
Eg=Ep+ Ypap
the
iart from the pertormance equations of partial network and its
weDresentation including modification after elimination of
Eq.Ep,Ep, Ea from equation
equation (ix) [W-03]
Finally, substituting for wilh fictitious link.
Ans.[Student are requested to go through Q.2 before
oceeding further)
(Zpq Zoq) Addition of a link :
99Zpo +*P9po pa XI
The representation of a partial network
pa
added brane
If there is no mutual coupling between the and
elements Or
other elements of the partial network, then of Ypq.po are
Partial Element
Networkk
zeroand Lpq.pq
D-
pqpq
It follows from equation (vii) that
m
Zqi =Zpi i=1,2,.. Reference
i#q
As the added element p-q is a link, the procedure for
and from equation (xi) that recalculating the elements of the bus impedance matrix is to connect
in series with the added element a voltage source e; as shown in
Zgg=pq t Zpapg figure below. This creates a fictitious nodel which will be eliminated
Furthermore, if there is no mutual coupling and p is
later. The voltage source e is selected such that the current through
the

reference node,
the added link is zero.
pi 0 i=1,2......, m The performance equation for the partial network with the
added element p-I and the series voltage source e is
iq
and
Zgi =0 i
=1,2.., m
i+9 Partial Element p-q
Also Network

6Ti=1
Zpg =0 per unit
and therefore,
Zgg Zpap
 VI
IN ELECT. ENGQ. (8.8. Sem.
Eleo COMP, APPL
APPL IN ELECT, ENGG (,E, VII Sem, Elect.) 57
ARD cOMP. APPL. WD
P Y p! t Ypl po Vpo
Zm Zu
where

Zap Z2m 'plpq0

Za Z2 Therefore
B2

Vpl
yplpo pa
Zpp pm Zpl Yplpl
Zp
Since
and Ypl.pl Ypqpa
**
Yplpapq.pg
**

Lmp mm Lml
Zm
***

Zm2 **

then
Zip ZIm pq.pa Vpo
Z Zi2 Vpl 4)
pq.pq

Since Substituting in order from equations (4), (vi) and (2) with
..(1) =1 into equation (3)
yields
e =
E-Eq I
can be determined by injecting current at the
th
P9po(Zpi -Zai) ,
ZnZpi Zgji+
a
the element Z i=1,2.. m
Ypa,pa 5)
the node with respect to bus a
bus and calculating the voltage at
Since all other bus currents equal zero, it follows from equation
(1) i#l
that The element Zij can be calculated by injecting a current at the

E = ZI k =
1,2.., m (2) 1
th bus with bus q as reference and calculating the voltage at the
e = Z,I bus with respect to bus q. Since all other bus curents
equal zero, it

Letting I=l per unit in equation (2) Zjcan be obtained follows from equation (1) that
directly by calculating e Ek = Zkll k=1,2,. m (6)
The series voltage source is e =Znl
e =Ep -Eq-Vpl .(3) Letting l =lper unit in equation (6) Zu can be obtained
Since the current through the added link is directly by calculating e.
'pq0 The current in the element p-l is

the element p-l can be treated as a branch. The current in this pl-I =-1
element in terms of primitive admittances and the the voltages
voltages across u This current in terms of primitive admittances and
elements is
 COMP. APPL. IN ELECT. ENGG. (B.E
a,E.VIW
58 D Som.Ela COMP.APPL IN ELECT, ENGG.(B.E, VIl Sem, Elect.) 59
ND
across the element is therefore,
plYpl.p t
Vpl pl.poa Vpa-1 and
Zu qltpq,pq
Again, since The elements in the row and column of the bus impedance
network are found from equations
plpo-Pq.po and ypl.plpqpq
gmented partial
matrix for the
(8). It remains calculate the required bus impedance matrix
to
(5) and
then aclude the effect of the added link. This can be accomplíshed by
(o inc
I+pqpa Vpo 4ifving the elements Zij, where i,j= 1,2,.,
m, and eliminating
p pq.pq
.th row and column corresponding to the fictitious node.
Substituting in order from equations (7), (vi) and (6) with the I is eliminated by short-circuiting the series
The fictitious node
= l into (3) yields e.
I voltage source From equation (1)

=Zpl-Zql
+ppa (Zpl-Zat)
EBUS = ZBUS IBUS + Zill ..(9)

e
Zu
Ypq,pq 8 = ZijlBUs +Znl =0 ...(10)
and
elemo
the added element
If there is no mutual coupling between ang where ij =1,2,....,m. Solving for I from equation (10) and
network, the elements of
other elements of the partial PLpo substituting into (9)

Zi
atre

zero and Zpq.pq

pq.pq
EBUS ZBUS
Z
BUS
BUs

It follows from equation (5) that which is the performance equation of the partial network
Z-Zpi-qi i= 1,2,.., m including the link p-q. It follows that the required bus impedance
i#l matrix is

and from the equation (8) ZBUS(modified) BUS(before

ZZj
Z=ZplLq| tZ pq,pq
elimination)
Z
Furthermore, if there is no mutual coupling and p is the where any element of ZBUS(mod ified) 1S

reference node, Zj1j

Zpi 0 i = 1,2,.
Zij(modified) =Zij (before elimination) Zu
i#l Q4. Discuss in detail the modification of the bus impedance
and matrix for removal of elements and changes in elements
Z =-Zqi i=1,2...,m impedance.
Ans. The bus impedance matrix ZBUS can be modified to
i#l reflect changes in the network. These changes may be addition of
Also elements, removal of elements or changes in the impedances of
Zpi =0 elements.
 60 VD nG (B.E. 1
COMP. APPL. IN ELECT. ENGG. (B.E. VII APPL IN ELECT. ENGG.(B.E. VII Sem. Elect.)
Sem.
Sem
Elect cOMP. APPL.
The methods described in earlier questions based on DNUMERICALS:
algorithm for forming a bus impedance matrix can be apple
plied Prob.1. For a sample ree bus system shown below, form
elements are added to the network. Then ZBUS is considered i oedance matrix using algorithms considering self-
he Hus
impedances given in
matrix of the partial network at that stage and the new elemente
ents p.u and ground as ref. (W.03)
added on at a time to produce the new bus impedance matrix
BUS
The procedure to remove elements or to change 0-23
impedances of elements is the same. If an element is removed wlwhich
0.13
is not mutually coupled to any other element, the modified
Dus 0.48 0-24
impedance matrix can be obtained by adding, in parallel with
element, a link whose impedance is equal to the negative of
he
impedance of an uncoupled element is changed, the modified bus
impedance matrix can be obtained by adding a link in parallel wit Soln. Corresponding oriented graph
the element such that the equivalent impedance of the two element
the derived value.
Q.5. Write down the equations for the formation of bus
impedance matrix.
Ans. The equation for the formation of bus impedance matrix
are
No mutual coupling
Pis not the reference bus p is the reference bus () Starting with element I which is branch from p 1
ZgiZpi Zqi =0
0 to q= 1. The elements of the bus impedance matrix for the
i= 1,2,....,m i=1,2,...m
i#
partial network containing single branch
i#q
Zgg Zpq +Zpa.pg ZqpZpqpq
Z =Zpi-Zgi
ZI-Zqi
ZBUS=O| 0 0
i= 1,2,....m
il
i= 1,2,..,m
i#l O0 0.13
Zu =
ZplZl +Zppq Z=-Zql +Zpq.pa Now since the node 0 is reference Node, the
elements of first
Modification of the elements for elimination TOW
and column are zero and need
of 1
node not be writen.
Zij(mod ification) ji(before elmination)
Zalij
i, j= 1,2...m Thus, ZBUs
Z *o0.13
 IN ELECT, ENGG. e. VIll
(B.E, Vin
52 VBDCOMP. APPL. Sem.Elbc
APPL, IN EELECT. ENGG. (B,E, VII Sem, Eloct.)
a anch from
branch eoMP. APPL.
COMP, 63
element 2, which is fro
p= yD
(i) Now adding
new bus. The augmented impedance matrix with fictitious mode l
q=2. This adds a

s= O0.13| Z12 O0.130.13 0.13 Z

ZBUS
Za2 ZBUS (2)
0.13
0.13 0.36
0.36 0.6
0.36 Z2
Z
Z21 =Z12 =Z1
=0.13
Z1Z2 Z13Z
0= Z1
Z22 =0.36 Z =

ZI2=-0.23 = Z2
Thus ZpUS = O0.13 0.13
Zy3=-0.47 = Zg
2 0.13 0.36
Zu= 0.95
1s a Dranch from p = .
i) Again adding element 3, Wnich Thus,

q=3 which will again add a new bus,

0.13 0.13 0.13 0
0.13 0.13 Z13 ZBUS 2 0.13 0.36 0.36 -0.23

ZBUS= O|0.13 0.36 Z23 0.13 0.36 0.6 -0.47

Z31 Z32
2 0-0.23 -0.47 0.95
Now eliminating the l row and column

Z31=Z21 =Z13 =0.13 Z11 = Z1 -

1=0.13-(O0)_ 12

Z 0.95
Z32Z22 0.36 = Z23
Z33 = 0.6
Zi2-Z12 Zi12 - 0.13 (0-023) = 0.13 = Z21
Zu 0.95

=0.13- (0-0.47)=0.13-Z31
Thus,
Z13 =Z13-
ZBUS = O 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.95
0.13 0.36 0.36 0.36-0,23)(-0.23) - 0.304
30.13 0.36 0.6
Z22
=Z22Z 0.95
(-0.47)(-04)=0.367
33 =Z33-4313
Zu 0.95
1
(-0.23)(-0.41)
iv) Now adding and element 4, which is a link fro P Z23-Z23- 0.36- -0.246=Z32
9=3. Z 0.95
 Vi
IN ELECT. ENGG. (B,E,
E. VIl
VBD COMP. APPL. Sem. APPL. IN ELECT. ENGG.(B.E. VI1 Sem. Elect.)
COMP. APP
64 Elea VBD 65
ement 2 which is a branch from
Thus,
O (i) Adding p = 3 to q = 1.

O 0.130.13 0.13 this adds

a new bus.
0.3040.246 OZ31
0.13 0.246 0.367
3 0.25
0.13
ZBUS ZBUS
O Z1s
Z11
Prob.2. For the system shown tain ZBUSs
below, Obtain
impedance by Z13-Z33 =0.25 = Z31
values of in p.u.
in
building the algorithim. The ae 0.4
TS-03 Z1 =
given as
2 Thus,
0.2
3

0-25 0.2
0-25 ZBUS 3 0.25 0.25
1
0.25 0.4
0.15
(iii) Now again adding element 3 which is a branch from p = 1

0-25 to q= 2. This again adds to a new bus.

Soln. 0.25| 0.25 Z32

Corresponding oriented graph ZBUSOD 0.25 0.4 Z12

Z23Z21 Z22

O Z23 Z3 0.25
=
Z32

Z21Z11=0.4= Z12
Z22 0.6
Thus, 3 O
30.25 0.250.25
1) Starting with element a branch fromp=o
1
which is
3 where p =
0 is reference node
ZBUS= O 0.25 0.4 0.4

0.25 0.4 b.6

ZBUS

0.25
 ENG
ELECT. ENGG. (B.E.VIl DD IN ELECT.
ELECT. ENGG. (B.E. VIll SEM. ELECTRICAL) 67
COM. APP.
IN VIl Se
55 WBD COMP. APPL. Sem.Elec sMMD

is a link node p
rom node p == 00 t
(iv) Now adding element 5 which to q= Thus,
matrix.
The augmented impedance 0.153 0.096 0.096

Z3
ZBUS |
0.096 0.153 0.153
0.25 0.25 0.25
0.096 0.153 0.353
O0.25 04 04 Z similar fashion, solving for element 6 which again is
(v) In the
2 0.25 04 0.6 Z2 q =2.
a link from P=O to
Z3 1 42 Z After final elimination,
we get

Z13-Z13 =-0.25 =Z3 1 2

ZI1 =-Z1 =-0.4 =Z ZBUS 3 0.137 0.0716 0.039

Zi2= -Z12 =-0.4= Z2r
O 0.0716 0.114 0.063
0.039 0.063 0.146
Zn = 0.65

(vi) Again following the procedure for addition of link, i.e.

0.250.25 0.250.25 element 4 from p = I toq=2.

The augmented impedance matrix.
O0.255 0.4 0.4 -0.4
2 0.25 0.4 0.6 -0.4
0.25 04 0.4 0.65 0.137 0.0716 0.039 Z3

Now eliminating the 1" row and column O 0.0716 0.114 0.063 Z
B=0,25-0.25)(-0.25) _ 0.039 0.063 0.146 Zal
Z33 Z33- 0.153
Z 0.65 Z13 Z1 Z Z
Z31-231-L_0.25- (-0.25-0.4) _0.096 =Z13 ZI3 0.0326 = Za
0.65 ZI1 = 0.051 = Zil
Zs2 Z32- 2=0,25-25)-04)-0.096-Z Z12 =-0.083 = Z2
0.65
-04--04)-0.4) -) Z = 0.334
Zi1=Z-
0.0716| 0.039 0.0326
3) 0.137
Z22 =Z22- Za20.6 U.4)-0.4)-0.353 0.071 0.114 0.063 0.051
Zu 0.65 6
Zi2=Z2-Z12=04-0.4)(-0.4) = 0.153 0.039 0.063 0.1460.083
Zu 0.65 0.032 0.051| 0-083 0.334
 68
VBD COMP. APPL. IN ELECT. ENGG. (B.E
E.VIlSem.Ele oMP.
COMP.
ELECT ENGG.(B.E. VIll Sem. Elect.)
IN ELECT,
APPL. IN
69

row and column.

BD Corresponding oriented graph
Eliminating Soln.
Zay3-0.137 (0.0326) = 0.133
Za3 Zss
Z 0.334
00716-(00526)(0.051)
Z31Z3- = 0.067=Z
0.65

Zayai2 0.039-526-
(0.0326)(-0.083)
3232 0.334
= 0.047

(0.051)-0.083)
Zi2 Z2
=Z12-
0.063 = 0.075=2
Z 0.334
Zi=Z-L=0,114-0051)(0.051) i) Starting
with element which is a branch from p = 3 to

0.106
=
41.ZBUS
Z 0.334
O 0.4
Z22-2=0.146--0083) = 0.125
Z22 0.334
-

2 which again is a branch from p =

3
Zl (ii) Now adding element
bus.
Thus, to g
2. This add to a new

0.133 0.067 0.047 O 0.412

Za1
ZBUS=
T22
0 0.067 0.106 0.075 ZBUS

0.047 0.075 0.125

Prob.3. For the system shown below, form the bus

Z21 =0=Z2
impedance matrix using an algorithm. Self impedances of Zg2 =0.3
different elements are given in the figure. Select bus 3 as
reference bus. Explain how the bus impedance matrix so formed
can be modified if an element connected between bus 14 i 0.4 0
removed from the above system. (W.02) (2 0 0.3
which is a branch fromp = 2 to
(11) Now adding element 3

0-3
=4. This again adds to a new bus.
0-4 0-3 0.8 0.4 0

ZBUS = 0 0.3 Z4
0.4
ZAZ41 42 Z44
 71
APPL,
INVELA
IN ELECT, ENGG.(B.E, VII Sem, Elect.)
VD COMP. APPL. IN a.E.VIlSerm,
ELECT. ENGG. (B.E.
VIl COMP,
MP,
APPL.
Elec WD
Z41= Z2i =0= Z14 iminating the /h, row and column
Elim
Z42 =Z22 =0.3 = Z24 Z1-Y41_
ZL = 0,4
Zi1= Zu
Z44= 1.1
ZL12= 0-0= 0 = Z21
Thus, Zí2 =Z12 Zi

Zi4 =Z14- ZZ4 = 0-Z41

0.4 0 0 Zu
ZBUS=
0 0.3 0.3
Z24 Z24 -
44_=0.3- (-0.3)(-1.)- 0.064 =Z42
ZaZ14
003 1.1 Z 1.4

Z22
=Z22-NI2a (-0.3)(-.3) -0.235
1.4
a
(iv) Now adding element 4 which is link
from node n- Zu

=4. ZA1Z4=1,.1- =0.235

Z44 =Z44 1.4
The augmented impedance matrix. Z
Thus,

O04 0 0 Z

O 0.4
00 0.3 0.3 Za 0 0.235 0.064
00.3 1.1 Za ZBUS
0 0.064 0.235
IZZi2Zu Z (v) Adding element5 which is link fromp=I to q=4.
Z =-Z41 =0 =Z
The augmented impedance matrix
ZI2= -Z42 =-0.3 = -Z2
Z14=-Z44 = 1.1 =-Z4
O
0.4 0 0 ZIl

Z= Z4 +0.3 0 0.235 0.064 Z2

--1.1) +0.3 = 1.4 0.064 0.235 Z41

Z Z2 Z14 Z
=
O04 0 0 0 Z1= Z11-Z41 = 0.4-0= 0.4 Z
0 0.3 0.3 -0.3 Z12 -Z42 = 0-0.064 = -0.064 Z2
Z12

0 0.3 1.1-1.1 =
Z14= Z14-Z44 = 0-0.235 -0.235 = Z4!
I 0
-0.31.1 14 Zu= Z- Z4+0.4-(-0.235) +0.4 = 1.035
 IN ELECT. ENGG. (8.E Vit
72 BD COMP,APPL. Sem.E
APPL. IN ELECT. ENGG.(B.E. VIl Sem. Elect)
73
MP.
=
=0,245-0,09 = 0.155 Z
0 0.4 Z Z1Z41
O04O 0
0.234 0.064 -0.064 Zp =
Z12-Z42 = 0.062 -0.049
= 0.013 = Z

Z14-Z44 = 0.09-0.182 = -0.092 = Z41

0.064 0.235 -0.235 ZA= - = -0.153
-0.235 Z-2Z41 + (-0.4) = 0.155 - (-0.092) 0.4
0.4 -0.064 1.035 Z=

Eliminating row and column. O 0.245 0.062 0.09 0.155

(0.4) 0.049 0.013
=04 - 1.035 = 0.245 0.062 | 0.231
121- Zu
(0.4)-0.00-=0.062
0.09 0.049 0.182 -0.092

Zi2 =Zp
Z142-0 1.035
=Z2 10.155 0.013| -0.092-0.153
Z
Z1Z4=0-(0.4-0.235)0.09 =Z41 Now, eliminating
the row and column
Zi4 =Zy4
Z 1.035
- =0.245_(0.155)2
= 0.402
Za14-0.064 (-0.064)(=-0.235) Z1 = Z1 0.153
= 0.049 Z -

Z 1.035
2=0.062_0.155)(0.013) = 0.075 = Z21
ZAL14=0.235- -0.235) Zi2 =Z12 -
0.182 -0.153
Z 1.035
=

(0.155) (-0.092)3,.2x10
Thus, Zbi4 0.09-
14L14 Z - 0.153

O0.245 0.062| 0.09 -21412 =0231_(0.013) = 0.232

ZBUS=2 0.062 0.231 0.049 Zhn -L22 Z
Zi12 0.231-0.153
0.090.049 0.182
Za1Z = 0,049-FU.015)=O.092)0041
(b) Modification by removing the element between bus 1l and 4. Zo
The procedure is to connect link in parallel with element 5 with Z -0.153

impedance having negative value that of the element 5 i.e.

The augmented impedance matrix
0.4 Thus,

O 0.402 0.075 -3.2 x103

ZBUS =
0.041
O0.245 0.062 0.09 Zl
0.075 0.232

0.062 0.231
0.09
0.049
0.049 0.182
Z2 -3-3.2x103 0.041 0.237

Z4
 NaG. (8.E,
Prob.4. E.VIL
Sem.
B APPL ELECT. ENGaa.(B.E, VIl Sem Elect.) 75
COMP,
WD
Starting with element
I
which is a branch from p=0 to
0.3 )

ZBUS O0.3
0.1
0.4 i) Adding element 2, which is a branch from p =
1
to q = 2.

This adds a
new bus.
O
O 0-3
0.5
ZBUS O0.3 Z12
Z21 Z22
Z21 =Z11 =0.3 = Z12
Obtain ZBUS using building algorithm
system shown above. The values
indicated in figure
figure are
n
for the power
Z22 =Z21 +0.1
=
0.4
reactance's. sel.
Soln. Corresponding oriented graph.
0.3 0.3
ZBUS
0.3 0.4
ii) Adding the element 3, which is a branch from p = I to

q 3 which will again add a new bus.

O0.30.3 Z13

ZBUS 03 0.4 Z23

Z31 =Z11=0.3 = Zj3

Z32 =Z12 =0.3 =Z21
Z33 0.3 +0.5 = 0.8
Thus,

ZBUS O 0.3 0.3 0.3

0.3 0.4 0.3

0.3 0.3 0.8

 IN ELEGT ENGG. (B.E, VI
I Sem.
VBD COMP. APPL. APPL. INELECT. ENGG.(B.E. VIl Sem. Elect.)
Eie MD COMP.
76
element 4, which
again a ch from
branch fro.
Z24-Z44= 0,3-0.7=-04
p=l
is
iv) Adding
new bus.
Z4
q=4. This adds to
0.13 0.13 Z14
O
0.3
O 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3
0.3 0.36 0.36 L24 3 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.1
0.6 Z34 0.3 0.3 0
0.3
ZBUS 0.36 0.8 0.3
Z44 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.7 -0.4
Z41 Z42243 0 0.1 0 -0.4 0.8
= Z14
Z41 =Z1 =0.3
Z42 =Z12 =
0.3=Z24 Now eliminating t row and column.

Z43 =Z13=-0.3=Z34 Z1 = Z1-Zybn-0.3-0=0.3

Z44 0.3+0.4=0.7
Thus, Zi2=Z12 ZL2 0.3-0 0.3 =Ta1
Z
O 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3
Z13 =Z13 Z3 0.3-0=0.3=l31
0.3 0.4 0.3 0.3 Z
0.3
Zi4=Z4-ZZ4 0.3=Z41
ZBUS 3 0.3 0.3 0.8

0.3 0.3 0.3 0.7 Z

(v) Adding element 5 which is a link from p = 2 to q = 4 Z22-Z22-Z2Z2=0.4 0.1) = 0.3875
Z 0.8
The augmented matrix.
Z23 Z23 Z211303- =0.3=Z32
O0.3 03 0.3 0.3
Z Z Zu
(0.1)-0.4) - 0.35=L42
0.3 0.4 0.3 0.3 Z2 Z24=Z24-
Zu
40.3- 0.8
0.3 0.3 0.8 0.3 Z Z313 -0.8-0 = 0.8
Z33-Z33
03 0.3 0.3 0.7 Z4
ZAl Z
ZI
ZI1Z2
Z21-Z41 =
Z13
Z4 Z Z'24 = Z24 - =0.3-0 = 0.3 =Z43
0.3-0.3 =0 Z
Z
=

Zip = Z22-Z42 =0,4-0.3 =0.1 Z41Z14 (-0.4)(-04) 0.5

ZI3 = Za1
Z2
Z4t +0.3 = 0.1
Z44 Z44
Zu
0.7- 0.8
+0.4 +0.3 = 0.8
-
 ELECT. ENGG. (B.E. VIl
VIIl
Sem.
78 VBD COMP. APPL. IN Electy aMDCOMP.
APPL. IN ELECT. ENGG.(B.E. VIl Sem, Elect.) 79

Thus Talking node (1) as reference node

a) Starting with element which is branch from p =
=
I 1 to q 2.
0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3
0.3875 0.3 0.35
0.3
ZBUS=
0.3 0.3 0.8 0.3
ZBUS
O0.6
0.3 0.3 0.3 0.5

Prob.5. ii) Adding element 2, which is a branch from p = 1

to 3. This
adds a new bus.
0.4

0.5
ZBUS O 0.6 0
0-2 0 0.5
0-6

0
ii) Adding element 4, which is a link from p = to q =2. The
1

fictitious node matrix

(a) Form the bus impedance matrix of the above network 0.6 0 -0.6
using algorithm. ZBUS 0 0.5
(b) Modify the bus impedance matrix obtained to include
-0.6
the addition of an element from bus 2 to 4 with an impedance of
0.3.
Eliminating the e" row and column.
Modify again the bus impedance matrix so obtained to
remove the new element from bus 2 to 4. Z22 =Z22
- O.6-(0.6)2
0.24
Verify the magnification done in part (c). Zu
Soln.
Z23 =Z23- 3 -0.6)00-Z32
Corresponding oriented graph
Z 1

Z33 =Z33- =0.5-0=0.5

Zu
Thus augmented impedance matrix

ZBUS

3 0.24 0
0.5
 IN ELECT. ENGG. (B.E.
(B.E. VIll
Vn
80 VBD cOMP. APPL. Sem,E 81
a branch from
m APPL. IN ELECT, ENGG.(B.E. VIll Sem. Elect.)
soD COMP.
element 3, whicn p=3to
1S

(it) Adding the q

4. This adds to new bus.
Thus 0.2 0.084 0.167
ZBUS 0.240
0.5 0.5
0
ZBUS
3 0.084 0.326 0.152
0.167 0.152 0.305
0
0.5

which we take as a link from p = 2

ink from p =2t oq=4.The (b) Adding a new element
element 5 which is a
(v) Adding
a = 4. The
fictitious node matrix.
fictitious node impedance
matrix. beto
0.2 0.084 0.167 0.033
0 0.24
20.24 0
3 0.084 0.326 0.152 -0.068
0.5 0.5 0.5
0 0.5 1 0.1670.152 0.305
-0.138
-0.138
0.471
0.033 -0.068
0.5 1.44
10.24 -1
Eliminating row and column
Eliminating 1" row and column. Thus

Z22 =Z2
Z142-0,24 (0.24) = 0.2 0.197 0.088 0.176
1.44
0.088 0.316 0.132
ZBUS
4)-0.5)0.084=Z32 0.176 0.132 0.264
Z23 Zz3 23 =0_
Zu 1.44

Z24 ZaZ40(0.24)(-1) 0.167 =Z42 c) Now removing the new element added in part (6)
from the
1.44 2 q = 4 with an
bus impedance matrix. Adding a link from bus
p = to

LaB-0.5-- (0.5)2 impedance of -0.3.

Zs3
Z33Zu 1.44
=0.326
The fictitious node matrix
2
Z'24
=Z4-444 -0,5-FO.5((=)_ 0.152 =Z43 0.197 0.088 0.176 0.021
1.44 0.088 0.316 0.132 -0.044

Z44 =Z44- Zala=1- 0.176 0.132

I0.021-0.044
0.264
-0.088
-0.088
-0.367
Z 1.44
-= 0.305
82 BD COMP. APPL. IN ELECT. ENGG. (B.E
VIll Sem. 83
Elea APPL IN ELECT. ENGG.(B.E, VII Sem. Elect.)
Eliminating / row and column VoD
D
cOMP.

GEPEATEDLY ASKED UNIVERSITY QUESTIONS

Thus
0.198 0.085 0.170 useful for formation of ZBUs when the
o.1. Derive equations network. Start
ZBUS 0.085 0.323 0.142 element of p-9 1s a link to the
existing partial
dded of partial network and its
0.17 0.142 0.295
ad
m
from the performance equations
after elimination of fictitious
onresentation including modification
repre: [W-03]
The bus impedance matrix so obtained is nearly
Sa
link.
(Refer Q.3, P.55]
of elements differs because shown below, form Bus
obtained of the part (a). The value
o Prob.1. For a sample three bus system
considering self- impedances
neglecting the digits for calculation) after third digit from
f. Impedance matrix using algorithms
the ground as ref. [W.03]
decimal point. given in p.u and
Refer Prob.1, P.61]
Obtain ZBUS by
Prob.2. For the system shown below,
impedance in p.u. are given as
building the algorithim. The values of
IS-03]
[Refer Prob.2, P.64]
impedance
Prob.3. For the system shown below, form the bus
impedances of different elements are
matrix using an algorithm. Self
3 as reference bus. Explain how the
given in the figure. Select bus
formed can be modified if an element
bus impedance matrix so
connected between bus 1-4 is removed from the above
system.
[W.02]
Refer Prob.3, P.68)
 85
UNIT 33
COMP. APPL. IN ELECT. ENGG.
(B.E. VII Sem. Elect.)
VWD
THREE-PHASE NETWORKS
Q.1. Write down the performance equation of the th three
phase element in impedance and admittance form. (S.01,W.02)
(S.01,W.o pa
Ans. A three-phase network component represented
impedance form is shown in figure(1). This component represen
nted
in admittance form is shown in figure (2). The variables and
parameters are
pq pq Vpq are the voltages across the element
O-
phases a,b, and c respectively.
a
pq epqCpq are the source voltages in series with phasec

and c respectively, of the element p-q. y6,c

pg

a,b,c

E- E-E u$E6-E

pq
Fig.2. Representation of three-phase network componentin
admittance form.
pE-Eä upq -Eß-E
E-E
Fig.1. Representation of three-phase network component in The performance equation of a three-phase element in
impedance.
impedance form is
ipgipqipq are the currents through the element p-q for phase
aa
epq ab ac
epa
a, b and c respectively pq
Jpg pg pq are the source currents in parallel with phases a, b pq + epq ba
pq bb
pq bc
P pq
and c respectively, of the element p-q cb
Vpg Ca
pq Cpq
Zp is the three-phase impedance matrix for the element p-q
.i)
Ypq is the three-phase admittance matrix for the element p-q
where Zpa = self-impedance of phase a of the three-phase element
connecting nodes p and q
84 V BD COMP. APPL. IN ELECT. ENGG. (B.E. VIll Sem. Elect)
 86 BD COMP. APPL. IN ELECT. ENGG. (B.E. VIlI Sem.Elect
Ser
IN ELECT. ENGG. (B.E. VIl Sem. Elect.) 87
aNBD COMP. APPL.
zp mutual impedance between phases a and b in the admittance matrix
The corresponding relations are true
Zpmutual impedance between phases a and c pq
,
,b,c

matrices of balanced three-

and so fourth. The impedance and admittance
elements are not symmetric. However, the mutual
Equation ) can be written more concisely as phase rotating
b to c, and c to a for the phase
cOupling from phase a to phase
b,
=za.b.c;a,b.c
VP+ sequence a, b, c are identical, that is,
The performance equation in admittance form is p zpP z
Similarly,
p p p-zp= zp
, ba
ypq ypa
pa The performance equation of the
three-phase primitive network
in impedance form is
a,b.C+a,b.c =[za,b,c1 va,b.c
which can be written or in the admittance form is

i +.b.cya.b.ca,b.c
pq
where
P be
The parallel three-phase source current in
admittance form and
the three-phase series source voltage
in impedance form have the
relationship, as is the case in single-phase
representation,
p -ya.b.cea.b.c
The impedance matrix z and the admittance matrk
yp of a stationary bilatera element
are symmetric. If, in addition,
the three-phase element is
balanced, then the diagonal elements
zpdesignated by zpg. are equal and
the off-diagonal elemeny
designated by zpq, are equal,
that is,
a.bc+ab.c =[ya,b.cj va.b4
The vectors representing the variables are
composed of 3 x1
submatrices corresponding to the variables of a particular three-
matrices are composed of 3 x
phase network element. The parameter
3 submatrices. These submatrices correspond to the self and mutual
three-phase impedance or admittance matrices of the network
elements.
Q.2. Derive an expression for performance equation of 30
stationary and rotating element in impedance and admittance
form when excitation is balanced and unbalanced.
(W.03)
Ans. Balanced excitation
o The excitation of any three-phase element is balanced when
all phases are equal
the
in
sOurce voltages or source currents of
magnitude and displaced from each other by 120. For
balanced
excitation,

and

= zp=
epq and
ppz
ea,b,c
epa Cpq
Zpa
 B.E. VIl
ENGG. (B.E.
VBD COMP. APPL. IN ELECT. Vie Sem.
89
Elect COMP PPL. IN ELECT. ENGG. (B.E. VIll Serm. Elect.)
VBD
that S,
Jpq
a

to obtain

3vp+3pspzP -***.*....(3)

Dividing by 3, equation (3) becomes

where a= e2n/2)

It follows that a =1, as +atl=0 and a =a. The phase where pgZpg is the positive sequence impedance, which is

voltages and phase currents are balanced if the excitation of a designated by zpg Thus, a balanced three-phase element with
balanced three-phase element is balanced. Then, the perforn
ormance
can be treated as a single phase element in
balanced excitation
equation, in impedance form, fora stationary element is element is equal to three times
network problems. The power in the
the power per phase.
pa 2pq pq In a similar manner, equation (2)
can be reduced to
1 +azpq t azpq
pq Zpg ,m
pg aP +pgPp Pp

a Zpq pq where
zpag +a
zpg +az m2 is the positive sequence impedance.
form, for a stationary
The performance equation, in admittance
..(1)
and for a rotating element is element is

n2
and for a rotating element is
m2
pq n
2Pq ipa +Jpap +aypq taypg
, m2
Unbalanced excitation
pq p When the excitation is unbalanced, the
performance equation
...(2) reduced to three independent
Both sides of equation (1) can of a three phase element can be
be premultiplied by matrix zp.Using a
conjugate transpose of equations by diagonalizing the impedance
the phase variables are
complex transformation matrix T then
as follows:
expressed in terms of a new set of variables

vD=
P.9
Tvb
.(4)
ep.g = TelJk
Iepq
 91
90 BD COMP. APPL. IN ELECT. ENGG. (B.E.
E.VIIl
V COMP, APPL.
IN ELECT, ENGG. (B,E. VIll Sem. Elect.)
Sem.Elec D
30 components, stationary and rotating can
p-Ti .3. Show how
epresented y diagonalized matrix form by non-diagonalized
The complex power in the element
is
be (S.00,01, W.00)
matrix form,
Symmetrical components
SpPptjp = a,b,c
P
Ans.
particular transformations for three-phase balanced
Two
three-phase
Substituting from equations (4), dlements are of
interest. One of these transforms the
positive and negative sequence quantities, know
antities into zero, this transformation is
Symmetrical components. The matrix for
) as

The complex power in terms of the ij.k sequence variablee

is a

that is, (Ts)' Ts =U; and

If the complex powers Spg and Spq are equal, that
is, the Which is a unitary matrix,
Ts = Ts. Using this
selected transformation T is power-invariant, then Ts is symmetric
from equations (5) furthermore, because
zp
and (6), a stationary element
transformation the impedance matrix for
(T)T=U=T(T) from equation (8) Of earlier question
becomes.

a
Thus T is a unitary matrix. Zpa pq pq
Substituting from equations (4) the
performance equation (2) z1,2
becomes
2pg
T+zpT (7)
pa 2pa

Both sides of equation (7) can

be premultiplied by (T)to Zpg +22p9
obtain
That is, zp
+p(T)ZpTi Zpqpq
It follows that

2p=(T' zabcr
pq ....(8) where the zero sequence impedance is
Similarly for admittance
zpzpg +22pq
pq the positive sequence impedance is
 92 VBD COMP. APPL. IN ELECT. ENGG. (B.E.VIl
VIL
Sem.
Elect 93
impedance is IN ELECT. ENGG. (B.E. VIlI Sem. Elect.)
the negative sequence COMP. APPL,
PL.
VBD
zpa-P zpg +2tpa
and zp refers to the transformed impedance matrix atrix,
P
element.
which
is 0,c.P pa pq
diagonal for a balanced three-phase pq
The transformation matrix Ts also alizes the impedance
diagonalizes pa-pq
,a,b.C
matrix for a rotating element, even though Zp is not c.
is not symmetric,
impedance
suhere the
diagonal elements are the zero, alpha and beta
This diagonalized matrix is
respectively, and zp refers to the transformed
components,
m2
pq
impedance matrix which is
diagonal for a balanced three-phase
0.1,2
zp tap +azp
pq element.
Zpgtazp+az The transformation matrix 1, does not diagonalize the

nonsymmetric impedance matrix zp for a rotating element. The

where zpzpq t zpg +
2p following is obtained by this transformation.
z=z +a zpq +azp zpq+ 2pq t , ml
ml Zpq

+a
Clarke's components
0,0.
pq
p P+zp 3-2p)
Another transformation matrix transforms the three-phase ,mI
pm2
zpq p + zp
quantities into zero, alpha, and beta sequence quantities, known as
Clarke's components. The matrix for this transformation
is
Q.4. Starting from the performance equations (of a partial
0 30 network), derive equations useful for formations of bus
T -V1/23/2 impedance matrix when
i) the added element is a branch. (W.01)
-1/2-3/2 and (ii) the added element is a link.
Consider no mutual coupling between the elements.
which is an orthogonal
matrix, that is, TT. =U. ThererOrc Ans. Incidence and network matrices for a three-phase
Te = Te. Using this transformation balanced or unbalanced network can be formed by the same
the impedance matrix 1ora
procedures as those described for single-phase networks. The entries
stationary element z from equation (8) becomes. 1, -1 and 0 in the incidence matrices for a single-phase networks.
 IN ELECT. ENGG. (B.E.
(B.E. VIl
VBD COMP. APPL. Sem.Ele IN ELECT. ENGG. (B.E. VIlI Sem. Elect.) 95
94 cOMP. APPL.

The entries 1, -1 and 0 in the incidence r

matrices for a single-phas
s
Addition of a branch
replaced by the 5 X 3 matrices.1
network, however, will be
null, respectively. Also, the
nce of
impedance or admittance of a network
an The performance
equation of the partial network with an added
terms of three-phase quantities, is
matrix. The rows and columns
lumns of
of branc p-q, in
element will be a 3 x 3 this matriy 2

phases a, b and c or to the appropriate sequence

refer to the Zib,c 7a,b,c7a,
Im 1q
b,c 14.0,C

vill be composed of 3 x
will a,b.e
components. The network matrices E
to the phase or sequence
submatrices whose elements also refer 72.b,c 74,0,
components.
za,b.czC
21
2m 29

a three-phase network.
Performance equation of partial
cquation for a three-phase *** ******

The performance network **** *****.

..
representation in the bus frame of reference and impedance formic 7a,D,C
p
,0,C
74,0, pm P
a,b,c 73,b,c 7a, b, c ga,D,C=p PP
BUS BUS BUs Pp

a,D,c
vector of the three-phase bus voltages measured with
** *****

where ERIIS *

7a,b,C
,C 74,0,
mq
respect to the reference bus a,b,c m ,b,C7a,b,c
Zml m2 mp
m
I = Vector of impressed three-phase bus currents
z4D,C 7a,b,C 74,b,C ZA,0,
9 ZD,C qm 99

E q 9P
BUS = three-phase bus impedance matrix.

When the three-phase elements of the network are balanced,

their impedance or admittance matrices can be diagonalized by the
a three-
transformation matrix Ts or Te. In this case, the three sequence The elements Z can be determined by injecting

networks can be treated independently. The procedures based on the the

as shown in figure and measuring
algorithm described in earliear chapter can be applied to form the phase current at the ith bus,
to the reference node.
Similarly
impedance sequence network matrices. voltage at the qth bus with respect
When the three-phase elements of the network are
unbalance, 7a,b,c can be determined by injecting a
three-phasee
the 3 x 3 submatrices Z the elements ig
and ZC
of the bus impedance
voltage
matrix are not equal. The equations for the in figure, and measuring the
formation of the three Current at the qth bus, as shown
phase bus impedance matrix by the algorithm
can be derived ina at the ith bus with respect to the reference node.
manner similar to that-for single-phase networks.
96 97
PBD COMP. APPL. IN ELECT. ENGG. (B.E
a E.VIl IN LECT. ENGG. (B.E. VIlI Sem. Elect.)
Sem.
Elect MP. APPL.
the current at the ith bus be 1D and
To
calculateZalet
calculate2
zero. The voltage across the added
Three-pha se other bus currents equal
dher bus
element all
element p-q is
p-9
va,b.=E,b.C -EaDC 2)
voltages across the elements p-o of the partial
The vector of
network is
Partial
network :. The current in
Vpo=Ep Eb.c
the element p-9. in terms of
the primitive
(3)

voltages across the elements, is

admittances and the
,b.c
,a,b,c,a,b.ca,b,a,b.c
+Ypa pa .....(4)
ipg Ypq pq
= 0, from equation (4),
Since 1pa
) ,,C va,b,c (5)
Vpg=-(yn
(3) into (5)
Substituting from equations (2) and
Fig. Injected
Reference
three-phase current forcalculation of 2
, b, c,
Ep-E -(yp.g)p.pa (Ep-E).(6)
From equation (1)

Three-pha se
EbC=Zb.ca.b.c
..(7)
element p-9
Eab =Zabca.be
and at any bus k,
ED=Z.D.CTa.bc
Partial equation (7) and (6) and solving
network Using the relationships from
for Z.1a.b.c
qi i
ZaDCa.b.c =Z.b."a.b.e +yab)yabcZ.bc -Za.b.abe
I, it follows
all values of
Since equation (8) is valid for

that
b.cZa.b.e Zab.c 9)
Fig. Injected three
Reference za.b.c
qi
za.b.e ab.c
pi +V
pq.p
ypq popi
phase current for calculation
of z4,D, and
aud u
z8,b,c
 IN ELECT. ENGa. (B.E.
(B.E. VIT e OMP. APPL,IN ELECT. ENGG, (8.E, VIll Sem. Eledt.)
ARD COMP, APPL. VIl
Som.Eioct
Substituting from cquation (16) into (10), it follows that
let the current at the qth bus be 1Abe
To calculate Z, And
wn17)
added elements p.
It the p-q were
all other bus currents equal zero, no
the elements of the partial network, th voltage
the From the matrix equation
mutually coupled to

at the ith bus would be the same whether the

current ,be a,b,c
pq.pq
,b.c
pg.po yya.be
YpPp
a4 yabe U
and therefore ,1,b,c v4,b.c ya,b.c
injected at the p and q, that is, Ip q a,b,c
po,pg po,po po.pq po.pa

E= =
However, the element p-q is assumed to be mutually coupled to
he
7a,D,C a,b,c a. a,b,c
s18)
po,pa) po.pg
therefore,
one or more elements of the partial network;
ELDC=ZD14D=D1.DC+AEa,b.e Premultiplying by a,b.c J and postmultiplying by
T0) po,pa

where, AE.b is the change in voltage at bus i due to the effect of pg,pq cquation (18) becomes

mutual coupling. The vector of voltages induced in elements p- a is

Epop-pp PaP .19)
ppop 11)
Substituting from equation (19) into (17)

Zbe= Zbe +Zbe-Zbeabeabc

The series source voltages epob,c and parallel source currents
20)
Jo are related by
a three-
The element Za
qq can be determined by injecting
p-phso'eahe .(12) phase current at the qth bus and measuring the
voltage at that bus
Substituting from equation (11) and (12), with respect to the reference node. Let the current at
the qth bus be
;a,b,c a,b.c
he=-po be (13) Igand all other bus currents equal zero. Since ip -I
However, in terms of bus currents, solving for
v
substituting in equation (4) for ipoand
p-be=-iabe (14)
and the change in voltage at the
ith bus due to mutual coupling 1s
pq =-hsabe+pqupoVpo .(21)
AERB-beTabe +7beTabe Substituting from equation (2) and (3) into (21),
...(15)
Substituting for
Iand I, from equation (13) and (19h
Ea.b.c
E-p pa,pq +po -E ..22)
equation (15) becomes From equation (1)*
ED,= Za.bca,b.e
 LECT. ENGG. (B.E. VIl Sem. Elect.) 101
COMP. APPL
100 VBD COMP. APPL. IN ELECT. ENGG. (B.E. VII IN
Sem.
S
Ele BD
network with the added branch p-, in terms of
EBe-aberabe equation of the partial
99
23 three-phase
quantities, is
and at any bus k,

E =Z0za,b,c
q

Substituting from equation (23) into (22) and solvie

o
ZaaDC, it follows, since the resulting equation is valid for
a
Three-phase
values of I, that element P-9

-Z aeu+ be-Zbe 4) Partial p.c

If there is no mutual coupling between the added branch network
and
the elements of the partial network, the elements of yD are O
and ,a,b,c =7a.b.c
pq.Pq pq.pq
Then, equation (9), (20) and (24) reduced to
Za=Zab.c
pi

ip

gg
Z,CZa,b,c
pq ,a,b,c
P9 pq
(0 Reference
source in series with added link for
Fig. Three-phase voltage
It, in addition, p is the reference node,
Z4and Z4D, C
the elements of Zi calculation of Z,
a,b,c
and are zero. Also 2 P m
7a,b,cZa.b,c 14,0C
Z,0, 73,b,c Ea,b.cl7a,b,c 24b,c 7a,b,c
lm
P9 P 12
74,b,c Ta,b,C
Z4,b.c ,D,C
21
If the network elements are balanced,
Z 2m 2
then 7a,b,c74,0, and Ea.b,c12 2P
iq
either equation (9) or (20) can be used.
****
******
***

*****

73,b.c Ta,0,C
Addition of a link a,b,c 74,0,C pm
,0,c
pl P
E,D,CPZ p2 PP
As in the case of single-phase P
networks, when the new eleme ***

is a link it is connected in series with **** ***

a voltage source as show 74a,b,c 74,0,C ,0,C

1,D,C
m
mE4,b,cmZ.,cml 74,b.C mp
figure. The three-phase voltage source e.D,C selected
current through the added link is zero.
is such that t EA.b,c z4.b.c 74,0,c 74,0 Im
a,0
a,0,c

Then the element p-l, Wnc 12

is a fictitious node, can be treated as
a branch. The performain 25)
 (B.E. VIlI Sem. Elect.) 103
VIm APPL. IN ELECT. ENGG.
APPL. IN ELECT. ENGG. (B.E, Sem.
P.
102 VBD COMP.
Eloct element
D,C
can be determined by injecting a three
can be determined by injectin. The
The elements Z three. the voltage at bus i. Let
TTent between q and l and measuring
and measuring the tage
voltage at the fictitiou
at the e plhase
phase current at the ith bus q and / be 14.b, and all other bus currents equal
Let the current at the ith bue current between
node I with respect to bus q. the mutually coupled to the elements
the added element were not
If
zero. Then, from equation (s zero.
and all other bus currents equal partial network,
then
Zb.ca.b.c
eabe = of the
26) Ebe-zbe -zbe)b.c
Also, as shown in figure above the effect of mutual coupling,
However, because of
+AEb.c..3)
zb.-Zbb
b,C
e d, D,Cyp4, =Zb.cr4.b
(27) Eb.C =
Pi

terms of the primitive admittances and as in the case where the added
The current inin Following the same procedures
then
voltages across the elements is element is a branch,
a,b,ca,b,cC =-(Z.b,©-Zb,c)ab.czab.c1a.b.c 34)
ya,b,C,a,b,C
pqYpl.ppl pl.pa pa (28) AEb, io

Since,
Ta,b,C
Ypl.popq,pa
a,b,C va,D,Cy3,D,C
pl.plp9.pq and from equation (19)
a,b,c a.b,c ya,b,c
and the elements of a,0,C are zero, then the voltage va, from -po,po ]po,pq -YYpo.pq pq.pa
-

equation (33) it follows,

equation (28) is Substituting from equation (34) into
is valid for all values of 1,
that
since the resultant equation
(29)
Substituting from equation (29) into
(27) Z Z
D-z +ZD žbyabc ab.c
5)
be=vab+ab.cb.c
pq.po po ..(30) can be determined by injecting
a three
The element Z
Substituting for v
(7) into (30),
and a po from equations (2), (3) and
phase current, between q and and
measuring the voltage at node l
and
With respect to bus q. Let the
current between q and I be 1
ebe-be-2)beboabc zabc-zab all other bus currents equal zero.
Since ip =-I
, substituting
...(31)
solving for a.D,C
vp then
Substituting for e
from equation inequation (28) for ipaand
(26) into (31),
since the resulting equation
1t To1
va,b,C pa.pq
a.b.c (36)
-(y Tpq.po
is valid for
all values of
I , that pl
(27)
Zb. = be -zA.byab.c Substituting from equation (36) into
pg.pq a,b.c 7a,b.e
pq,papi Z.b =v +D0 ,b,C+ a,b.cva,b.c (37)
e
..(32)
 iN ELECT.
B.E. VIll
ENGG. (B.E. VIl s COMP.APPL
PL. IN ELECT. ENGG. (B.E. VIll Sem. Elect.) 105
104 VBD cOMP. APPL. Sem.
Elect
lect VPD
va.b.e and Vpo on 2),
from equation (2) 1,2.m. Solving for I from equation (42) and
)
a ei.i =
Substituting for Vpq
substituting into
(41);
(7) into (37),
ERIS PBUS -Z ze)lzabe ie
Therefore,
ra.b.cTab.c7a.b.c7.b.ca.b.c
D+pq.Po p 38) 72. b,c
mod ified)
73,b,c
"j(beforee lim ination)
ij
From equation (25), for the formations of 30 bus
Q.5. Tabulize the equations
39) coupling).
impedance matrix. (No mutual
it follows,
Substituting from equation (39) into (38), since the Ans.
No mutual coupling
resultant equation is valid for all values of I4-, that Add
p is the reference bus
P-9 pis not the reference bus
7a,D,C
Branch Z,D,C =za.b,c
pi
"qi =0

40) i= 1,2,.....,m i= 1,2,..m

If there added link and the
is no mutual coupling between the
iq
i#q
elements of the partial network, equations (32), (35) & (40) reduce to
za,b,C =0
B-B.e-zabe ip iq
i= 1,2,.., i= 1,2,.m
zhe-be-zbe iq i#q
c
Za,b,c7a,b.c,a,b.c 74,b,e7a,b,
Z=Z-z,b+ZAb.c TaD =Zpa+pq.p qq pq.pq

zB-zD +ac
If, in addition, p is the reference node,
Link
zBC -z; -z i= 1,2,...m i= 1,2,.,m
i#l
z.D,C-7a.
ql
b,c,a,b,c
tpq.p4
Furthermore, if the elements are balanced, Z D.C-Za.bc
P
i= 1,2,.... i= 1,2,..sssnrgn
i+l itl
The fictitious node l is eliminated
by short circuiting the lmn
7d,D,C-74,D,C, a,b,c
voltage source
e. From equation (25),
Zab.c
=Z-7a +pa.Pq
node
Tpq.pq

Fa,b,c7a.b.ca.b.c78,b.ca, b,c Modification of the elements for elimination of lth

BUS .(41)
-
BUS 'BUS

ezbe
1
and Z2,b.c
=
"ij(modified)ij(before elimination)

ab.e-ZTs+Z. =
0 (42) i.j = 1,2,....m
 IN ELECT. ENGG. (B.E. VIll
106 ABD COMP. APPL. V
Sem, ELECT. ENGG. (B.E. VIlI Sem. Elect.) 107
Elet COMP.APPL IN

Q.6. Discuss in brief

the modification of the BD
changes in system netw.
30 NUMERICALS:
impedance matrix for different work. system network
given in earlier ion
question can
can Prob.1. Consider the following
Ans. The formula be used
three-phase bus impedance matrix when an element
t
modity
is
formulas can be used also
added to the network. These whe
an
elements of, the
element not mutually coupled to other twork
e i
The procedures are
removed or its impedance is changed. Element Bus Code Self Impedance pq,pq
ttrose used for single-phase networks. When an element is
P-q
is removed number
0.025 - 0.02
1-2 0.08 -

the modified three-phase bus impedance matrix can be obtainod

ned
- 0.02 0.08 - 0.025
by 0.08
-0.025 - 0.02
adding a parallel element whose three-phase impedance is equal
0.08 0.25
- 0.02
1-3
the negative of the impedance of the element to be removed., wh
hen - 0.02 + 0.08 0.025
the impedance of an element is to be changed, the modified 0.08
thre -0.025 -0.02
phase bus impedance matrix can be obtained by adding a parallel 0.5
2-3 0.5
9
element such that the equivalent three-phase impedance of the two 1.5 0.5
0.5 1.5
0.5
elements is the desired value.

The same procedures as those used for 2-4 0.6 0.2 0.2
single-phase networks
0.2 0.6 0.2
can be employed to derive an equation
for modifying the submatrices 1.6
0.2 0.2
of the three-phase bus impedance matrix
when mutually coupled 4-3
0.9 0.3 0.3
elements are removed or their 0.3
impedances are changed. This 0.3 0.9
equation is 0.3 0.3 1.9

zp---7Mhe4yeZ-
where Ay
(a) Form the bus incidence
matrix A with ground as ref.
yb.e (b) Form the bus admittance
matrix YBUS by transformation. /
Mhu-Aherp1-11-2 (c) Form the bus impedance
matrix ZBUS using algorithm.
Soln. Part (a) The bus incidence matrix
 VBD COMP. APPL IN ELECT. ENGG. (B.E. IN ELECT. ENGG. (B,E. ViIll Sem. Elect)
108 VIl Sem. aMBD COMP. APPL. 109
Eléct
bus 3 Part-b
matrix
The primitive impedance
e
A= -U
U
U
U -U
where U is a matrix (unit) of dimension 3 x 3.
3

-1

A-4

-1 HL
-1
 IN ELECT. ENGG. (B.E. VI Sem. ELECT. ENGG. (B.E. VI1 Sem, Elect.) 111
110 BD COMP. APPL. Elect aD COMP. APPL, IN

4 6
a bCabCaDCaboab

-BAAEAR

OEE

EEREEE
 (B.E. VIl
IN ELECT. ENGG. (B.E. VI
112 VBD COMP. APPL. Sem. Elect)
aNBD CoMP. APPL. IN ELECT. ENGG. (B.E. Vil Sem. Elect.) 113

c
Part
Will be tormed y first adding
by
The bus impedance matrix
ad
al
branches and then adding the links. irom p = 1 to a
with element 1, the branch
Step 1. Start
matrix of the partial networ. are
The elements of the bus impedance

a
0.080 -0.025 -0.020
a,b.C 2
b -0.020 0.080 -0.025
ZBUS
-0.025 -0.020 O.080
Step 2: Add element 2, the branch from p
matrix is
= 1 to q = 3. This
adds a new bus and the bus impedance
2
a b b
0.080 -0.025 -0.020
-0.020 -0.025

-
B 0.080
ZBUS C
-0.0250.020 O.080
O.080 -0.025-0.020
-0.020 0.080 -0.025
-0.025 -0.020 0.080
Step 3. Add element
4, the branch from p = 2 to q 4. Thi1s
element is not
connected to the reference node and its additiOn
creates a new bus. Using the formulas
given in Q.5.
Zgi ZCi =2,3
zab.c
iq
=
za.bc i=2,3
and
Zabc Za = +z
P9-P
The bus impedance matrix is
114
VBD COMP. APPL.
IN ELECT.
ENGG. (B.E. 115
Step 4 Vill IN ELECT.
ENGG. (B.E, Vill Sem. Elect.)
Add element 5, S 1D APPL.
the link from p COMP
element is not connected
to the reference node
=4 to = T q3. VBD
rows and columns
corresponding to the fictitious node I

coupled to an existing and is not mut The formula

element of the partial
eliminated using the
zc
of the rows and columns network. The ele
corresponding to the ements are
obtained form fictitious 7a,b,C ination)
nodede are a, b,c
ijamod ified) jbeforeelim
Za.b,C 7a,b,c7a,b.c impedance matrix is
pi qi i=2,3,4 Then, the bus
i Zbe-zbc
P iq i = 2,3,4

and ZDC zi- +pq.pq

Thus, the augmented impedance
matrix is
116 VBD COMP. APPL. IN ELECT. ENGG. (B.E. 117
VIl s.
1 Sem. ENGG. (B.E. VIlI Sem. Elect.)
Elels APPL. IN ELECT,
aMBD COMP.
Step 5
Adding element 3, the link from p = 2 to q = 3. The
el.
not connected to the reference node.

zD= za.b.cza.b.c
pi qi il
Za.b.c_za,b,c
ZC= "ip iq i#l
and Z =Z
Zl+pq.p
The augmented impedance matrix

REPEATEDLY ASKED UNIVERSITY

QUESTIONS
equation of the three phase element in
Q.1. Write down the performance admittance form.
impedance and
(S.01, W.02)
Refer Q.1, P.84]
performance equation of 3 ) stationary and
Q.2. Derive an expression for
form when excitation is balanced and
rotating element in impedance and admittance (W.03)
unbalanced.
[Refer Q.2, P.87]
rotating can be represented by
Q.3. Show how 30 components, stationary and
by non-diagonalized matrix form.
diagonalized matrix form (S.00,01, W.00)
[Refer Q.3, P.91]
Q.4. Starting from the performance equations
(of a partial 30 network),

. derive equations useful for formations of bus impedance

i) the added element is a branch.
and (ii) the added element is a link.
matrix when
(W.01)

Consider no mutual coupling between the elements.

IRefer Q.4, P.93]
 UNIT V
SHORT CIRCUIT
STUDIES
o1. Explain the necessity of short
circuit studies. [W-03]
Ans. Short circuit calculations provide
currents and voltages
on
wer System during fault conditions. This
information is required
design an adequate protective relaying
system and to determine
interrupting requrecnens Tor circuit
breakers at each switching
location. Relaying 5ystems must recognize
the existence of a fault
and initiate circuit breaker operation to disconnect
faulted facilities.
This action 1s required to assure minimum disruption
of electric
service and to limit damage in the faulted
equipment. The currents
and voltages resulting from various types of faults
occurring at-many
locations throughout the power system must be calculated to provide
sufficient data to develop an effective relaying and switching system.
To obtain the required information a special purpose analog
computer, called a network analyzer, was used extensively for short
circuit studies before digital techniques were available.
The development of techniques for applying a digital computer
to form the bus impedance matrix made it feasible to use Thevenin's
theorem for short circuit calculations. This approach provided an
ethcient means of determining short circuit currents and voltages
because these values can be obtained with few arithmetic operations
involving only related portions of the bus impedance matrix.
Q.2. Represent three phase power system for short circuit
studies.
Ans. System Representation:-
a power system under steady
The three-phase representation of
In general, sufficient accuracy
State condition is shown in figure(1).
simplified
in short circuit studies can be obtained with a
Short
presentation. The simplified three-phase representation is shown in
Figure(2) and is obtained by:
Elect.) 185
VOD COMP. APPL. IN ELECT. ENGG. (B.E. VIl Sem.
 9ABD COMP. APPL. IN ELECT.
a.E. VIl
ENGG. (B.E. VIll Se
Sem.,Elee APPL. IN ECT. ENGG. (B.E. VIll Sem. 187
Elect.)
186 WDcOMP.
constantnt voltage
voltage behina
1) Representing cach machine
by a behind 0.3. Represent and Derive an expression for
or sub-transient. (6) Faulted bus
voltage, (i) Fault current,
machine reactance, transient
e.g., loads, line chargino (ii) Voltages at other buses.
2) Neglecting shunt connections, , etc
transformers at nominal tapes. phase to ground fault occurs at bus P in a power
3) Setting all when a three
In many short circuit studies, particularly tor high voltagsystem for short circuit studies.
Vo
oltage W-02, 03]
systems, it is sufficient to represent transmission
line and transfo
orme
sye Ans. The representation of the system with a fault at bus p is
to the coresponding reactancas In this representation, derived by means of
impedances as real numbers equal ces. chown in figure.
Mochine Thevenin's theorem, the internal impedance is represented by the bus
impedance matrix including machine reactances, and the open-
circuited voltage is represented by the bus voltages prior to the fault.
Tranamission ayelem

e The performance equation of the system during a fault is

EBUS(F)BUSO)ZBUS BUS(F
The unknown voltage vector is
- (1)

Fa,b.c
EIF)
Loods

Eb,c
BUS(F) EpFb.c
Fig. Three-phase representa tion of a power
ayetem. ***

Mochines
a, b.c
n(F)

w Transmission syslem
where the elements of ERUS(E) are the three-phase voltage vectors

E 1,2,..., n
The known voltage vector prior to the fault is
m E E3,b.c
E 1(0)
,a, b,c

Fa.b.c
Ea.b,c
EBUS(O) p0)
Fig. Three-plose represen tation
of a power aya tem
for short circus
studies.
Eb.e
n(0)
 ELECT. ENGG. (B.E. VIl Sem, Ele
188 BD COMP. APPL. IN APPL. IN ELECT. ENGG. (B.E, VIII Sem. Elect) 189
VBDCOMP.
during a fault at bus pis
The unknown bus current vector elements of za are matrices of dimension 3x3.
bhere the
where
of BUS
Equation(1) can be written as follows:
0
E1P pCF)
7a.b,c
BUSE)
a, b,c a,b.C-Z20pF)
p(F) -2)
E2(F)
. /....
Ea,b.c Ea,b.Cza, b, C a,b.c
0 Eo)Ep(0)pp P(F)

****

The three-phase bus impedance matrix is E En(0) np

(F
72.b.c 7a, b.c
Tip A a,b,c
The three phase voltage vector at the fauited bus p is, from

figure above E
pCF) = Z.b,Ca,b.c -..)
p(F)
Za,b,c 73.b.c
a.b.c
LBUS Lpp pm where Z is the three-phase impedance matrix for the fault. The

elements of this 3x3matrix depend on the type of fault and fault

z3,b,c Za,b,c Z4,b,c
nl nn impedance. Substituting from equation(3) for E the pth

- equation of (2) becomes

PCF) a.b.c7,b.Ca.b.c
ZD,Ca, b.C
p(0) pp p(
Solving equation (4) for InE yields
P(F
-(4)

a= (Z,c +Zab)-Ebe
Bue impedanoe matri
(tranemision syetem and Ep(0)
machine reacdances)
p(E)

Eun
Substituting for IE in equation (3), the three-phase voltage

at the faulted bus p is

a, b,e
PCF-Zp(Zb. Zab.e-Ea, bc
p(0)
(6)
Foult Epn
Similarly, the three-phase voltages at buses other than p can be
DDtained by substituting for 1 b,e from equation(5), then
Fig. Three-phase represen
ta tion of a power system with a fault ato
i(F) i)-Zi(Z +Zpp)EOi*p (7)
 VBD COMP. APPL. IN ELECT. ENGG. (B.E. VIto
(B.E. VIl
190 Sem.E COMP. APPL. IN ELECT. ENGG. (B.E. VIll Sem. Elect.) 191
meters of qBD
When it is desirable to
express the parameters ofthe
curren
form, the three-phase fault current at
t
circuit in the admittance bu Fa,b,c
is ij(F)

(8

Y is the three-phase admittance matrix for the The elements of the voltage vector are
where
Vij(F
Substituting InE from equation(8), the pth equation of v,b,c
Vij(F)
becomes
Y.b.C a.b.c
pF) =Ep(0Zp p(F) ----- (9)
and the elements of the primitive admittance matrix are
aa
Solving equation (9) for Eo( yields
ij. kl
ab
Yij.kl

-----(10) .a,b,C ba bb bc
Ep(F) =(U+Za.b.Cya.b,C)-lga.b.c y ,
ij.kl ij, k ij, kl ij,kd
P(0)
yCa cb
Yijk
Substituting for EE in equation (8), the three-phase cue
where y is the mutual admittance between phase b of network
at the faulted bus p is
. The three-phase
element i-j and phase c of network element k
1
,b.c Zab.cy2.b.clE.b.c
-

p(F) (U+ -(11)

p(0) current in the network element i-j can be calculated from
Similarly, the three-phase voltages at buses other than pcan a, b,Ca. po
b,ca,b,c -(13)
ij(F)ij, po(F)
obtained by substituting for
InE
P(E)
from equation(11), then where po refers to the element i-j as well as to elements mutually

i(F=Ei0-ZY-DC(U Zb.cya.b.c-Ipa.b.eCoupledto i-j. Since

i(0) ip F p(0
po(E)E E
i#p (12)
Then equation (13) becomes
Fault currents flowing through the elements
of the netwok papE-E.b.ce
a,b,ca,b,cEab.C-E (14)
be calculated with the bus voltages
obtained from equations(o) i,
Q.4. Describe how the formulas for the calculation of short
(7) or from equations (10) and (12). These
voltages across the elements of the
currents in terms o Circuit currents and voltages can be simplified..
[S-03]
fault
network are Ans. The formulas developed for the calculation of
urrents and voltages can be simplified for a balanced three phase
CEWork by using symmetrical components. The primitive impedance
where the elements of the current matrix for a stationary balanced three-phase element is
vector are
 192 RD COMP. APPL. IN ELECT. ENGG. (B.E. VIn Semt
mElec BD
COMP,
APPL , IN ELECT. ENGG. (B.E. V Sem. Elect) 183

Transforming into symmetrical components, that is

a,b.
E2 (T)' Ej0) then
Zpa

EL.23
Ei0)
This matrix can be diagonalized by the transformat
(T)2T, into
The fault impedance matrix
Z can be transfomed by
(0)
p T. into the matrix ZF The resulting matrix is diagonal if the
p 0.1.2
fault is balanced. The fault impedance and admittance matrices in
components for various types
terms of three-phases and symmetrical
if faults are given in
table(1).
where zg zg and zpa are the zero, positive, and negative
equations for calculating fault cuments and
Similarly, the
sequence impedances respectively. The positive and negative can be written in terms of symmetrical component The
voltages
sequence impedances for a stationary balanced three-phase elemem
current at the faulted bus p is
are equal. In addition, it is generally accepted that positive and
negative sequence impedances for rotating elements can be assumed 1=
pF)
(ZL.2 +Zo EL2 -(1)
equal for short circuit calculations.
In a similar manner, each y2,b,c in the primitive admittanc
or pYp-(U+zp pO)
-2)

The voltage at the faulted bus pis

matrix and each z in the bus impedance matrix can be
EpE-Z" (z+z2,-E12 )
diagonalized by the transformation matrix T, to obtain respectively. -(U+Zy02)-1FQ12 4)
p)
20z
or
ik,kl The voltages at buses other than p are
0.1.2
Z.2 )EO
(2)
and
E=E2-zz -5)

It is customary to assume that all the bus voltages prior to th

or
E-E0-z u+zy)E(6
The fault current in the three-phase element -js
i
fault are equal in magnitude and phase angle. Assuming th
magnitude of the line-to-ground voltage Ej(o) equal to one per un
jCP)=i (E -E12
oCF)
then the ith bus voltage before the fault is
bin Three-phase-to-ground fault
three-phase-to-ground fault
Fault currents and voltages for a
0) cidn be obtained by substituting the
corresponding fault impedanee
matrix, in
 194 APPL IN ELECT. GG. (B.E. VIII Sem. Elect.) 195
VBD COMP. APPL. IN ELECT. ENGG. (B.E. VIll Sem.Elect
Elo COMP. APPL.
VBD
Table(1) Fault impedance and admittance matrices
Symmetrical components
212
Tvpe of faul
Three-phase componenls
ZF +32g 00 Yo 00
0 ZF 0 | 0 yF0
0 0ZF 0 0 yF
+ 1

+ where yozp
+37g
t+| V-VVe-VVo+2y
where vo 0 0 00 0
Three-phase-to s+3 YF
0 1o
o
ground

0 ZF o01
Not defned

Not defined E1
3T1
Three-phae

Line-to-ground

-I
t +2p,+2
0
Line-to-line-to-
ground +2p +2
erms of symmetrical components, into equations(1), (3), and (5)

Line-to-line
Not defined

- Both sides of the resulting equations can be pre-multiplied by Ts to

obtain the corresponding formulas in terms of phase components.

The fault impedance matrix for a three-phase-to-ground fault is

from table (1)
 196 VBD COMP. APPL. IN ELECT. ENGG. (B.E. /l
VII Sem.
Sem, Elect.
E
APPL IN ELECT. ENGG. (B.E. VII Sem. Elect.) 197
n COMP.
ZF +3Zg
21.2 ZF (8) P(F)
3 zF
ZF Ep(F) 7(1)
ZF tpp
The three-phase fault current and the bus voltages are obtained E2)
p(F) 0
by substituting from equation (8), for Z in equations (1), (3
The phase components of the fault voltage are
and (5). The current at the faulted bus p is

I0) ZF +37g + Zpp

(0)
p(F) b ZF 2
p(F)
7)
ZF + ppP pFzp +Zpp
7)
a
2) |ZF +Z EpF)C

pF) are
The voltages at buses other thanp
which reduces to
)
)
EEiF)
p(F)
3 (9) i EE) Zip 1
----
ZF +Zp
p(F) 7()
ZF + Zpp E 0
pF) 0
which reduces to
The phase components of the fault current at bus p can be
obtained by pre-multiplying both sides of equation (9) by Ts. These EO
Pi(F)
0
currents are = V51-
i(F)
Tp(F E2) ZF + Zpp
a2 0
p(E)ZE + Zp a
p(F) In phase components,

The voltage at the faulted bus p is E.

EiF)
a
| F0) i(F)
p(F) ZF +37g C
ZF +ZoD a
v3
p(F) ZF
+2pp
F2)
EpF ZF Z Table (2) Current and Voltage formulas for three-phase-to
ground fault at bus p
which reduces to
 IN ELECT.
.
ENGG. (B.E. VIIl
ViIl Sem Elect
Sem. VBDCOM
APPL. IN ELECT. ENGG. (B.E. VIllISem.
Elect.)
199
COMP. APPL.
198 BD Line-to-ground fault
Symmetrical components
Three-phase components The fault Imittance matrix for a line-to-ground fault
table(1) in phase
10.1.2V3Ep(o) ais from
a
1
1
Ta,b,c p(O) pF)
ZF+pp0
p(F)
ZF +pp )
a 0
Y --- (10)

1.2 3 zEp(0) fault current and the bus voltages are obtained
Fa,b.c zpEp pCF)
The
by
ZF + Z PP
ZF +Zp hctituting from equation (10) for YFin
equations(2), (4), and
(6). The current at the
faulted bus p is

- zEpO E0.1.23 EpO) T(0)

E: Ei0)
ZF +ZpD
Ei(F) Eio)
+Zpp
p(
T)
EE
a
p(F) 3
i#p i#p (2)
PCF
The formulas derived in this section are summarized in 1+Zpp
Table(2). The line-to-ground voltage was assumed to be one per unit 3 pp PP 3 0
in the derivations. The formulas in table(2) include the term for the zpp E 3
1+Zp YF
3
line-to-ground voltage which can be set at any desired per unit value.
zpP YE ZppYE 1+ 0
The currents in the network elements during the fault can be
calculated from equation (7). Since the zero and negative sequence
3 3
bus voltages are zero for a three-phase fault and there is no mutual which reduces to
0)
coupling in the positive sequence network, that is y=0 except p(F)
when po = ij, then equation (7) reduces to T) --(11)
*p(E)
(0) T(2) Zo+2Zp +37F
JE) 0 *p(F)
ij(F)
= Yijiji() E) he phase components of the fault current
at bus p can be
jF). by Ts. These
(2) 0 ODtained by premultiplying both sides of equation (11)
ij(F) currents are
In phase components,
3
p(F) pp +22pp +3ZF
pE
0
a
PCE)
 APPL. IN ELECT. NGG. (B.E. VIll Sem. Elect.)
APPL 201
200 VBD COMP. APPL. IN ELECT. ENGG. (B.E. VIlISem. Elect BDCOMP.
In phase components,
The voltage at the faulted bus p is
z+27D
O) 1+Z YE Z0E
pp
EE ip
z0)z0
E
pF)
Ex +27+3z
PP +3ZF ip ip

E) 1+z 1+Z EE Z-Z

EY 1+Zp
0 Table (3) Current and voltage formulas for line-to-ground fault
p
3 (phasea)at bus
components Symmetrical components
Three-phase
which reduces to
E0)

zZp37F
1be o
p70)+2Z+32F 0
3E p(0) 0.1,2
p
z+27+32
3Ep(0)

Ep
p
z22+3z -Zpp
E EpO
EQ12 3 Ep)
The phase components of the fault voltage are 3ZF EpP pp+ 22pp +3Z
3ZF Z+2Zp +3Z
Z
Z+2Zp +3ZF Zp- - Z

p pp +Zpp +3Zp
E

gb
p
z-Z
Z+2Zpp +3Zp
22+32
Z-Zp
7)
-Tpp
7(0)

Zp+2Zpp +3ZF
PP 22+32
E0.12
E(0
The voltages at buses other thanp are EP-E0) a-Ep)
EO)
i( 0) 0 3 Ep(0)
0 ip
E z+2z z+2+3
P
EiE 0
z0 27+32 z+2Z +3Z
which reduces to z-z
Zp+2Zo+3ZF
EO)
Ei(F
0 z-z ip

O0 z+2+3ZF 70
ip Z+2 +3ZF i#P
i(E2) PP
i#p
 ELECT. ENGG. (B.E. VIl Sem. IN ELECT. ENGG.(B.E. VIll Sem. Elect.) 203
202 VBD COMP. APPL. IN
Elece COMP APPL.
VBD
NUMERICALS: bus pedance matrix in terms of sequence quantities
a) The
Prob:1 Consider the following determined to calculate three-phase and line-to-ground fault
mustbe
currents, using
etrical components. Table given in problem
the ree-phase impedances of the network elements.
nit-3 shows
positive ànd negative sequence impedances of the network
The zero,
ments can be obtained by means of the transformation matrix Ts
(o)

that 1s,
Zpu=(T,)pb.cT
pq
Assuming the impedance matrices of the generators are
svmmetric and using the average value -0.0225
for the off-diagonal
ahead.
elements,the sequence impedances are shown in Table
sequence impedances for
Table Zero, positive, and negative

(6)
Ground Branch samplesystem.
Mutual
Link
Element Bus Self
Figure: Sample system for short circuit calculations. number Code
(a) Single line diagram of three-phase system;
(b) Oriented connected graph.
p-9
Bus Impedance
a. Using symmetrical components, calculate the following Impedance
z0.1,2 Code 70,1,2
for a three-phase fault at bus 4: pq.p p.q.r.s
i. Total fault current r-s
i. Bus voltages during fault
1-2 0.035
ii. Short circuit currents in lines connected to the faulted
bus. 0.1025
b. Using symmetrical components, 0.1025
calculate the following
for a line-to-ground fault at bus 4:
1-3 0.035
i. Total fault current
0.1025
ii. Bus voltages during fault
0.1025
ii. Short circuit currents in lines connected
to the faulted
bus. 3 2-3
2.50
C. Determine the maximum
three-phase short cireu 1.00
current that circuit breaker A must
interrupt for a fault on me 1.00
line side of the breaker.
Soln.
204 VBD COMP. APPL. IN .E.VIl
ELECT. ENGG. (B.E. VIll Se- COMP. APPL. IN ELECT. ENGG. (B.E. VIll Sem. Elect.) 205
Sem. 'BD
Ele
Step4.Add element 5, the link from p =4 to =3. The
2-4 2-3 q
1.00 0.60
elements ofthe row
0.40 and column corresponding to the fictitious node
0.40 are
4-3 2-3 Zi2 =Z21=Z42-Z32
|1.50 0.90
0.60
Z13=Z3= Z42 -Z33
0.60 Zy4=Z41= Z44 -Z34
Z=Z41-Z3y +Z43,43
Since there is no coupling between the sequence impedance
nces, and the augmented matrix is
the bus impedance matrix in terms of sequence quantities can
h
obtained by forming the positive, negative, and zero sequence bu
2) 0.1025 0.1025 0.1025
impedance matrices independently. First, the positive sequence bu
impedance matrix will be formed.
3 0.1025 -0.1025

Step 1. Start with element 1, the branch from p =1 to q =2. The

4) 0.1025 0.5025 0.5025
0.1025 -0.1025 0.5025 1.2050
positive sequence bus impedance matrix for the partial network is
(
ZRUS 2
To eliminate the h
row and column, the elements of the
2 0.1025
augmented matrix are modified as follows:

Step 2. Add element 2, the branch from p =l to q =3. Then, Z22-Z22 a1Z Z12

7)
LBUS F
Zi3=Za3-ZsaZ Z12
2 3
0.1025 Z4=Z44-ZaZ Z14

0.1025 Z23-Z32=Z23-ZaiZ Z13

Step 3. Add element 4, the branch from p = 2 to q = 4. Thus, Z24Z42 = Z24-Z21Z Z14
Z24=Z42=Z22 Z34=Z43 =0
Z44=Z24+Z24,24
Z'34
Z43 =Z34-Za1Z Z14
and
Thus,
2 (3 4)
BUS = (2) 0.1025 0.1025
BUS 0.938 0.0087 0.0598
0.1025 0.0087 0.0938 0.0427
4 0.1025 0.5025 4) 0.0598 0.0427 0.2930
 206 9ABDCOMP. APPL. IN ELECT. ENGG. (B.E. VIm Sem.
e aMRD COMP.
APPL. IN ELECT. ENGG. (B.E. VII Sem. Elect.)

p= 2 to q =3. As in the
Step 5. Add element 3, the link from he Step 5. Add element 3, the link from p = 2 to q =3 which is
previous step, coupled with the elements 4 and 5. The elements of the row and
Z=Z=Z2 -Z32 column coresponding to the fictitious node 1 are
Zs-Zy=Zas-Z33
Zi2=Z2-Z32 +22422-L42)+Y23, 43 (Z2 -Z-)
Z=Za=Z24-Z34 Y23, 23
Z-Z2-Zy +Z23.23
y23,24(Z23-Z43) +y23,43 Zs-Zss)
Zy3= Z23-Z33 +
4 Y23.23
0.0938 0.0087 0.0598 0.0851
0.0087 0.0938 0.0427-0.0851 +23,2424Z44)+y2343 (Z44 -Z)
Z4 Z24-Zaa
=
Y23.23
0.0598 0.0427 0.2930 0.0171
0.0851-0.0851 0.0171 1.1702
=Z2Z3 +1+
y23,24 (Zqi -Z4) + yz3,43 (Z4 -Za)
ZI
y23,23
Eliminating the row and column, the final positive sequence
The zero sequence primitive impedance matrix is
bus impedance matrix is
1-2 1-3 2-3 2-4 4-3
2 1-2 0.035
ZBUS 0.0876 0.0149 0.0586
1-3 0.035
3 0.0149 0.0876 0.0439
2-3 2.500 0.600 0.900
0.0586 0.0439 0.2928
2-4 0.600 1.000
Since positve and negatve prmtive sequence impedances are
equal to positive and negative sequence bus impedance matrices are 4-3 0.900 1500
equal.
The procedure for forming the zero sequence bus impedance
The new element 3 is coupled only to elements 4 and 5 and it is
matrix is identical for the first four steps. The zero sequence Dus
sufficient to invert the sub-matrix containing the coupled elemen
impedance matrix of the partial network, before adding element 5, 15
2-3 2-4 4-3

0.0345 0.0005 0.0209 2-3 2.500 0.600 0.900

BUS 3 0.0005 0.0345 0.0141 z2

20)
po,po 2-4 0.600 1.000

0.0209 0.0141 0.6182 0.900 1.500

4-3
 ELECT. ENGG. (B.E. VII Sem, El APPL IN ELECT. ENGG. (B.E. VIRI
Sem. Elect.)
206 9RD COMP. APPL IN RDCOMP.
Assuming the faulault impedance is zero, the total faultcurment for
Thus
2-3 2-4 4-3 three-phase
a
fault at bus 4 is
2-3 0.625-0.375-0.375
ppe24 0.375 1.225 0.225 3
3.425
43 0.375 0.2250.892 0.1.2
4(F) z+Z 0.2928

and the augmented matrix is 0

0.0345 0.0005 0.0209 0.0136

The phase components of the fault current are
0.0005 0.0345 0.0141-0.0136
0.0209 0.0141 0.6182 0.0027
0.0136-0.0136 0.0027 1.6109 12= T, I4(F) 3.42 a2

Eliminating the row and column, the final zero sequence

bus impedance matrix is
Bus voltages during fault are
2) 3) 4)
0.0344 0.0006 0.0209
[ZS3 0.0344 0.0141
0.0006
EO12=
E4F) 0
0.0209 0.0141 0.6182

Combining the elements of the three sequence impedance

0
00596
matrices, the bus impedance matrix is
EL2 0.S03
E20F) 02928
00344
0.0005
0.0209
z+Z
0
0.0076
0.0149 0.0586
0.0676 0.0586
0,0149
0.0006
O.0344
0.0141
00149
ZUS 0.0876
ZV3 O0439 a.853
3
0.0439

0.0149
0.0876 O.0439
E9.12
3--Z44+2F 02928
L
0.0209
0.0141
0.6182
(4)1 0.056
0.0439
0.2928
voltages are
he phase components of the
0.0586
00139 0.3928
 Sem
9ABD COMP. APPL. IN ELECT. ENGG. (B.E. Vil Sem.
210 Elect) wBD COMP.
APPL. IN ELECT. ENGG. (B.E. VIll Sem. Elect.)
211

1
E-TE =0 ;43(F)
a,b.C =Ti -1.42 a2
a

E TE=0.80a ia.b Ts i24(F)2.00 a

a

h. The fault current for a line- to- ground fault at bus 4.

assuming zero fault impedance, is
E3(F-TE 0.85 a2
T0,1,2

The short circuit current in the lines connected to the faulted

4(F) z +27+37 0.6182+0.5856

bus are
0.833
0 = 0.83 3
:0,1.2
43F) y4343 (E4E)-3E) 0.85/3) 0.83/3
0 0.60 are
The phase components of the total fault current

0
2.49
1ab.c =TI 0
-1.423 0
0
Bus voltages during the fault are

)E
:0.1,2
EE
24(F)Y24,242F)-E4(F) (0.80V3-0) (0) -0.6182
E 0.40
E1,2
4(F)
3 z+Z =0.833 0.9110
-0.2928
0 z+2Z4 +3zF-z
2.00/3
0
-0.51313
0.7561 3
The phase components of these
currents are
-0.2430 3
 COMP. APR IN ELECT. ENGG. (B.E. VII Sem. Elect.)
213
VBD COMP. APPL. IN ELECT. ENGG. (B.E. Vill Sem, E BD
212 3ZF

V3
20 42
(1)
) +2Z+3ZF
44
E2 3 2+2z+37FZL42 Ea,b.c =
EAF)
a
7Z44-44
Z
a2
0.6182-0.2928
0
Z+2Z
z-z
0.6182+0.5856
44 +3z
a
0.6182-0.2928
0.0209
0 a - 0.6182 +0.5856
3-0.83 V3 0.0586 70+2Z
44 +3ZF
0 0.0586

-0.0173 3
3
0.9514
-0.77-j0.866 |

-0.0486 3
-0.77+ j0.866
0 LA3
L43
0 z+274 +3zFZ
43
z+2Z47
42
1
z+27
z
+3zF

Ea.b.c a 42 Z42
2F)
0 0.0141
z+2Z+3ZF
A4
3-0.83/30.0439 a z0-z4
42
0 0.0439
z+2Z+32F
0.0209 +0.1172 0.8853+j0
0.6182+ 0.5856
-0.01173 a2 0.0209-0.0586 -4.687-j0.866
0.6182+0.5856
0.9636 3 a 0.0209-0.0586 0.4687+j0.866
0.6182 +0.5856
-0.0364 3

The phase components of the voltages are

 9RD COMP, APPL. IN ELECT. ENGG. (B.E. VIlSem.
Sem. Elect) COMP, APPL. IN ELECT. ENGG. (B.E. VIl Sem. Elect.)
214 9D 215

z+24 0.0141+0.0878
y24 E2F)-E4F)t Y24,43(E4P)-Esp)
z27+3z 0.6182+0.5856 (0)
+Y24,23
E2)- 0)
)
Z-Z a2 0.0141-0.0439 y24.24(E2P)-E4F)
E
:0,1.2
0.6182+0.5856 43(F)
Z+2+37F
z-z 0.0141-0.0439
0.6182+0.5856
Y 24,24
(E2F-E4F)
[1.225(-0.0173 +0.5131) +0.225 (-0.5131+0.0117)
z+27+ 32p
+-0.375)-00173+0.0117)
0.9154+j0 (0.9514-0.7561)
=v3 0.4
-0.4752-j0.866
-0-4752+10.866 -0.0486 +0.2430)
0.4
Short circuit currents in the lines connected to the faulted bus
2re 0.50/3
Y4343(E 4 E3+Y43,23(2(F)-E3( 0.49 3
+y EF
E 0)
4F) 0.49 3
y43 (E- Esp)
EE-E3(F-FX) The phase components of the currents in the lines coanegfed
top

the fault bus are

0.892(-0.5131 +0.0117) + (-0.375))-0.0173 +0.0117) -1.02

:0,1.2
+0.225 (-0.0173 +0.5131) 43(F)1s 43(F) 0
0
(0.7561-0.9636)
0.6 1.47
-0.2430+0.0364) and 0
0.6 24(F)s 24(F)

fault on the line side of

-0.33 3 9he fault currents occurring for a
fault on bus 4, since
breaker A
can be calculated by assuming the
this ype of fault
=-0.343 both locations
are electrically equivalent. When
Oce
B, the interrupted
curent
breaker A opens before breaker
-0.34 3 nd
will be
urre at bus 4
the total fault current less the fault
contnbution
he
OWing from bus 3 over line 5.
 COMP.A
APPL. IN ELECT. ENGG. (B.E. VIll
216
VBD COMP. APPL. IN ELECT. ENGG. (B.E. VIll Sem. Elect VBD Sem. Elect.)
217
This current is The element Z44 ot the modified bus impedance
matrixis
Zh4Z44 -Z41Z11 Z12
This new value is
Ia.b.c a.b.=3,.42 a2-1.42a=2.00 a2
=0.4943
Z
Then, the total fault current is

When breaker B opens first, breaker A must interrupt the total 0

fault current which occurs when line 5 is open. The fault current can
car

be calculated after modifying the bus impedance matrix to open line

0.1.2=3
4(F)
- 1
0.494
5. To simulate the opening of line 5 a fictitious link, whose
0 0
impedance is equal to the negative of the impedance of element 5, is
added between buses 4 and 3. From Table the impedance of this
fictitious link in terms of the sequence quantities will be 0

-
1.5 2.02 3
0,1.2
42,42(2) -0.60

- 0.60 The phase components of the total fault current are

The elements of thel th row and column are

Z12 =Za = Z42 Z32 - 4(F)=T,I4 2.02 a
a
Zi3 =Z3= Z43 -Z33
Z14=Z41 =Z44 -Z34 whlch are the maximum current to be interrupted.

Z=Z4-Z31+Z43,43(2)
and the augmented positive sequence
matrix is
2 3 4
0.0876 0.0149 0.0586 0.0437
3 0.0149 0.0439-0.0437
0.0876
0.0586 0.0439 0.29280.2489
0.0437-0.0437 0.2489-0.3074
218 VBD COMP. APPL. IN ELECT ENGG. (B.E. VIl Se
VIlI Sem.
Elect
REPEATEDLY ASKED UNIVERSITY QUESTION
ONS

Q.1. Explain the necessity of short circuit studies. W-031

[Refer Q.1,P.185]
Q.2. Represent and Derive an expression for
(i) Faulted bus voltage, (11) Fault current,
(11) Voltages at other buses.
when a three phase to ground fault occurS at bus Pin a powersystem
for short circuit studies. . W-02, 03)
[Refer Q.3, P.187]
Q.3. Describe how the formulas for the calculation
of short
Circuit currents and voltages can be simplified.
S-03
Refer Q.4, P.191]
 UNIT-VI
TRANSSIE
BANSIENT STABLITY STUDIES
Q.1. Derive swing equation. [S-03, W-01]
Ans. Swing equation: In order to determine the angular
displacement
slacement between the machines of a power system during
transient
Conditions, it is necessary to solve the differential equation
escribing the motion of the machine rotors. The net torque acting on
dhe rotor of a
the
a machine, from the laws of mechanics related to rotating
bodies, is
WR2
T=
T= -(1)

where T= algebraic sum of all torques, N-m

WR= moment of inertia, kgm
g= acceleration due to gravity, equal to 9.81m/sec
sec
angular acceleration, rad/
O= mechanical
The electrical amgle 0, is equal to the product of
the

mechanical angle Om and the number of pairs of poles P/2,

that is,

P --- (2)
2
The frequency f in cycles per second 1s

rpm ---(3)
1f 60
angle in radians is
Ihen from equations (2) and (3) the electric
60f ---(4)
rpm
0m
the rotor with
angular position ð, in radians, of
Ihe electric
Spect to a synchronously rotating reference axis
Is

wh @o = rated synchronous speed, rad/sec

t= time, sec
219
D COMP. APPL IN ELECT. ENGG. (B.E. VII Sem. Eiect.)
 VBD COMP. APPL. IN ELECT. ENGG. (B.E VIIl 221
220 Sem.Ele IN ELECT, ENGG. (B.E, VIl Sem. Elect.)
COMP.
auD
APPL
APPL.
Then, the angular velocity
or slip with respect to
o the
t referene BD
energy
=WR2 2
axis is Kin tic 2 g
do dee
dt dt
where
and the angular acceleration is
rpm
O0=2 60
d6 d0 is the rated
speed. Therefore
d2 dt and rpm
WR2(27)2
WR rpm0.746
11
Taking the second derivative of equation (4) and substitu
sting, 60 550
2
ds 60f d-0m H base kva
d2
dt2 rpm dt Substituting in equation (5),
where d
H ---(6)
T Ttt dt
dt2 on the rotor of a generator include the
The torques acting
mechanical input torque from the prime
mover, torques due to
Then, substituting into equation (1), the net torque is
rotational losses (friction, windage,and core losses), electric output
T=WR pm d5 to prime mover, generator, and
torques, and damping torques due
g 60f d acting on the
power system. The electric and mechanical torques
It is desirable to express the torque in per unit. The base torque
rotor of a motor are of opposite sign
and are a result of the electric
is defined as the torque required to develop rated power at rated rotational
input and mechanical load. Neglecting damping and
speed, that is, losses, the accelerating torque Ta is
550
base kva Ta Tm-T
0.746
Base torque = where Tm = mechanical torque,
rpm
2x Te = electric air gap torque
60
where the base torque is in N-m. Therefore, the torque in per unitis Thus equation (6) becomes

WR 27T(rpm0.746
H d Tm-Te --(7)
Tf dt2
f 60 550 d
T= (5) Since the torque and power in per unit are equal for small
base kva dt2
deviations in speed, equation (7) becomes
The inertia constant H of a machine is defined as the kinetc
energy at rated speed in kilowatt seconds per kilovolt-ampere. The
kinetic energy in N-mis
d dt
1t(Pm-Pe
 IN ECT. ENGG. (B.E. VII Sem. Elect)
.E.VIl OMP. APPL. 223
222 VBD COMP. APPL. IN ELECT. ENGG. (B.E. VIIS
Sem.Ele PD representation of the synchronous machine used for
The
where Pm=mechanical power solutions and the corresponding phasor diagram are shown
below.
air gap power
Peelectric figure
written in Saliency and changes in field flux linkages can be taken into
equation can be written
This second-order differential astwg representir the effects of the three-phase ac quantities of
equations: unt by
simultaneous first-order synchronous machine by components acting along the direct and
axis is along the centerline of the
ds do Pm-Pe) uadrature axes. The direct
and the
he quadrature axis leads the direct axis by 90
dt dt H achine pole
degrees. The
he position of the quadrature axis can be
and lectric
determine by calculati a fictitious voltage located on this axis.
dodee 8 Thisis a voltage
back of quadrature-axis synchronous reactance and
dt dt determined from
Since the rated synchronous speed in radians per second : is

2rtf, equation (8) becomes

do 27tf
=0-
dt
stabilit (a)
Q.2. Represent the following for the transient
analysis.
) Synchronous machines.
(i) Induction machines.
Ans. Synchronous machines: Reference
In transient stability studies, particularly those involving shor (b) aris
periods of analysis in the order of a second or less, a synchronous
machine can be represented by a voltage source, in back oftransien Fig. Simplified representation of a Sunchronous machine.
(a) Equivalent circuit; (b) phasor diagram
reactance, that is constant in magnitude but changes its angula
position. This representation neglects the effect of saliency ani Eq
E +T,l + jxqlt
assumes constant flux linkages and a small change in speed. Ia Where Eq= voltage back of quadrature-axis synchronous reactance
voltage back of transient reactance is determined from
Xqquadrature-axis synchronous reactance
E' = E, + ,l + jxalt
The representation of the sunchronous machine used for
where E = voltage back of transient reactance network solutions and the corresponding phasor diagram are shown
E, = machine terminal voltage in figure below.
The sinusoidal flux produced by the field current acts along the
I = machine terminal current
irect axis. The voltage induced by field current lags this flux by 90
ra armature resistance a, therefore, is on the quadrature axis. This voltage can be
x = transient reactance
 VBD COMP. APPL. IN ELECT. ENGG.
G. (B.E. VIl
VIl S
determined by adding to the terminal Sem.Ele APPL IN ELECT. ENGG. (B.E. VIll
Sem. Elect.)
voltage E, the voltao VBDCMP. 225
across the armature resistance age
and the voltage drops representhi
demagnetizing effects along 000
the direct and quadrature axee
neglecting saturation, The
E =
E+ r,l + jxala + jxqlq
(a)
where E = voltage proportional to field current
Xd = direct-axis synchronous reactance
Xqquadrature-axis component ofmachineterminal cun
urrent /isg
Ia direct-axis component of machine terminal current
axis
Ig =quadrature-axis component of machine terminal curen Quadralu

The phasor diagram showing E as well as the voltage backo Reference

(6) aris
transient reactance is shown in figure ahead.
The quadrature component of voltage back of transien
reactance from the phasor diagram is
Fig. Representation of a sunchronous machine for determining E
E-E-j(Ng -Na)la (a) Equivalent circuit; (b) phasor diagram.
where Eq is the voltage proportional to the field flux linkages

resulting from the combined effect of the field and armature current
Since the field flux linkages do not change instantaneously following
a disturbance, E also does not change instantaneously. The rateof

change of E along the quadrature axis is dependent on the field

voltage controlled by the regulator and exciter, the voltage
proportional to the field current, and the direct-axis transient ope Quadrature E
aris
circuit time constant and is given by
dEq (Era -E)
Reference
aris
dt Tdo

where Etd= term representing the field voltage acting along

axis
the quadrature axis. Fig. Phasor diagram for determining the quadrature
direct-axis transient open circuit time constant components of voltage behind transient reactance.
Tdo
 (B.E. VIl ECT. ENGG. (B.E. VIl Sem.
226 VBD COMP. APPL. IN ELECT. ENGG. Sem.
Elect OMP.
APPL. IN Elect.)
227
COM
BD resist in per unit
Induction Machines: the rotor
In power system transient stability ads includinp
studies, loads in
t is the rotor reactance in per unit
adequately h y
Induction motors, usually can be represented shu Xis the netizing reactance in per unit
impedances. However, in studies involving large induction Xm is
loads it is necessary frequently to represent the induction
moto in per unit
s is
the rotor sip
more detailed manner. Induction motors are used extensivol. resistan and reacta tances are all on the same kva
base.
tron The
industrial processes and can have significant effects on the the base voltages of the stator and rotor is equal to the
ratio of
response of a power system. so atio at standstill. The per unit slip is
it voltage
circuit
A reasonable linear representation of an induction machin.
chine o open
oP
-
Synchronous speed actual speed
taking into account the effects of mechan
mechan
be obtained by
transients and rotor electric transients. The effects of stator
elo S. Synchronous speed

transients on system response usually can be neglected Since the

rotor resistance
equivalent circuit shown in figure below has been used to repre is
small compared
with the
w.o00 000
the transient behavior of an induction motor including the effects reactances, it can be neglected in
mechanical transients and rotor electric transients with a single tiMe X
calculation of X and
the
constant. equivalent
of the steady state
The differential equation describing the rate of change the From Fig. Steady state positive
then, the open circuit sequence equivalent circuit of
voltage behind transient reactance X is circuit, an induction machine.
appromixately.
dE' = -j27tfsE' -(E- j(X-X')I}
reactance is

dt To XF Xs t Xm
where the rotor open circuit The blocked rotor reactance is approximately
XmXr
time constant To in seconds
is
w- 000 X'= Xst
Xm tXr
Q.3. Write down the equations for the representation of
To X +Xm
loads for transient stability analysis.
2xfr representation of
Fig. Simplifed Ans. Representation of loads
and the terminal current is induction machine for transient analy loads, other than motors represented by
Power system
equivalent circuits, can be treated in several ways during the
I, = (E, E') -

Tat jX transient period. The commonly used representations are either static

The reactances X and X' can be obtained from the conventional impedance or admittance to ground, constant current at fixed power
in factor, constant real and reactive power, or a combination of these
steady state equivalent circuit of an induction machine as shown
figure below, where representations.
The constant power load is either equal to the schehuled real
r is the stator resistance in per unit
and reactive bus load or is a percentage of the specified values in the
xs is the stator reactance in per unit
COr a combined representation. The parameters associated with
228 E. VIll APPL. ELECT. ENGG. (B.E. VIl Sem. Elect)
VBD COMP. APPL. IN ELECT. ENGG. (B.E. Sem,
VIll Sem.
Elect COMP.
PPL. IIN 229
I9D Using the bus admittance matrix with ground as
static impedance and constant current representations are obtain. Hohenstein, 1959).
from the scheduled bus loads and the bus voltages calculatedfrom
fro voltage equation for bus p is
ed
load flow solution for the power system prior to a disturbance. T
the
-jQp)p YLpg Eg
initial value of the current for a constant current representation
)
is Ep= Ep q=1
obtained from q#p

PLpJL, PpJpEp 1n equation (i) represents the load

The term
Ep
For the constant current load representation
p. For
at bus
urrentr at bus
where PL, and QL, are the scheduled bus
loads and E icthe s
bus p to gromn Ppp-|1po| /e, +p
calculated bus,voltage. The curent Ipo flows from
(E)
und,

that is, to bus 0. The magnitude and power factor

angle of Inoremai
ain
where
o is the power factor angle and 6 is the angle of
constant.
with respect to the reference. When the constant power is
The static admittance ypo, used to represent the load at uS p.voltage represent
bu5 D
used to
the load, (Pp -jQ,)Lp will be constant but the
can be obtained from. every iteration. When the load at bus p
voltage Ep will change
(Ep-Eo)Ypopo has
represented by a static admittance to ground, the impressed current
where Ep is the calculated bus voltage and Eg is the ground is

at the bus is zero and therefore

voltage, equal to zero. Therefore =
po (PpJp)p 0
(1)
Ypo Ep
Ep
E
equation (i) to describe the performance of the
In using
Multiplying both the divided and divisor of equation (1) by network for a transient analysis, the parameters must be modified to
and separating the real and imaginary components, include the effects of the equivalent elements required to represent
PLe QLp synchronous and induction machines and loads. The line parameters
and b po
Spo
e+tp e+fp YLpg must be modified for the new elements and an additional line

where calculated for each new network element. The

parameter must be

po Sp0 Jbp0 Fig. ahead which was used also to illustrate the load
system shown in
a
SOution techniques in chap-(4) has two machines and load at
for
Q.4. Write down the network performance equation
ca Dus. Representing all loads as static admittances to ground, the
transient stability studies. voltage equation
for bus 1 is
Ans. Network Performance Equations:
The network performance equations used for load flo EI-YL12E2 -YL13 E3 -YLj4 E4 - YLioEo
calculations can be applied to describe the performance of here Y L12 = Y12 Li
an
network during a transient period (Stagg, Gabrielle, Moore, YLi3 = Y13 Li
 IN ELECT. ENGG, (B. VIl
BD COMP. APPL. Sem.E APPL. IN
ELECT ENGG. (B.E. VIIl Sem. Elect) 231
230 cOMP
YL4=Y4L1 9D YL2sE
Y14 from the bus k+l-YL21E - Y La, E YLaEs
E
-
-
Y12, 13. and mittan
The elements load flow representatio
kl=-Y L31E-YL3sE
the same as in the
network are
matrix of the
- YL47E,
However, L Y kl-Y
E4 L4E"-YL46 E
+ +Y14 Y10 -YLs2 k+1 - Y Ls,Ek+1
Where, Yu = Yi2 Y13 E
YLgsEk"1
EX =-Y L62E, " -

T n+m
E 22pa'a p=1, 2,..
q=l
pf
calculations for transient
o.5. Write down the preliminary
stability study.
Ans. Preliminary
Calculations: -
is the load flow
The first step in a transient stability study
the disturbance. Then
calculation to obtain system conditions prior to
Reference
the network data must
be modified to correspond to the desired
Network elemenis Elements repreentin machines and loads representation for transient analysis. In addition, the machine
currents prior to the disturbance are calculated from
Single line diagram of power system for transient analysis.
Pi-jQi i= 1,2,..., m
includes the static admittance representing the load. Since E ti
Ei
is zero, the line parameter Y Lj0 does not have to be calculated.
where m is the number of machines and P and Q are the
E2=-YL21E -
YL25 Es - YL26 E6 YL28 Eg
scheduled or calculated machine real and reactive terminal powers.
where bus 8 is a new bus. In this case the diagonal admitane The calculated power for the machine at the slack bus and- the
element for bus 2 is terminal voltage are obtained from the initial load flow solution.
Y22y21t y25 + Y26+ y20+ y28 Finally the voltages back of machine impedances must be calculated.
where y20 is the static admittance representing the load an When the machine i is represented by a voltage source of
Constant magnitude back of transient reactance, the voltage iss
Y28 is the machine equivalent admittance. The formulas 10
obtained from
Gauss-Seidel iterative solution of the network shown in Fig. abo
are, then,
i0)Ei t Taili+ je.xdilti
where E'io) = e'i)+ J i0)
E -
YLi2 E - Y Lj3 Es -
YLi4E
 IN EL
ELECT. ENGG. (B.E. VII Sem. Elect.)
APPL.IN 233
232 VBD cOMP. APPL. IN E.VIll
ELECT. ENGG. (B.E. VIll S. COMP.
Serm.Elea
BD equations. Finally, the initial field voltage E rdi(0) is equal
and Ei(0) is the initial value used in the solution of the
the ditferent tial
difs difterentia/
saturation is neglected.
if
to EiThe new volta
equation. the internal bus is obtained by calculating
The initial internal voltage angle is
terminal current from
machine te

-F-E)
new
Oi(0) = tan -i0) 1

ei(0) Tai +jxqi

in radians per second is equal

is ec new component of current along the direct axis is
The initial speed 0) Then the
27tf where f is the frequency in cycles per second. Theiniti determined. the voltage back of quadrature-axis synchronous
air-gap no computed from
mechanical power input Pmi(0) is equal to the electric powe IS reactance
obtained from E Eqi(0) + (Xqi-X'di )Idi
Pei prior to the disturbance which can be
and ôi(0), the angle of Egi , are held fixed.
P = Pi +|I where E'qi(0)
network solution has been obtained, the machine
where |Iil Tai represents the stator
losses. When the
come the initial value for the solution of the
When the effects of saliency and changes
in field flux linkan.
age rminal current
Ferential equations. It
is used to calculate initial machine air-gap
voltage back of quadrature-axis synchron
are taken into account a
is calcula
reactance is used to represent the machine. This voltage power from
from Peic0)= Re li(o,E'io))
Eqi = Ei + Taili t jxqilti when the magnitude
of the voltage in back of transient
fromn
where reactance is held fixed or
EqiCqit Jqi Pei(0)= Re (Ii(0) Eqic0)
The initial internal voltage angle is then when the effects of saliency
and changes in field flux linkages
tan-1qi are taken into account.
The initial voltage Eqi(0) is obtained also
Oi(O) =
eqi from the network solution at the
instant after the disturbance.
As in the simplified representation, the initial speed is equal Q.6. Explain the modified Euler
method for transient
2tf and the initial mechanical power is equal to Pei, the air-g stability studies.
When a machine is
power. Ans. Modified Euler Method
The calculations of the voltage proportional to field current E transient
represented by a voltage of constant magnitude back of
differential
reactance, it is necessary to solve two first-order

.
and the voltage proportional to field flux linkages E qi(0)
ôj and
required also for this representation. These voltage are obtainedfro equations toobtain the changes in the internal voltage angle
= Ei+ Taidi t jxaildi t jNqilqi
Er machine speed Thus for an m machine problem where
all

Eqi= (Xqi- *di)Idi necessary to

and E'qi(0) machines are represented in the simplified manner, it is
=

equations are
where E gi(0) is the initial value used in the solution of m solve 2m simultaneous differential equations. These
 COMP APPL. IN ELECT. ENGG. (B.E. VIII Sem.
234 VBD COMP. APPL. IN ELECT. ENGG. (8.E.
(B.E. VIl
VIl Se Elect.)
Sem.Elect VBD 235

doj @i(t)-27tf P )Re lti(t+A,) (it+A*

dt 0) estin
The second stimates for the internal voltage angles and
_(Pmi- Pei(t))I=1,2,.. nachinespeeds are obtained from
dt H
If no governor action is considered, mi remains consta
and do do;
+
Pmi=Pmi(0) Oi(t+-At)()t
s(1) dtlo dt (t+8t) At
In the application of the modified Euler method the initial
estimates of the internal voltage angles and machine speeds at tin
t+Ar are obtained from
do do
do
5+0)O0
0)
dt lo
At
A0+ (1) dtl l(t+At)
At i=1,2,, m
2

Oi(t+At) Oi(0)+
O) do dt l)
At i= 1,2, . m
where
where the derivatives are evaluated from equations (1) and
Pei(t) are the machine powers at time t. When t = 0, the machine
do = i(t+At) 27tf
dt (+At)
powers Pei() are obtained from the network solution at the instant

after the disturbance occurs. do Ttf

(Pmiei(t+At)
dt l(t+At) H
Second estimates are obtained by evaluating the derivatives at
time t+ A. This requires that initial estimates be determined for The final voltages at time t + At for the internal machine buses
the machine powers at time t + At. These powers are obtained by are
calculating new components of the internal voltage from e)
it+At) E; |cos Oi(t+At)
Ci(t+A0) Ei | cos oi(+A1) f/(1)
i(t+At) =|E; |sin 4+At i= 1, 2,
. m
(0)
i(t+at) E; |sin 8 obtain the final
Lhen the network equations are solved again to
Then a network solution is obtained holding fixed the voltage
at the internal machine buses. When there is a three-phase fault bn
ystem voltages at time t+
At. The bus voltages are used along
powers
lated
bus f, the voltage Er also is held fixed at zero. With the calculatco
wth theinternal voltages to obtain the machine currents and
and a test is
bus voltages and the internal voltages, machine terminal currents
can c network power flows. The time is advanced by At
effected or the
be calculated from determine if a switching operation is to be
O

is scheduled, the
dus of the fault is to bë changed. If an operâtion
0A
0)
At)=(;+ A) i(t+ At) Ppropriate changes are made in the network parameters or varables,
rai+
Tai
t jxdi
and machine powers from
 ELECT. ENGG. (B.E. VIl Sem Elect)
APPL. IN EL 237
236 VBD COMP. APPL. IN ELECT. ENGG. (B.E. VII Sem. Eleet cOMP.
Develop a flow char for modified Eulers method for
or both. Then the network equations are solved to obtain sSves ystem Q.7.
stability studies. (W.02)
conditions at the instant after the change occurs. In this calculas.
ation ansient
the internal voltages are held fixed at the current values, T Then Ans.
estimates are obtained for the next time increment. The
procese
s is Flow chart
repeated until t equals the maximum time T(max) specified for the he Colcalate load flow
diburbance
prior w
study.
Modify netuork data
The sequence of steps for transient analysis by the modifed or new
represenlation

Euler method and the load flow solution by the Gauss-Seidel

Calculate machine
currente
iterative method using YBUS is shown in fig. shows also are the
Es
main steps of the preliminary calculations. The procedure shown i-1,2..
assumes that all system loads are represented as fixed impedance's to Calculale vollages
behind machine eguivalen

ground. Bi(o)at'ilatiru' m
i-1,2. Calculale initial estimates of pouer
When the effects of saliency and the changes in field flux angles and machine aperds at 1+ Al

linkages are to be included in the representation of the machines the ()

following differential equations must be solved simultaneously.

Lhere
suitching operation No i-1,2 m
=i() -27tf orchang in fault
condition?
dt
Caleulale initial estimales of uollages

doj_(Pmi-Pei()) Ya behind machine impedances at +A

.
(2)
dt Hi Modily syatem data

iaE1sinito)
Setj- i-1,2.
m

.
- -
dEgi
T (Erdi-E1,) I=1,2, m Solue netuork performanot equations
Setj-1
dt Tdo
5-
Again, if no governor action is considered, Pmi remains fixed -p-1,2 n p/(uhen faulon bus)
Calculate final estimales of pour
and Caleulate machine currenta agla and machine Bpeeds al t+A
( d
Pmi Pmi (0) -8-)
i-12...,m
If the effects of the exciter control system are not included
Caleulate machine terminal
Efdi remains constant and powe -

Pa--sB4 i-1,2... m
i-1,2.. m

Efdi Efdi(0)
If each machine of the system is described by equation (2), 1g. Transient calcula tions using the modified Euler method.

simultaneous equations must be solved.

 238 VBD COMP. APPL. IN ELECT. ENGG. (B.E. VIIlSem.
Sas Elec
PPL. IN ELECT. ENGG. (B.E. VIll Sem. Elect.) 239
COMP
VBD

Not opual
Bqul Calculate
fnal eatimates ofso
behind machine
inpedances att
k k

+2Ar
Lgual í-1,2...
(Pmi PeAt i= 1, 2, ...., m

Setj-2
liHi
Not
re P are the machine powers when the internal voltage
Aduanor ime
4A-t
i()
angles are +(ki /2). Thus, before l2; can be calculated, new
Equal or les omponents for the voltages
for the internal machine buses must be
Greoer Print result
calculated from
Q.8. Discuss the algorithm to be used for transient stabilt lcos 8i)+
study of power system, which employs Runge Kutta method. e=E 2

Ans. Runge-Kutta Method -

In the application of the
Runge-Kutta fourth order approximation, the changes in the internal =E Isin O0 + i = 1,2, m

voltage angles and machine speeds, again for the simplified machine to obtain bus voltages
Then, the network equations are solved
representation, are determined from calculation of machine powers P
for the

Aoi+a)Ki +2k2 +2k3i +kai) The third set of estimates are obtained from

A0t+at) =i +22i t2/si +l4i) i= 1,2,....,m k +2-2 At

Pmi -P)At
Ttf m
The k's and l's are the changes in 0 and o; respectively i= 1,2,..,
H
obtained using derivatives evaluated at predetermined points. Then,
where Pare obtained from a second solution of the network
Oit+a0)Oc)t ki +2k 2i + 2k3i +k4i)
equations with the internal voltage angles equal to ôi) + K2i /2
and voltage components equal to
Oi(t+ At)=Oi) t(i +2l2 +23i +l4i) ...

Ecos80) +
The initial estimates of changes are obtained from 2
kp =(Oi(0) -27tt) At

Pei(t)) At ... -E lco) + 2

i = 1,2,..,
m
i Pmi i= 1, 2, m The fourth estimates are obtained from

are the machine speeds and air-gup

4i (Wi) +l3i)-21tf At
where it) and Pei(t
Ttf
powers at time t. The second set of estimates of changes 4 Hi
Pmi -
PAt i =1,2,.m
0j and o; are obtained from
E Pei are obtained from a third solution of the network
 e
IN ELECT. ENGG. B.E. VIll Sem. Elect.)
PPL. 241
240 VBD COMP. APPL. IN ELECT. ENGG. (B.E. VIl Sem. E
Elect North
Prob.1.
cquations with internal voltage angles equal to Oi) +k
ana
i and
Loke Main

voltage components equal to

e E1 cos(i() + K)
EIsin(®;0) +k3u)

e=Elcos Sc)+
k2

=E Isin
i+ i=1,2,..
South
El

Fig. Sample syatem for transient stability caleula

The fourth estimates are obtained from tions.
k4i ={0i) +lsi)-2tf }At system for transient stability calculations
Fig. Sample
Pmi P)At
... m
Using the bus admittance matrix and the
Gauss-Seidel
l H;
i=1,2,
equations
iterative method for the solution of the network and
where Pare obtained from a third solution of the network the modified Euler method for the solution of the swing

equationswith internal voltage angles equal to Oi() +k3i and equations:

voltage components equal to Determine the effects on the sample power system shown in
figure of a three-phase fault on bus 2 for a duration of .1 sec.
e=E cos(ô,() +k3i)

r=
Soln.
E sin( +ki) The results of the load flow calculation prior to the fault are
The final estimates of the internal voltage angles and machine given in table (1). The inertia constants, direct-axis transient
speeds at time t + At are obtained by substituting the k's and I's into reactances, and equivalent admittances of the generators at buses
1

equations. The internal voltage angles 8ii+At) are used to calculate and 2 in per unit on a 100,000 kva base are given in table (2).

the estimates for the components of voltages for the internal macine Table (1) Bus voltages, generations, and loads from load flow
buses from calculations prior to fault.
ei+At)=1 E; |cos o(t+At) Bus Bus voltages Generation Load
Code
fi(t+At) =|E; |sin Oi(t+At) i=1,2,.. m (p)
(Ep)
The network equation are solved then for the fourth time to Megawatts Megavars Megawatts Megavars

obtain bus voltages for the calculation of machine currents and 1.06000+j0.00000 -7.480 0.0 0.0
129.565
a 10.0
power and network power flows. The time is advanced by At and 1.04621-j0.05128 40.0 30.0 20.0

network solution is obtained for any scheduled switching operatio 1.02032-j0.08920 45.0 15.0
0.0 0.0
1.01917-j0.09506 40.0 5.0
and change in the fault condition. The process is repeated untl 0.0 0.0
1.01209-j0.10906 60.0 10.0
equals the maximum time Tmax 0.0 0.0
 IN ELECT. ENGG. (B.E. VIl Sem. Elect.)
ELECT. ENGG. (B.E. VIl Sem. COMP. APPL. 243
242 VBD COMP. APPL. IN
IBD
Elec admittance matrix is YBUS
Table(2) Inertia constants, direct-axis ent
transient reactances,
reactancee The bus
and
equivalent admittances for generators of sample system
Bus code Inertia constant Direct-axis transient Equivalent
p-i H reactance Xd Admittance
ypi

1-6 50.0 0.25 0.0-j4.00000

2-7 1.0 1.50 0.0-j0.66667

a) The Gauss-Seidel iterative equations describing the

performance of the network, using the bus code numbers given in
figure, are
YL12ES - YL13E -YL16E6
E-
E-- YLaE YLgsE -YL, Eå -YlL25E
- - YLE
E-YL31E- -YL32E -YL34E
E=--YL42EX* YL43E YL45ES -

E= YL52E YL54E -

The line parameters YLpq for these equations can be obtained

from the elements of the bus admittance matrix used for the load
flow solution prior to the disturbance and the equivalent admittances
for machine and loads.

OJTt

Reference

Fig. Representa tion of sa mple sys tem for transient stability

calculations.
 COMPAP
PPL. IN ELECT. ENGG (B.E. VIll
Sem. Elect.)
244 BD COMP. APPL. IN ELECT. ENGG. (B.E. VIl Sem. BD
EElect)
-5.00000+ jl5.00000 245
The line parameters are obtained from the equation YL21 11.01562-j33.17281=-045235-j0.00052

YLpYY PP
The YLpq
s for all elements are given
in table
The voltages behind the equivalent admittancs
The modified line parameter for element 1
-2 is presenting
machines re obtained from the equati
machine

E=Etjxdiliii =n+n+2
the
be
YL2YY+Y16 n +2,..., n
+m

YL -5.00000-+ jl5.00000 where i=ijo. E

Li2 =-
6.25000-j22.69500
is the numberof buses of the network and m is the
=-0.67074-j0.03560 number of
machines. For the machine at bus1
where Y and Yp are elements in the bus admittance
matrix and +j0.259565+j0.07480
y16 is the equivalent admittance representing the machine
at bus 1,
E= 1.06 +j0.00 1.06-j0.0
which is given in Table (2). The remaining line parameters
for bus 1
= 1.04236 +j 0.30558
are obtained from the equations.
Table(3): Line parameters for transient stability representation
YLI313 YL1616 1 of sample system
Y+y16 Y1+y16
where
Bus code Lpa
Y16-Y16 P-
The line parameter for element 2- 1-2 0.67074 -j0.03560
is obtained from
-
1

1-3 -0.16769-jo.00890
YL2-y21 0.16383+j0.045 12
Y22Y22 + Y27 + Y20 1-6
2-1 -0.45235-j0.00052
where Y22 and Y21 are elements in
the bus admittance 2-3 -0.15078-jo.00017
matrix: y27 is the equivalent admittance representing
the machine at 2-4 -0.15078-j0.00017
bus 2 and y20 is the equivalent admittance 2-5 -0.22618-j0.00026
to ground representing
the load at bus 2. The equation for the load 2-7 -0.01810+ j0.00601
equivalent admittance is
PLp-JQp 3-1 -0.09625+j0.00089
Ypo
2 +f 3-2 j0.00119
-0.12833+

3-4 -0.77000+j0.00711
and for bus 2 -0.12866 +j0.00115
4-2
Y20
0.20-j0.10 = 0.18228-j0.09114 4-3 -0.77198+j0.00687
1.04621) + (0.05128)2 4-5 -0.09650 +j0.00086
where the bus voltage is obtained from the load flow solution and is 5-2 -0.65236 +j0.02866
-0.32618 + j0.01433
given in table. The line parameter YE21 is 5-4
 COMP APPL. IN ELECT. NGG. (B.E. VIll
E

BD Sem. Elect.)
IN ELECT. ENGG. Sem
(B.E. VIl Sem.
246 VBD COMP. APPL. Elect 10.50335+ j0.49981)
=|(1.50 247
and 172 (0.0+j0.0))(0.0-j0.66667)
-

generation are obtained from Tabi.

ble(
where the bus voltage and 0.33321-jl.00223
machine reactance from Table (2). The voltage magnituds
deis
and the lectric power of the nachines is calculated
Te from
E6 = 1.08623
and the internal voltage angle
is Pei-jQei =
I (E; )*
O6= 16.339 or O6= 0.28517 rad The real power of the machine at bus 1 is
representino Pe6 = (1.20912) (1.04236) (3.40008) (0.30558)
The voltage behind the equivalent admittance
-

the
machine at bus 2 is obtained in a similar manner and is = 0.22134

E7= 1.50335 +j0.49981 The real power of the machine at bus 2 is zero since
bus 2 is
The voltage magnitude is the faulted bus and its oltage is zero. Calculating the real
power as a
E7= 1.58426 check,

and the internal voltage angle is P.7 = (0.33321) (1.50335) -

(1.00223) (0.49981)
07=18.390° or 07=0.32097 rad = 0.0000067
The fault at bus 2 is simulated by setting the voltage at this bus The initial estimates of the internal voltage angles and speed of
equal to zero. Then the network equations are solved to obtain the machines at t + At are obtained from the differential equations.
system conditions at the instant the fault occurs. In this calculation The rate of change in speed of the machines is calculated from
the voltage at the faulted bus and the voltages behind the equivalent
do (Pmi Pei(o))
admittances representing the machines are held fixed. The calculated
system voltages are given in Table (4).
dt H
The machine currents, with the fault, are calculated from the Then, at t- 0 for the machine at bus 1,
equation 0)=.1416(60)
3.1416(60)(1.29565
-0.22134)
I = (E; -
E)ypi
de 50.0
Then
= 4.05006
Similarly, for the machine at bus 2,
I61 = {(1.04236+j0.30558)
(0.19234 + j0o.00330) }(0.0-j4.0)
-

d07 3.1416(60) (0,40000-0.0)

1.20912-j3.40008
=
dt
00)
1.0
Table (4) Bus voltage of sample system at the instant the
fault occurs 75.3984
Bus code (p) Next, the initial estimates of the speed of the machines at
Bus voltage (Ep) t+At are calculated from
0.19234 + j0.00330
0.0j0.0
3 0.04707-j0.00096
=
4 0.03758-j0.00118 Where att 0 is the rated speed and equal to 27tt and

5 0.01226-j0.00093 At=0.02.
 IN ELECT. ENGG.(B.E VIl Sem.
RDco
p. APPL.
248 VBD COMP. APPL IN ELECT. ENGG. (B.E. VIl Sem. i Elect.)
249
These oltage
components replace the previous values
Then, for the machine at bus
1,
solution obtained
load flow prior to the fault and again
60.02)=2(3.1416) 60+(4.05006) 0.02 omhe
theJoad
e soly the
solved. In this calculation the new voltage network
ations are behind the
= 376.992+0.08100 4a
chine
equivalent admittances as well as zero voltage
at the faulted
377.07300 constant
held
usare e
Similarly, for the machine at bus Sind there is no change in the internal voltage angle
2,
for the
(0) 07 2(3.1416) 60+(75.3984)0.02 imatC. the system voltages and machine
estim
inital currents and
powersare the same as those obtained from the network solution
376.992+ 1.50797 at
378.49997 de
the
instant fault occurs. Consequently, the rates of changes
in the
eod of the machines at t+ At=0.02 will be the same. Therefore,
The rates of change of the internal voltage angles are calculated
next from dolg
o.02)= 4.05006 and do
dr 0.02) =75.39484
dojou-2nf The final estimate for the speed of the machines at t+At is
dt
Since O at t = 0 is cqual to 2nf, then for the machines calculated from

drlo+ddr +t)
do20)00 do
0)0.0 and
d 0)
dt At
The initial estimates of the internal voltage angles of the
machines are calculated from
db ar
Then, for the machine at bus 1,

drl 4.05006++ 4.05006

23.1416)60+05006 4.05006 002
Then, for the machines, the intemal voltage angles in adian .0 2
are 377.07300
s(0) 0.28517 Similarly, for the machine at bus 2,
oc0.02)

80 o02)203.1416)60+ (75.3984 + 75.3984 o02

7002) 0.32097 2

The new components of the voltages behind the equivales =378.49997

are
admittances representing the machines are calculated from alcsof change of the internal voltage angles at 1+At
caliculated
e'(0) lcos 80 from
ee30)E, and

(0)
'iCt+at) |E;| sin 80 d t+de)2
Then, for
the machine at bus 1,
 B.E. VIl Se
ELECT. ENGG. (B.E. VIl Sem.
250 VBD COMP. APPL. IN Elect COMP APPL IN ELECT. ENGG. (B.E. VIll Sem. Elect)
IBD 251

377.0730 -376.9920 =1.08623 cos (16.38540)

02)=
dt 6
= 1.04212
= 0.08100
Similarly, for the machine at bus 2, l=1.08623 sin (16.38540)
do7 =378.49997-376.9920 = 0.30641
0.02)
d and
= 1.50797
e=1.58426 cos (19.25420)
The final estimates for the internal voltage angles of the
= 1.49564
machines at t+At are calculated from

doj r= 1.58426 sin (19.25420)

dtd +0) = 0.52243
OiCt+at)
oi+ At
Then the network equations are solved to obtain the final
sVstem voltages at t+At = 0.02. The voltages obtained from this

Then, for the machine at bus 1,

calculation aregiven in Table below.

G0.02) 0.28517 +0+0.08100

(0.0 + 0.08100002 Table (5) Bus voltages of sample system at t+At = 0.02.
Bus code Bus voltage
= 0.28517 + 0.0008 1 P Ep
=0.28598
0.19258 + j0.00353
Similarly, for the machine at bus 2,
2 0.0 +j0.0
0.0+ 1.50797
7(0.02)0.32097 +0.0+ 1.50790.02
02) 3 0.04815 + j0.00114
A 0.03845-j0.00133
= 0.32097+0.01508
5 0.01249 j0.00097
= 0.33605
The internal voltage angles in degrees at t+At = 0.02 are powers at
with these system voltages the machine currents and
8g0.02)=0.28598 60 = 16.38540° and .02 can be calculated. The current of the machine at bus

0.33605o=19.25420 Is10 (0.19258 + j0.00353)} (0.0-j4.0)

7(0.02) O02)(1.04212+ j0.30641) -

= 1.21152 -j3.39816
At t+At 0.02 the final components
=
of voltages behind and the real power
is
machine equivalent admittances are
Pe
e6(0.02)= (1.21152) (1.042 12) -(3.39816)
(0.30641)

= 0.22132
252 VBD COMP. APPL. IN .E.VIll
ELECT. ENGG. (B.E. VII Sem.
Se
Elect
The current of the machine at bus 2 is

3)-(0.0+ j0.0)} (0.0-j0.66667

72(0.02)= {(1.49564 + j0.52243)
= 0.34829- j0.99710
and the real power is zero since the fault is at bus 2.
This completes the calculations for values at t+At
0.02
Then the time is set to t = 0.02 and the process repeated to ohtain
estimates at t+At= 0.04. When the time is advanced to t= 0 A0
however, the network equations are solved without the fault to ohtsi
tain
the post fault conditions before proceeding with the normal process
s.
In the network calculation only the voltages behind the machine
equivalent admittances are held constant. The machine currents and
powers obtained with the new system voltages are used to obtain
new estimates at t+At= 0.12. The process is continued until
t= Tmax

REPEATEDLY ASKED UNIVERSITY QUESTIONS

Q.1. Derive swing equation. (S-03, W-01
Refer Q.1,P.219 ]
Q.2. Develop a flow chart for modified Eulers method
transient stability studies. (W.02
/Refer Q.7,P.237]
 UNIT IV
akBD COMP. APPL.
IN ELECT. ENGG. (B.E. VIlI Sem. Elect.)
119

LOAD FLOW STUDIESs where ypg= line

admittance

y pg total line charging admittance

Q.1. Write down the equations
1

) Bus loading, Ep = current contribution at bus p due to line charging

2
(ii) Line flow. reactive, is
The power flow, real and
Ans. (i) Bus Loading Equations
The real and reactive power at any bus p
iss
Pp 9pgE pipg
or
Pp-j0, =Ep
2)
and the current is 9pE p(Ep -Eq)Ypq + E pEp 2

from bus p to q is Ppq and the

-(1) where at bus p the real power flow
Ep q the power flow from q to pis
reactive is Qpg Similarly, at bus
where I is positive when flowing into the system.
...(3)
In the formulation of the network equation, if the shunt Pap-JQapEq(Eg -Ep)ypq +E qE
algebraic sum of the power
elements to ground are included in the parameter matrix, then The power loss in line p-q is the
equation (1) is the total current at the bus. On the other hand, if the flows determined from equations (2)
and (3).
Explain the Gauss iterative method
using bus
shunt elements are not included in the parameter matrix, then the Q.2.
give flow chart of
total current at bus p is admittance matrix for load flow solution. Also

1
P-jp-yE
-ypEp
the same.
Ans. Gauss iterative method using
YBUSs
Ep
is initiated by assuming
The solution of the load flow problem
where yp is the total admittance at the bus and ypEp is the shunt voltages for all buses except the slack bus, where the voltage is
calculated for all
current flowing from bus p to ground. specified and remains fixed. Then, the currents are
buses except the slack bus s from the bus loading equation
(ii) Line Flow Equations:
After the iterative solution of bus voltages is completed, line
p p
=
1,2,.., n
1)
flows can be calculated. The current at bus p in the line connecting EP
bus p to q is P #s
where n is the number of buses in the network. The
performance of
)Ypq + Ep
'P(Ep-Eq 2 the network can be obtained from the equation
IBUS = YBUs EBUS ..(2)
118 VBD COMP. APPL. IN ELECT. ENGG. (B.E. VII Sem. Elect.)
 120
BD cOMP. APPL. IN ELECT. ENGG. (B.E. Vl Sem. Elect.) aMD COMP. APPL.
IN ELECT. ENGG, (B.E. VIl Sem. Elect.)
121

Selecting the ground as the reference bus, a

Simultaneous equations can be written in the form
set of n
Ep
(P-Jp)pSYpgp p =
1,2,.., n
Ep q-
qp
p 1,2,..n pts

qp )
P*S s(3) Letting

The bus currents calculated from equation (), the slack bus (Pp-jp)Lp = Klp
voltage, and the estimated bus voltages are substituted into equation and Ypap= YLpq
(3) to obtain a new set of bus voltages. These new voltages are used
then, the bus voltage equation (5) becomes
in equation (1) to recalculate bus currents for a subsequent solution

E
KLp
of equation (3). The process is continued until changes in all bus
voltages are negligible. After the voltage solution has been obtained, YE q=l
p=1,2,., n p#s

the power at the slack bus and line flows can be calculated.
The network equation (3) and the bus loading equation (1) can *****6)
be combined to obtain
The normal procedure for a load flow study is to assume a

P10p-YE balanced system and to use a single-phase representation equivalent

E,YE q#p
p1,2,. to the positive sequence network. Since there is no mutual coupling,
the bus admittance matrix can be formed by inspection and many of
its elements will be zero. Selecting bus 2 as the slack bus in the
P#s system shown in figure below, the formulae for the Gauss iterative
4) solution are

-
which involves only bus voltages as variables. Formulating
the load
flow problem in this manner results in a set
of nonlinear equations
that can be solved by an iterative method.
A significant reduction in the computing Stack
time for a solution
will be obtained by performing as many
arithmetic operations as
possible before initiating the iterative calculation.
Letting
-
Yp
Ypq

equation (4) can be written as

 122 r.ENGG.
VBD COMP. APPL. IN ELECT. ENGG. (B.E. IN ELECT ENGG. (B.E, VII Sem. Elect.) 123
VIl Sem,Electi D COMP. APPL.

Bus 9 Porm bes admitlance matris

Bu p
Aesume be vollagN
E
p-1,4..n Po
Ygus Y
Form panamelers o vollage
equations
KL, and Y
Y p-1,2.n p* q-1,2.. .,n

Fig. Single line diogram and bus admittance matris cond -0

o a pooer 3ystem.
KL Set marinum voltage change mar
AE-00
E
k+1
YL12E2 -

YL13E3- YL14E4 and bus ocount p

(E,S
Teat Equal
for alack bus
E2= specified fixed value P:

vo qua
equaon for bus p

Ek+1KL3
Solue uollage

(E -YL2E- --2 7
YL3sEs

Ek+l
(E)
- YL31Ej-YL46E6
Calculale change in uoltage of bus p

AE,-E, E

Teat
Jor marimu
Ek
-YLs2E2 - YL53E3
A
change in vollage
:mar AE
Grealer

mas Ar-1aE,
| Equal or less
Ek1
E- (E) YLg2E2 -
YL64E Aduance bus count
P+I-

al or Test
where the superscript k refers to the
iteration count. less Drend
ideration
of

P:n
The corresponding flow chart is as
follows
124 YBD COMP. APPL. IN ELECT. ENGG. (B.E, 125
VIl
VIue APPL. IN ELECT. ENGG. (B.E.
VIlI Sem. Elect.)
Sem.
Elect.) OMP. AP
COMP.
BD
The
sequence of steps for the load flow solution by the Gauss-
|Grealer
Ceidel iterative
method is shown in figure.
Aduance Reploor 8 by E,"
iterabion coan Form bus admittanae matris
+1-k P-12n p*s

Equal or Asume bus voltages

conuergence Calculate line
Grealer lor less E
mar
Ee lows and pouer
at alack bus |P-1,2,np*
Fig. Load flow solution by the Gauss itera tive method using equationa
) Form paramelera of oltage
and Ypa
K
p-1,2.. .,n pós 9-1,2.. .,n
0.3. Explain the Gauss-Seidel iterative method
andl
relaxation method using bus admittance matrix for load
flow Set iterahon
solution. Also give flow charts of the same. [W-02]
cOunt k

Ans. Gauss-Seidel iterative method using YpBUS

Set marimum voltage change
max AE-0
The bus voltage equation (6) of question 2 also can be solved and bus count pl
by the Gauss-Seidel iterative method (Glimn and Stagg, 1957). In
this method, the new calculated voltage Ep*" immediately replaces Test
Equal
for slack bus

Eand is used in the solution of the subsequent equations. For the

Not equal
system shown in figure of question (2), the formulae for this method
Solve vollage equation for bus p
are P

E -YL2E2 -YL13E3* -YL14E4 9

(E) Calculate change in oltage of bu p

E2 = specified fixed value aE-E-E
E, k+lKL3
E3E-YL3E-YLasEs
(E) for maximum
change in oltage Grealer
EK=_KL, almar 3E
E (E. YL4E - YL46E,
Equal or lew
Set
mas &E-1Ar

E+I_ KL5YLsE--YLs3E3
Es= k+1 Reploce
Eby5
(E
Advance bus count
E6
(E) -YLE,
p+l-
-
YL64E
126 VBD COMP. APPL. IN ELECT. ENGG. (B.E. VIIL
S Sem.
Elect. VBD COMP. APPL. IN ELECT. ENGG. (B.E. VII Sem. Elect.) 127

Equal or le for end of bus currents are calculated from equation (1) (see Q.1) and then
iteration
bus residuals are calculated from equation (A). A voltage correction
Aduanee
ilerabion cound Greater is obtained for that bus at which the residual Rp is a maximum. If
h+1-
Tesl Equal or
Grealer for conuergence Calculale line
flows and pouer
the current at bus p remained constant, the residual R, would be
mar 4E" :
al alack bu
reduced to zero by the voltage correction
Fig. Load ffow solution by the Gauss-Seidel itera tive method
using Ymus.
AE Rp
Ypp
Relaxation method using YBUS
The equations for bus currents are used for the solution the An improved estimate of voltage for bus p is then
of
load flow problem by the relaxation method (Jordan, 1957). + AE
From Ep=Ep
the network performance equation, the current at bus p is
and the new current is
Ip=YpE + Yp?E2.. .+ YppEp-.+YpnEn
This equation can be rewritten as I+=Pj0p
k+1
Yp1E +Yp2E2.+YppEp+YpnEn-Ip Rp = (Ep
where R, is a residual and represents the error in current at bus p As a result of the change in the current, the actual residual at

resulting from the assumed voltage solution. For the system shown bus pis Rp=Ip-Ip
in figure, the formulae for the relaxation method
are
Using the voltage E,**", the new residuals for buses other
Y1E+Y2E2 + Y13E3" +Y14E4* -1 =Ri*
than p and the slack bus are calculated from
Y31E +Ya3E+ YasEs-15=R
YajE+ YasE4 + Ya6Eg*
R =Rg+YgpAE q=1,2,...., D
-14* =R4* 9#P,9#S
Ys2E2" + Ys3E3* +YssEs-1s=R This process is repeated, each time correcting the voltage

Y62E2 +Y4E4 +Yo6E -16* =R* .. (A) corresponding to the largest residual, until all residual are less than

where the equation for the slack bus has been excluded since E2 or equal to a specified tolerance. The sequence of
steps for the load
specified and remains fixed. flow solution by the relaxation method is shown in figure ahead.
With the set of bus voltages The sequence of steps for the load flow solution by the

EE,E3,E,E,,E relaxation method is shown below.

 qAD COMP. APPL. IN ELECT. ENGG. (B.E. VI
128 Sem. Elect.) APPL. IN ELECT. ENGG, (B.E. VI11 Sem. Elect.) 129
VBD COMP.
m bau adomac nce rmaos
Caleulate current at bus p

Aseme Seus ofage (E

P-1,2. P* Calculate reaidual at bus p

Calculate bus currena

R-1-14**
Calculate residuala at other buses
p-1,2 P
.
R -R+Yap A E,
1,2- - -n qP

Calculate bus residuals

E,* by E
-2=°-1
Repla
Aduano
teration coun
p-1,2 nP8
Replace R by R
P -1,2 nP
Set iteration
count k-0
relaration method using Yavs.
is- Load floo solution by the
Determune marimum residual and se
mar R"-1RpI and bus number=P
an expression for computing the elements of a
Derive
Q.4.
J4 and J2 for the Newton-Raphson method for
Equal or Jacobian matrix
for conuergeno Calculate line
lows and pouer load flow. solution.
mar R":e at slack bus
Newton-Raphson method using YBUS
Ans.
Greater
The load flow problemcan be solved by the Newton- Raphson
Calcuiale voltage correction Jor bus,
using a set of nonlinear equations to express the specified
method
powers in terms of bus voltages (Van Ness and
real and reactive
Griffin, 1961). The power at bus p is
Caleulaie new voltage for bus p Pp-jp = Eplp .(1)
E-Ep"+AE, from the network performance equation for Ip in
Substituting
(1),

Pp-jp = Ep Ypq Eq (2)

 VBD COMP. APPL. IN ELECT. ENGG. (B.E.
130 Sem. 131
Eloct) IN ELECT. ENGG. (B.E. VII Sem. Elect.)
ahyD COMP. APPL.
Since Ep =ep +jfp and pqJpq cquation is the Jacobin and the n" bus is the
(2) where the coefficient matrix
becomes P-jp =(p ifp)2(pqjBpq) (eq + jf.) slack.
In matrix form, equation (4) is
AP
Separating the real and imaginary parts,

Pp -ep q,Gpa+,Bpg)+fpG,Gpq-egBpq))
AQ
A
Equations for determining the elements of the Jacobian can be
from
derived from the bus power equations. The real power
Qp fp e,Gpa +fqBpq)-epq Gpq qBpq)).)
equation (3) is
This formulation results in a set of nonlinear simultaneous PpCp Cppp +pBpp)+pppppBpp
equations, two for each bus of the system. The real and reactive
powers Pp and Q, are known and the real and imaginary 2e, CqGpg tqBpq)+1pCqGpq-CqBpq)
q=l
components of voltages ep and fp are unknown for all buses qFP

p =1,2,.........n-1 .(5)
except the slack bus, where the voltage is specified and remains
fixed. Thus, there are 2(n-1) equations to be solved for a load flow Differentiating, the off-diagonal elements of Jj are
solution. SPp
The Newton-Raphson method requires that a set of linear epGpq-fpBpq 9P
òeq
equations be formed expressing the relationship between the changes
in real and reactive powers and the components of bus voltages as and the diagonal elements of Jj are
follows:
AP OP
oP dP1 oP Ae
2Gpp
oep
+ fpBpp -fpBpp t 2eGpq
9=1
t fqB pq) .(6)
õe q#p
*.****

Sen-1 of
****

of n-1
****

*******
**A***************
** ******
However, the equation for the current at bus p is

AP-1 oPn-1 oPn-1 oPn- ...*** SPn-L Aen-1

oe pp t jd, = 2GpqjBpq eq tjfg)
(GppjBp ) (€p + jfp) + q=
õen-1 of Sfn-1
AQI 8Q1 Q1 8Q1 8Q1 9#P
oe -****
öe n-1 8f fn-i Af which can be separated into the real and imaginary parts
******
***** * ****"

8Qn.fn- 2qGpq+ fq Bpq)

****
****'*

+tpBpp
**********

AQn-1 öQn-1 6Qn- 8Qn-1 Afn-1 Cp pGpp +

q=
Oe Sep-1 8f
..(4)
 ABD COMP. APPL. IN FI ECT. ENGG. (8.E. VIs
132 133
lect.) COMP. APPL. N ELECT, ENGG. (B.E, VII Sem. Elect.)
D
d,Gpe-pBpa*2 N Bp) **(7 80p-eBpg t1pGpa
q
9P
and the diagonal elements of Jz are
p=1,2,*sa n-1
Therefore, the expression for the diagonal elements of J, + 2e,B
pp2,Gp4-qBpq)
=f,GpppOp
be simplified by substituting the real
component of current cin q#p

equation (6) to obtain

10)
The imaginary component of current from equation (7) is
-,Gpp-f,Bpp tCp substituted in equation (10) to obtain

From equation (5), the diagonal elements of J2 are

=eBpp
Sep
+f,Gppdp
SPp From equation (9), the off-diagonal elements of J4 are
B,0p p
=-e,Gpq
dfq
+fpp4 9FP
and the diagonal elements of J2 are
5Pp and the diagonal elements of J4 are
t21,GppepBpp + Gpg-gBpq)..(8)
q#P 8 ppp + 21p5 pp-epGpp t2e,Gpq +fqBpg).(11)
The imagnary component of current from equation (7) is 9#P
substituted in (8) to obtain The real component of current from equation (7) is substituted
equation (11) to obtain
eBpp
in
+f,Gp +dp 80p
The reactive power from equation (3) is
--Gp +ip Bpp +Cp
9p-fp(eGpp +1,Bpp)- p G,Gpp-ep B,pp) Given an initial set of bus voltages, the real and reactive
powers are calculated from equations (3). The changes in power are
2,(eGp +1Bpa)-ep("%Gpa -eqBpq)} (9)
the differences between the scheduled and calculated values
g=l
9FP APp=Pp(scheduled)Pp
p=1,2,......n-1 AQp =p(scheduled) 9p P=1,2,...., n-1
Differentiating, the off-diagonal elements
of Ja are The estimated bus voltages and calculated powers are used to
compute bus currents in order to evaluate the elements of the
134 BD COMP. APPL. IN ELECT. ENGG.
(B.E. VIl
VII Som
Sem, Elect)
MND COMP. APPL. IN ELECT. ENGG. (B.E. VII Sem. Elect.) 135
Jacobian. The linear set of equations (4) can be solved
for Ae
Afpl P= 1,2, n-1, by a direct or an iterative method. Then,and For J2
the
new estimates for bus voltages are
Op=|Ep Ypq l cos
(pg +op -Oq) g4p
Aeet Aep a|Eql

-f+Ar =21Ep Ypp lcos 0pp

+2IE,Ypql cs (pg +ôp -ôq)
The process is repeated until APp" and AQp" for all buses are 0|E,I
Are 97P
within a specified tolerance. The sequence of steps for the
load flow For J3
solution by the Newton-Raphson method is shown in figure ahead
Newton-Raphson method can be applied also to solve the load flow 0Qp
problem when the equations are expressed in polar coordinates. =-| E,EqYpql cos (py +ôp -öq) qp
In polar coordinates
Ep Ep le and Ypq HYpg le pa IE,Eq Ypq | cos (0pa +öp -®q
Substituting in equation (2), the power at bus p is
9*p
Pp-j0p IE,E Ypg le*5,5,) For J4:

Since e-j0pg +öp -®q) =cos ( pq +op -ôq)=jsin(Gpq

+p-®) E Ypq |sin
(pq +öp -®q)
the real and imaginary components of power are a|Eq

Pp
2E,Ea
p-l
Ypa cos(pq +op®q) (12) Ep Yp Isin pp + IE,Ypg Sin (pq +ôp -8q)
|Epl
9P
Qp
E,E, Ypg l
sin (pq+ôp-8,) p= 1,2..-1
Then the equation relating the changes in power to the changes
The elements of the Jacobian are calculated from equations
(12) and are in the voltage magnitudes and phase angles for the Newton-Raphson
For J1 method is

E,EYpg | sin (pg +ôp -8q) q#p AP A8

A E
-
E,E, Ypq | sin (pg +ôp-ôq)
9P
 VBD COMP. APPL. IN B.E. VI
ELECT. ENGG. (B.E. VIll Sem. Elect 137
136 APPL. IN ELECT, ENGG. (B.E. VII Sem. Elect.)
VBD COMP,
Method:
Flowchart for Newton-Raphson
Solve for voltage corrections

B-EHH
From bus admittance matrix
BUS

Assume Dus voltages

EO
P=1,2,3, PS Calculate new bus voltages

Set interation
Advance
iteration count
+Ae
count k =0 K* k
P1,2 ps

Calculate real and reactive bus powers Replace e by e*and f by 1*

P=1,2,3.. pS

Figure: Load flow solution by the Newton-Raphson method using BUSs

P1,2,3,. P*S Q.5. Give approximations to Newton-Raphson method. In

Ans. Approximations to Newton-Raphson method:
general, for a small change in the magnitude of bus voltages the real
a
Calculate difference between power at the bus does not change appreciably. Likewise, for small
scheduled and calculated powers
AP Ppclaculated)-Pp change in the phase angle of the bus voltage the reactive power does
not change appreciably. Therefore, using polar coordinates, a
A0 (claculated)- p solution for the load flow problem can be obtained assuming the
P 1,2,3.. n P#s
elements of the sub-matrices J2 and Jz are zero (Carpentier, 1963).
The simplified matrix equation is
Determine maximun change AP AS
in power max Ap and max Aa"

Test
AQ
0J4 E
Successful solutions can be obtained also by reevaluating the
A
Equal
for coverage or less Calculate line
Jacobian in only the first few iterations.
Imax Apk= flows and power
max AQ1 =E at stock bus When using rectangular coordinates, a solution to the load flow
problem also can be obtained by neglecting the off-diagonal
Greater elements of the submatrices Jj,J2,JJ3 and J4 of the Jacobian (Ward
Calculate bus currents
and Hale, 1956). This results in the following equations for the
changes in real and reactive power at bus p.
dPp dPp
p=1,2,3..n ps AP, = Ae, + Af,
dep ofp
Calculate elements for jecobian AepepGpp fpBpp +Cp) +Afp (CpBpp +fpGpp + dp)
-

AQp =-pAe+ ofp

dep
= Aep (ep Bpp +fpGpp -dp) + Afp-epGpp +fp t
P=1,2,......n-T
Cp)
Bpp
 ELECT. ENGG. (B.E. VIll Sem. Elect.) IN ELECT. ENGG. (B.E. VI1 Sem. Elect.) 139
VBD COMP. APPL. IN aMD COMP. APPL.
138
load floW solution by the Gause.
Q.6. Give flowchart for
bus impedence matrix.
Siedel iterative method using byE
Replace

Ans. Porm bus impedanee matrir

BUS Advance bus count
P+1-P
Asume bus voltage
Test
P-1,3... P Zqual or less Jor end of
iteration
Pn
Calculate bus currenls
Grealer

(
Aduance Reploice
1by1
ileration count
po -1,2.n paa
P-1,2.n +1-

Set iteration Test Equal or

Calculale line
con k0 Greater Tor convergence less lowe and power
max AE:e at alock bus

Set mazimum voltage change mar AE-0

using Zsvs.
and bus cOu p
Fig. Load flow solution by the Gauds-Seidel itera tive method

e Equal Q.7. How can the rate of convergence for an iterative

for slack bus
P:
process can be increased.
|Not equal
Calculate voltage for bu4p Ans. In some cases the rate of convergence for an iterative
E. '-E, +
;" +2n process can be increased by applying an acceleration factor to the

approximate solution obtained from each iteration. Let a and B be

Caleculate change in voliage bus
of p

the acceleration factors respectively for the real and imaginary

Teat components of voltage. The accelerated values are

for marimum

+a(e-e)
change in voltage Greater
AEI AE eKtl
P (accelerated)p
mar

qual or le

Calculate new current at bus p

ax &E1Ar,| fktl
P(accelerated) =fp
+BG,"-t5)
(E and replace the calculated e and f
k+1
 IN VIllI S
ELECT. ENGG. (B.E. VIl
140 VBD COMP. APPL. Sem. Elect
ect) IN ELECT. ENGG. (B.E. VIII Sem. Elect.) 141
qWBD COMP. APPL.
Q.8. Give the flow chart for the load flow solution
tion by
bye
Gauss
iterative method using Loop admittance method. Calculate loop balancing currents
Ans. Form loop admittance matrix
iooe-Yoor Bioor
LOOP
Calculate new branch and link urrents
currents
Form branch path and basic +C,7
loop incidence matrniçes E,--1+IlooP

-
K and C

i 7
Replace i by and by to obtain
Set current flowe i0 and
bus currenis Ipus0 ñew current vector i or all elements
Calculate new bus voltages
Assume bus voltages
E
Ei-E, +K'l=i
p-1,2 p

itelduvance Replace BE, by E*

iteration coun p-1,2,. nP
Set iteration
count k0
k+1-
Test
for convergence Calculate line
Equal lows and poweer
Calculate bus currents Greater max E" E at slack bus
less
, (5) how the voltage control at the terminal of aa
P1, 4.. *.n P3 Q.9. Explain
reactive power source is achieved.
Calculate changes in bus currents Ans. Voltage control at the terminal of a reactive power
A1,-1-1= source:
P-1,2.. ..n p*8
A modification of, or deviation from, the normal computational
Calculate first change in branch currents procedures for the solution of the load flow problem is required to
Ai-Kalgus take into account voltage controlled buses. At these buses, the
voltage magnitude and the real power are specified.
Calculate new branch currents In the Gauss and Gauss-Seidel methods using YBUS the
i,-7 +Ai
reactive power at a voltage-controlled bus p must be calculated
Replace i before proceeding with the calculation of voltage at that bus.
current
by i in the
Separating the real and imaginary parts of the bus power equation
vector i

Calculate loop vollages

LoOP C[2] i
Pp-jQp = Ep
2 Ypq E the reactive bus power is

Determine maximum loop voltage

mar E"
9pepBpp +fpBpp + fp e,Gpq t fq Bpq)
q=l
q#p

-ep fqGpq-eqBpq) 1)
 BD COMP. APPL. IN ELECT. ENGG. (B.E. VIll Sem, E
where ep and fp are the components of voltage at bus p. The Val. WBD COMP. APPL. IN ELECT. ENGG. (B.E. VIll Sem. Elect.)
alues 143
of ep and fp must satisfy the relation In the Newton-Raphson method, the equations for
a voltage -
controlled bus p are
p+p(|Ep l(scheduled)
(2)
in order to calculate the reactive bus pOwer required to provide
the Pp2 Gpa *igBpa)+1p",GpaCqBp))
scheduled bus voltage. The present estimates of ep and f,
be adjusted, therefore, to satisfy equation (2).
ust
and |Ep P=ep+f,
The phase angle of the estimated bus voltage is where equation (5) replaces the equation for the reactive power. The

arctanf
matrix equation relating the changes in bus powers and the square of
voltage magnitudes to changes in real and imaginary components of
p voltage is
Assuming that the angles of the estimated
ep
and scheduled AP JJ2 |Ae
voltages are equal, then adjusted estimates for and fp are AQ
J3J4 Af
p (new) |Ep l(scheduled) cos p AEP

p (new)Ep l(scheduled) Sin o alEp0 q*p

dep
Substituting ep(new) and fk
fp(new)
P Iew
1n equation (1), the reactive
and the diagonal elements are
power Qp is obtained and is used with E(new) for calculating the
aE 2ep
new voltage estimate E dep
In actual practice the limits of reactive power source at the Similarly, the off-diagonal elements of J6 are
voltage-controlled bus must be taken into account. If the calculated
Q exceeds the maximum capability Qp(max) of the source the 3|Ep-0 q+P
ofp
maximum value is taken as the reactive power at that bus. If the
calculated value is less than minimum capability Qp(min) , the and the diagonal elements are

minimum value is used. In either case it is impossible to obtain a aE 2p

solution with the specified scheduled voltage and therefore Enew dfp
P(new)
magnitude at bus p is
The change in the square of the voltage
cannot be used in the calculation of E.
In the relaxation method using YBUS, the reactive power at a A|Ep F ={|Ep lecheduled) l-|Ep
is not available to hold the
voltage-controlled bus must be calculated prior to obtaining the new If sufficient reactive capability
the reactive pOwer must be fixed
desired magnitude of bus voltage,
current I+ at a limit. In this case the bus is treated
bus with fixed
as a load

reactive power.
144 VBD COMP. APPL. IN ELECT. ENGG. (B.E. VIl Sem. Elect ELECT. ENGG. (B.E. VIll Sem. Elect.)
M9D COMP. APPL.
IN 145

In the Gauss-Seidel method using ZBUS a correction to the Q.10. Explain how voltage control is achieved at a remote
reactive bus power can be calculated in order to provide the
bus.
scheduled voltage (Brown, Carter, Happ and Person, 1963). From the
Ans. Voltage control at a remote bus
performance equation, the voltage at bus p is
It is the practice in the operation of many power systems to
p +fp =Zpilf". t pp'p2paa control the voltage at a bus other than the terminal of a reactive

The current at bus p can be corrected by Alp to obtain source. This makes it necessary in the load flow
solution to

Cp+fp =Zp p Zp +Al).Zpn

************.
determine a reactive power at bus p that will hold the voltage

satisfy the equation. Subtracting the two magnitude specified for bus q, as shown in figure below.
where e, and f,
A procedure developed to accomplish this assume scheduled
voltage equations,
approximation is
A-pp)-+jr") Zpp
voltage magnitude for bus p. A reasonable first

Ep lecheduled)
0)=|Eqlscheduled)
During the iterative solution, the reactive power at bus p
isS

or Ar- +"9_p +jf calculated in the usual manner using this assumed scheduled
voltage.
Lpp
After the calculation of the voltage at bus q, however, the deviation
Assuming that the phase angles of the scheduled voltage and
from the scheduled voltage magnitude is determined from
ET are equal, then lscheduled)-Eg
A|EqEq
(el+j ||Ep lecheduled)
is
where E is the calculated bus voltage. If the value of A|E,
Lpp E
is
The corresponding correction in the reactive power is greater than a specified tolerance, the scheduled voltage for bus p
re-estimated from
AQ- Im|(E") *Ar
If the new reactive power Ep lscheduledy=(|Ep loscheduled)+A|EG
This procedure has been employed in the Gauss-Seidel method
is within the capability limits of the reactive source, then the
using YpUS
. During the iterative solution a change in the assumed
new bus current is
Scheduled voltage at bus p does not affect immediately the calculated
1k1pJ0" voltage at bus q. It is necessary, therefor to complete a number of
CE) iterations before re-estimating the scheduled voltage for bus p. Tests
If QT is not within the reactive capability, the appropriate have shown that five iterations are required to obtain sufficiently
limit replaces the calculated value in the determination of the bus accurate changes in the calculated voltage at bus q for re-estimating a
current. The new bus current is used in subsequent bus voltage new scheduled voltage for bus p. A voltage tolerance of 0.005 per
calculations.
unit provides acceptable results.
 147
146 D COMP. APPL. IN ELECT. ENGG. (B.E. VIIl Sem. Elect) qhBD COMP. APPL.
IN ELECT. ENGG. (B.E. VIll Sem. Elect.)

An alternate procedure is to change t|Ep lscheduled) by a a:1

pq
small specified amount each iteration until the magnitude of

-
AE I is less than the tolerance.
Escheduled )

(a)

Ypg
Qp A
Fig. Single line diagram of reactive power source and
remote voltage controlled bus

Q.11. Derive the relation for parameters of an equivalent t

network representing the off-nominal tap setting transformer. (c)
(b)
Ans. Fixed tap setting transformers circuit, (b) equivalent
Fig. Transformer representations (a) Equivalent
A transformer with off-nominal turns ratios can be represented Tt circuit (c) equivalent t circuit with parameters expressed
in terms of admittance and off-nominal turns ratios.
by its impedance, or admittance, connected in series with an ideal
auto-transformer as shown in figure (a). An equivalent t circuit can
Therefore,
be obtained from this representation to be used in load flow studies.
The elements of the equivalent t circuit, then, can be treated in the Ip =(E-E,)Pa ...(1)

same manner as line elements. Since

The parameters of the equivalent t circuit, shown in figure Ep
(b) be derived by equating the terminal currents of the transformer
E =

equation (1) becomes

With corresponding currents of the equivalent t circuit. At bus p the
aEq) (2)
terminal current Ip of the transformer, shown in figure (a) is 'p(Ep- a
***

tq Similarly, the terminal current Ig at bus q is

a
q=(EqE)ypq (3)
where a is the turns ratio of the ideal auto-transformer and 1tq thne
Substituting for Et, equation (3) becomes

q(aEg E.) pg
current flowing from t to q, is
- .4)
irg =(E -
Eq)Ypg a
 148 149
AD COMP. APPL. IN ELECT. ENGG. (8.E. VIll Sem, Eloct COMP. APPL. IN ELECT, ENGG. (B.E. VII Sem. Elect.)
ND
The corresponding terminal currents for the equivalent
pq
circuit shown in figure (b) are (Ep -atg)-E-E) a

p(Ep-Eq)A+E,B ) B- Ep

(E-Ep)A + E,C ****(O0)

Letting Ep =0 and E, =l in equation (2), a

its parameters expressed in terms
The equivalent n circuit ith
p transformer admittance are shown in
of the turns ratio a and the
a
figure (C).
Letting E, =0 and Eg =l in equation (6),
is represented at bus p for a
When the off-nominal turns ratio
p-A transformer connecting p and q, the
self-admittance at bus p is

Since the terminal currents for the transformer and its

equivalent t circuit must be equal,
ppYpl+P4 d

A-P
a Ypl +yp2
pq
2tYpn
Similarly, substituting E, =0 and Eg =1 in both equations
The mutual admittance from p to q is
(4) and (6),
= A +C Ypa
pq
qYpq and Iq a
Again, since the terminal currents for the transformer and its The self-admittance at bus q is

P+
equivalent must be equal,
pq A +C
Yqg =Yql
a
Yqn +|
P
Substituting for A from equation (7) and solving for C, Yql Tpq.. Yqn

pa and is unchanged. The mutual admittance from q to p is

C-yp4 a pq
Yqp
a
The equivalent t circuit shown in figure (c) can be used also
Equating the current from equations (2) and (5) and in the methods employing the bus impedance matrix. The elements
substituting for A from (7), are calculated with the equivalent impedance of alypg
of ZBUS
y
(Ep-aE)=(Ep -E,)+E,B from p to q. If in load flow calculations the elements of ZBUs do
not include the effect of shunt connections to ground, the total
Solving for B,
Currents at buses p and q, respectively, are
 151
150 AND COMP., APPL. IN ELECT. ENGG. (B.E. VIllISem. Elect APPL. IN ELECT, ENGG. (B.E. VIll Sem, Elect.)
ND COMP,
the original turns ratio and Aa is the change. Let bzpa
where a is
shown in figure
impedance of the element to be added, as
E be the
below. Then,
L, Paa-yE
Eg
-|1 abz pq
(a+a)4p4 aZptDL
pa
Q.12. Describe the tap changing under load transformers. 0z pq
load (TCUL)
Ans. In the representation of tap changing under W-
transformers, it is necessary to change the turns ratio to obtain the
W-
desired magnitude of voltage at a specified bus. This can be bZpq
Aa
accomplished by changing the turns ratio by a small increment Fig. Element added to network to reflect
change in
once in any iteration when the voltage magnitude of bus q is such transformer tap setting

that Solving for bZpq »

IEG-1E lsheduled>e
DZ pg - a(a Aa+Aa)-Z pq
The standard change in tap setting of TCUL transformers is requires that every
The change in tap setting of any transformer
+5/8 percent per step. This value has proved satisfactory for Aa recomputed. To avoid these
element of the ZBUS matrix be
since it obviates, in general, additional iterations to obtain a voltage
be used, in
extensive calculations, an alternative equivalent can
solution. It is not necessary to check the voltage magnitude of those
original transformer
which the series impedance is made equal to the
buses controlled by TCUL transformers every iteration. Performing
correspond to tap
this check in alternate iterations has proved sufficient. A voltage
impedance and the shunt elements are varied to
changes (Gupta and Humphrey-Davies, 1961).
magnitude tolerance E of 0.01 per unit has given acceptable results.
terminal
Letting A =Ypg and equating the corresponding
The self-admittance Ypp and the mutual admittances
Q.11) for the
currents from equations (2) and (5) (refer
YpgYqp must be recalculated for every change in the tap setting
transformer and its equivalent, respectively, then
of the transformer connecting buses p and q. In the Gauss and
= -
Ep-Eq)ypq + E,B (Ep aEq)
Gauss-Seidel iterative methods using YBUS, the paranmeters

Lp, YLpg YLgp and KlLp must be recomputed also These

Solving for B,
calculations must be made before continuing the iterative solution.
Also, the elements of ZBUS must be modified for every B-EpaE)--E,WpE
a
change in tap setting. These changes can be effected by adding a
new element from bus p to q such that the series impedance of the
T equivalent is (a + Aa)Z pq
 152 BD cOMP. APPL. IN ELECT. ENGG. (B.E. VII Sem.
Ele.
lect.)
qD COMP. APPL. IN ELECT. ENGG. (B.E. VIlI Sem. Elect.) 153

)
ipt
sq Ep as-jbs
Similarly, equating the terminal currents q from equations (a
Since
and (6) (refer previous questions) with A = Ypq isq=(Es-Eq)Ypq, then

Eq-Ep)yPg +E,C=(aEq -Ep) a pr (EsEg)p jbs

Solving forC, Substituting for Es from equation (i),

C-aEg-Ep) E-Ep)YpaE + jb, )Eq pq

iprEp-(4, a2+b
......(111)

=/1-g :
-1-E Og+ibg 1

(1i)
The shunt admittances, at buses p and q. respectively, are a Z M
pq
function of the voltages E, and Eq. The bus loading equations are, pr 'sq
Fig. Phase shifting transformer representation
then,
Similarly, the transformer current at bus q. igs is
Pp-jQp
Ep Epg Ep iqs (Eq -E,)Ypg

-y,Eg-1-pEp
Substituting again for E,
L pq
Eq
iqs ={(as + jb, )Eq -Epl + jb,
a,
Q.13. Write in short about the phase shifting transformers When a phase shifting transformer is connected between buses
in load flow studies. P and q, the self-admittance at bus p can be determined
by letting E,
Ans. Phase shifting transformers buses.
equal tO one per unit and short-circuiting all other network
A phase-shifting transformer can be represented in load flow
Then
studies by its impedance, connected in series with an idecal
autotransformer having a complex turns ratio, as shown in figure pp1pl t1p2.. pr. pn
below. Then the terminal voltages Ep and Eg are related by Substituting for i,pr from equation (1ii) and since

'plYpl
P =a, + jbs
E .(1)
ip2=yp2
Since there is no power loss in an ideal auto-transformer, ********* **

Epipr=Ei ....(11) 1pnYpn

It follows from equations (0) and (i1) then
that
 VBD COMP. APPL. IN ELECT. ENGG. (B.E. VIll Sem
154
Elec 155
APPL. IN ELECT. ENGG. (B.E. VIll Sem. Elect.)

pp .. T-
pa Tpn aMD COMP.
0.14. What is the
significance of inter-connected power
2
a,+b system.
The current flowing out of bus to bus is-Isq
q p Theref
Dre Ans.
the mutual admittance is
Ygp
System Pe2
D
Then Yap-Ypgs
and from equation (1) 5ystem A
L
Yqp pq System C
as +jbs PFL
Similarly, letting E, equal one per unit and short circuiting all System B

other network buses, the self-admittance at bus q is

gn
Yqgiq tig2 ig GR) Regulating generator
or Ygq
Yql t+ Yq2. t Yqp Yqn
Fig. Simplified representation
of inter-connected power systems
The current flowing out of bus p to bus q is ipr. Therefore, the
power systems, the
mutual admittance is
In studies involving several interconnected
a specified net power interchange
Ypaipr for
load flow solution must satisfy
the procedure of solving the problem
is
Isq each system. The first step in
Then Yp for the entire system, with an assumed
asJbs to calculate a voltage solution
Next, using this voltage
and therefore generation schedule for each system.
calculated and algebraically
pq solution, the individual tie line flows are
YPA
(E,
ds jbs
-
-Eg)
summed by system to determine
the actual net power interchanges.
interchanges for each system
Since Es = 0, then Then, the actual and scheduled power
adjustments that must be made in the
are compared to determine the
Yp-P
as-jbs assumed generation schedules.
A practical means of effecting
the necessary changes in system
The complex turns ratio for a specified angular displacement
each system as a regulating
and tap setting can be calculated from generation is to select one generator in
as + jb, = a(cos 0 + jsin 0) is adjusted to satisty the
generator. Each regulating generator
where |Epl=a|E, | Thus, for system A, shown in
Specified net power interchange.
Tigure below, the actual net power interchange
If the phase shift from bus p top bus s is is
positive, that is, if the

P=P + P-Pa +Pa

sign of 0 is plus, then the voltage
at bus p leads the voltage at bus s.
 ENGG. (B.E.
(B.E. VIl Sem 157
156 VBD COMP. APPL. IN ELECT. Sem.Elect
aMBD COMP.
APPL. IN ELECT, ENGG. (B.E. VII Sem. Elect.)

scheduled intercha and

The difference between the actual and anges because of the sparsity of the network matrix
iteration. This is
Consequently, requires the
simplicity of the solution technique.
is APp =Pr(scheduled)-P the
this method
output for the regulati. ast time
per iteration. The Newton-Raphson method
The new estimate of the power lating least sparsity
A1sing the bus
admittance matrix also takes advantages of the
generator of system A is of arithmetic
of the
network matrix in order to reduce the number
pktl AP
However, the computation of the elements of the
operations.
Similar calculations are made for the other
systems and a new requires additional computer time. The
Jacobian for each iteration
increases directly as the
iterative voltage solution is obtained. The
process is repeated unh
time per
iteration in both these methods
nonzero
network, because the number of
all AP are less than or equal to a specified tolerance.
A toleranca number of buses of
matrix for each new bus is
of 5 megawatts is usually acceptable elements added to the network
Q.15. Compare in detail different methods for load flow approximately the same.
the bus impedance matrix
studies by digital computer. The Gauss-Seidel method using
procedure. However, the time
Ans. The computer time required (By digital computers) to requires a relatively Simple solution
approximately with
perform the iterative solution using different methods depends on the per iteration for this
method is greater and varies
buses, because the bus impedance
following: the square of the number of
1. The number of logical and arithmetic operations required to matrix is a full matrix.
loop admittance matrix requires
complete an iteration. The Gauss method using the
of convergence of the solution technique
2. The rate operations to relate bus and loop
additional arithmetic and logical
of the power system.
3. The size and characteristics solution. The time per iteration also
quantities during the iterative
As compared with the Gauss-Seidel method, the Gauss method square of the number of buses,
varies approximately with the
using either the bus admittance matrix or the bus impedance matrix
is a full matrix.
because the loop admittance matrix
requires additional iterations to obtain a solution. Since the time per
Gauss-Seidel method using the
The rate of convergence of the
iteration for these two methods is about the same, the Gauss method
bus admittance matrix is slow,
requiring a relatively greater number
was not evaluated in detail. The relaxation method using the bus
than the Newton-Raphson method
admittance matrix also required more iterations plus additional time of iterations to obtain a solution
impedance or loop admittance
per iteration and therefore was not studied in detail. and the methods using the bus
iterations for the Gauss-Seidel
In the development of the computer
programs for the Gauss matrices. In addition, the number of
Seidel and Newton-Raphson methods using
the bus admittance method increased directly as the number
of buses of the network,
matrix, advantage was taken of the sparsity the other methods remained
of
the network matrix in whereas the number of iterations for
order to reduce the number of arithmetic significant
operations per iteration relatively constant, independent of system size. A
The Gauss-Seidel method was
programmed using rectangular can be obtained for the Gauss-
coordinates, and the Newton-Raphson increase in the rate of convergence
method was programmed admittance matrix by applying
using polar coordinates. Seidel method using the bus
The Gauss-Seidel method using acceleration factors.
the bus admittance matrix
requires the fewest number
of arithmetic operations to complete an
 IN ELECT. ENGG. (B.E. Vil Sem.
158 VBD COMP. APPL. Elect akBD COMP. APPL.
IN ELECT. ENGG. (B.E. VII Sem. Elect.) 159

The tolerance required to obtain a solution varies with the NUMERICAL:

different methods. The slower converging Gauss-Seidel metho Prob.1. Consider the following network:
using the bus admittance matrix required relatively smaller voltao
North
tolerances to obtain comparable accuracy with that obtained by ha Lake Main
A
methods using the bus impedance or loop admittance matrices.
imaginarv
voltage tolerance of 0.0001 per unit for both the real and
the Gauss-Seidel
components of voltage was used in the tests. For
method using the bus impedance matrix a voltage tolerance of 0.001 -
per unit provided comparable results. A voltage tolerance of 0,01
per unit produced the required accuracy for the Gauss method using Eim
South
the loop admittance matrix.
The Newton-Raphson method using the bus admittance matrix Fig. Sample system for load flow solution

has the advantage that the tolerances are specified for the net real and to obtain
With bus 1 as the slack, use the following methods
reactive powers at a bus. The tolerances, therefore, are given
directly in quantities that are meaningful to the engineer who a load flow solution.
acceleration factors of
specifies the desired accuracy. Tolerances of 0.001 per unit for the (a) Gauss-Seidel using YBUS, with
the real and
real and reactive bus powers used in the test calculations and 1.4 tolerances of 0.0001 and 0.0001 per unit for
produced comparable results. The initial bus voltages were assumed
imaginary components of voltages.
equal to 1.0+j0 forall tests performed. tolerances of 0.01
(b) Newton-Raphson using YBUS, with
The time required for the iterative solution was least for the
reactive bus powers.
Newton-Raphson method using the bus admittance matrix. per unit for the changes in the real and
When voltage-controlled buses are represented, the Gauss (c) Gauss-Seidel using ZBUs,
with voltage tolerances of
Seidel method using the bus admittance matrix usually requires
0.001 and 0.001 per unit.
fewer iterations to obtain a solution. However, a few more iterations
(d) Gaus using YLoop, with loop voltages tolerances of
usually are required for the Newton-Raphson method using the bus
admittance matrix and for Gauss-Seidel method using the bus 0.01 and 0.01 per unit.
impedance matrix. The time per iteration for the Gauss-Seidel impedances and line charging
Soln. The transmission line
method using the bus admittance or bus impedance matrix increases are given in Table (i)
admittances in per unit on a 100,000 kva base
as a result of the added computations. The time
per iteration for the per unit bus
Newton-Raphson method decreases slightly, because The scheduled generation and loads and the assumed
the number of
arithmetic operations is reduced for the voltage
controlled buses. voltages are given in Table (11)
 VBD COMP. APPL. IN ELECT. ENGG. (B.E.
VI
SemElect
Sem. 161
160 APPL. IN ELECT, ENGG. (B.E, VII Sem. Elect.)
for sample system aMD COMP.
Table ) Impedances and line charging In order to calculate
the parameters for these equations, it is
Impedance Line charging
Bus code ssary, first, to determine the elements of the bus admittance
P- Zpa pq/2 atrix from the transmission line and line charging admittances with
orOund as reference. Ihe transmission line admittances, obtained
0.0+j0.030 by
1-2 0.02+ j0.06
0.08+j0.24 0.0+j0.025 oking the reciprocal of the line impedances, are shown in Table (iii)
1-3 with the total line charging admittance to ground at each bus.
2- 0.06+j0.18 0.0+ j0.020 lang

is no mutual coupling in the representation of the system,

Since there
0.06+ j0.18 0.0+j0.020 of the bus admittance matrix for bus is
1

the diagonal element

0.04+ j0.12 0.0+j0.015 Y1 = Y12 + Y13 + y1
34 0.01+j0.03 0.0+ j0.010 Table(iii) Line admittances and admittances to ground for
0.08+j0.24 0.0+ j0.025 sample system
Bus code (p-q)Line admittance (Ypq
Table(ii) Scheduled generation and loads and assumed bus 1-2 5.00000 -j15.00000
1.25000 j3.750000
voltages for sample system
2-3 I.66667 -j5.00000
Bus Generation Load
code
Assumed 2-4 1.66667 - j5.00000
Bus voltage Megawatts Megavars Megawatts Megavars - j7.50000
2-5 2.50000
1.06+j0.0 0 0
3-4 10.00000 -j30.00000
1.0+j0.00 40 30 20 10
4-5 1.25000 -
j3.75000
1.0+j0.0 45 15
| 1.0 + j0.0 40
1.0 +j0.0 60 10 Bus code p Admittance to ground yp

The equations for the Gauss-Seidel iterative solution, 0.0 + j0.05500

using the
bus code numbers are 0.0 + j0.08500
Ej =1.06 + j0.0 0.0 +j0.05500
0.0+j0.05500
E+ =2- YL2E - YL23E, YL24E -
YL25Es 0.0+j0.04000
(E
-

is the sum of the line charging to ground at bus

1. Thus,
where yi
EkI =KL3 YL31E- YL32 E2k+l YL34E4* Yi1 is
(E
-

5.00000-j15.00000
Ek
(E4 4-
= YL4p E,k+l - YL43E3** - YL45E5* 1.25000- j3.75000
0.0 + j0.05500

Ek =
-YL52 E2*-YLs4E4k+1 6.25000-j18.69500
(E)
 VBD COMP. APPL.
162
E.
IN ELECT. ENGG. (B.E. VI
VII
Sem.E PPL. IN ELECT.
COMP. APPL
ENGG. (B.E. VIll Sem. Elect.)
163

The off-diagonal elements associated with bus lare BD in per unit at the p" bus. For bus 2

here Pp
-jQp is the net load
Y12 = Y21
=-Y12 =-5.00000 jl5.00000
+
j0.20)-
Y13 Y31
=-Y13 =-1.25000 + j3.75000 KL2 = (0.20- 10.83334 -j32.41500
The bus admittance matrix with ground as reference
erence = 0.00740 + j0.00370
for in following Table (iv)
sample system is
The KL,'s for all buses are given
s are obtained from the equation
The YLpq

YLpg Ypap = Yp4

Ypa
P.91,2,.n

For the element

1-2,

YL12 = (-5.00000 + jl5.00000) 6.25000- jl 8.69500

= -0.80212 + j0.00071
are given in Table(v)
The YLpg S for all elements
with
It is not necessary to
calculate the parameters associated
particular load flow. For actual
the slack bus for the
solution of a
frequently
planning and operating studies, however, the slack bus is
cases. This type of change can be
changed in subsequent load flow stored
all buses are calculated and
made readily if the parameters of
in the appropriate data lists.
is to calculate a new
The first step in the iterative solution
The new estimate from the
estimate of the voltage for bus
2.

equation.
system
Table (iv) Bus parameters for sample
Bus code KLp
P
0.0 + j0.0
0.00740+ j0.00370
-0.00698-j0.00930
-0.00427-j0.00891
-0.02413-j0.04545
The KL S are obtained from the equation

KlLp =(P, -jQ,)p =(P, -jQp) n

p=1,2,.,
164
VIRD COMP. APPL. IN ELECT. ENGG. (B.E. VIl Sem, Elec IN ELECT. ENGG. (B,E. VIIl Sem. Elect.) 165
COMP. APPL.
VID
wh

4-3 -0.77518 + j0.00033

4-5 -0.09690 + j0.00004
-0.66881 + j0.00072
E KL2
(E)
YL2E-YL23E-YL24E-YL25E() 2
-0.33440+j0.00036
for bus from the equation
The new estimate of the voltage
3
-()0.00740+ j0.00370(-0.46263+ j0.00036)(1.06 +j00
1.0-j0.0
E
- YLg1 Ej - YL3E- YL34Eis
--0.15421 + j0.00012) (1.0 + j0.0) (E)
(-0.15421 +j0.00012) (1.0 + j0.0) 0.00698-j0.00930
-(-0.09690+ j0.00004)(1.06 + j0.0)
(-0.23131l +j0.0001 8) (1.0 + j0.0) E
1.0-j0.0
= 1.03752 + j0.00290 +
-(-0.12920 +j0.00006) (1.05253 j0.00406)
The change in voltage is j0.0)
--0.77518 + j0.00033) (1.0 +
AE=0.03752 + j0.00290 = 1.00690 -j0.00921
The accelerated value of bus voltage from the equation The change in voltage is

"2 (acceleratod)E+ aAEis AE = 0.00690- j0.00921

Eaccelerated) 1.0 + j0.0+ 1.4 (0.03752 + j0.00290) The accelerated value of bus voltage from the equation
3(acclerated)= E3 toAE is
= 1.05253+j0.00406
This value replaces the initial estimated value of voltage for jo.0+ 1.4(0.00690- j0.0092 1)
rated).0+
3(accelerated)
bus 2 and is used in subsequent calculations of voltages for the
= 1.00966 -j0.01289
remaining buses.
Table (V): Line parameters for sample system This value replaces the initial estimated value of voltage for
Bus code p-4 bus 3. The process is continued for the remaining buses to complete
YLpq
one iteration, If the process has not converged, new estimates of
|1-2 0.80212 + j0.00071 voltages are calculated for all buses, starting again with bus 2. The
1-3 -0.20053 + j0.00018 bus voltages for all iterations are given in Table (vi) and the changes
2-1 -0.46263 + j0.00036 in voltages in Table (vii).
2-3 -0.15421 +0.00012 Table (vi) Bus voltages from the Gauss-Seidel iterative
2-4 -0.15421 +0.00012 solution using YBUS
2-5 -0.23131 + j0.00018 Bus voltages
3-1 -0.09690 + j0.00004 lteration Bus 2 Bus 3 Bus 4 Bus 5
Count (&)
3-2 -0.12920 + j0.00006 1.0+j0.0 I.0+j0.0 1.0+j0.0 I.0+j0.0
t.00966-j0.01289 1.01579-j 0.02635 02727-j 0.07374
3-4 -0.77518 +j0.00033 .05253+j 0.00406
1.02154-j0.04227 1.02451-j0.06353 1.01025-j 0.08932
1.04528-j 0.03015
4-2 -0.12920+ j0.00006 1.04732-j 0.03618
L.04964-jo.04730
1.02637-j 0.07153
1.02395 -j 0.08289
1.02394-j O.08326
I.02268-j 0.09079
1.01712-j 0.09826
L.O1575 -j 0.10787
1.04749-jO0.05016 1.02300-j 0.08693 1.02148-j0.09393 1.01315 -j0. 10782
 IN ELECT. ENGG. (B.E. VIII Sem. Elect.) 167
166 VBD COMP. APPL. IN ELECT. ENGG. (B.E. VIll Sem. COMP APPL.
Elect VBD
1.01316 j0.11087 are calculated with the final bus voltages and the
1.04708-j 0.05057 1.02195-j0.08877 1.02036-j0.09473
1.01977-j 0.09493 .01256-j0.1090 The line flows
1.04678-j0.05127
L.04639 -j 0.05120
1.02106-j 0.08901
1.02070-j 0.08913 1.01945 j 0.09501 1.01224-j0.1080 .admittances and line charging. The flow in line 1-2 at bus
1.02048-j0.08918 1.01927-j 0.09502 1.01219-j0.109 give
1.04630-j 0.05123
1.01920-j 0.09504 1.01211-j0.1000, equation
1.04623-j 0.05126 L.02036-j 0.08917
1 from
the
y
Table (vii): Changes in bus voltages from the Gauss-Seid. Ppa jpq=Ep (Ep -Eq)Ypq + EpEp is
el 2
iterative solution using YBUSs D. (1.06 -j0.0) {1.06+ j0.0)-(1.04623 - j0.05 126))
jQ12
(5.0-j15.0) + (1.06- j0.0)(1.06 + j0.0)(0.0 + j0.03)

= 0.888 + j0.086
The flow megawatts and megavars is
in

Pi2-JQ12 =88.8 + J8.6

The flow in line I-2 at
Pa1-jQ21 = (1.04623+
bus 2 is
j0.05 126){1.04623 j0.05 126) -
- (1.06 + j0.0)} {5.0jl5.0)
+(1.04623 + jo.05126)
(1.04623- j0.05126)(0.0+ j0.3) =-0.874-j0.062
or in megawatts and
megavars,
P21-jQ21 =-87.4- j6.2
All line flows for the system are given in Table (viii)
The slack bus power can be determined by summing the flows
on the
Table (viii): Calculated line flows for sample system
Bus code Line flows
P-q Megawatts Megavars
1-2 88.8 -8.6
1-3 40.7 1.1
2-1 -87.4 6.2
2-3 24.7 3.5
2-4 27.9 3.0
2-5 54.8 7.4
3-1 -39.5 3.0
24.3 6.8
Note: The changes given in this table are the
in bus voltuges 3-4 18.9 -5.1
differences between the accelerated values. The tolerance test was made on
the un-accelerated voltage in determining convergence. 4-2 -27.5 -5.9
4-3 -18.9 3.2
 V
BD COMP. APPL. IN ELECT. ENGG. (B.E,
3.E. VIll 169
168 Sem.Eleta APPL. IN ELECT. ENGG. (B.E. VII Sem. Elect.)
COMP.
4-5 6.3 VBD
0
1.0 (1.0 -2.50000) + 0.0 (-7.50000)}
+
5-2 -53.7 (0.0{-2.50000) 1.O -7.500000)}
+ 0.0
-

-6.3
5-4 = -0.30000
lines terminating at the slack bus. The real slack bus power i1s
QS 0.0{1.06(-5.00000) +0.0(-15.00000))
megawatts and the reactive power is -7.5 megavars.
129 and
=

- {0.0-5.00000) -1.06(-15.00000)}
1.0
b. The matrix equation for the solution of a load flow
h.the +0.0 1.0(10.83334) + 0.0 (32.41500)
{

Newton-Raphson method is 1.0 (0.0(10.83334) -1.0(32.41500)

APk Jk Aek +0.0 (1.0(-1.66667) +O.0
1.0 (0.0-1.66667)
-
(-5.00000)}
1.0-5.00000)}
AQk J3 J4 Afk
-

+0.0 (1.0(-1.66667) + 0.0

(-5.00000)}
-1.0 {0.O(-1.66667) 1.0 (-5.00000)} -

This equation does not include the slack bus. The changes + 0.0
{ 1.0 (-2.50000) +0.0 (-7.50000)}
es in 1.0 (-7.500000)}
bus powers are obtained from -1.0 {0.0(-2.50000) -

APp = Pp (scheduled) -Pp =-0.98500

buses are
The powers for the remaining
AQ =Qp(scheduled) -
Qp
P =-0.07500
where Pp(scheduled) and Qp(scheduled) are the net bus powers in per
unit. The calculated bus powers are obtained from the equations P0= O.0

P te eGGpq + f Bpq) + fpGpq Bpg)) P =O.0

Q =0.28000
o (eGpq + fBpq)-e GpgeG Bpq)) Q = -0.0550o
using the initial bus voltages and the elements of the bus admittance Q=-0.04000
for bus 2 are
in the real and reactive power
matrix.
The real and reactive power for bus 2 are The changes
AP =0.20000 -(-0.30000)
=
0.50000
P =1.o{1.06(-5.00000) + 0.0(-15.00000)}
+0.0 {O.0(-5.00000) 0.20000 --0.98500) 1.18500 =
-1.06(-15.00000)} AQ =
+1.0 { 1.0(10.83334) buses are
+0.0 {0.0(10.83334)
+0.0 (32.41500)
The changes in powers for the remaining
-1.0(32.41500)
+ 1.0 {1.0-1.66667) + 0.0 (-5.00000) } AP -0.37500O
+ 0.0 {0.0-1.66667) 1.0 -5.00000)}
AP0=-0.40000
-

+1.0 {1.O (-1.66667) +0.0 (-5.00000)}

+ 0.0 {0.0 (-1.66667) -
1.0 (-5.00000)}
 IN ELECT. (B.E.VIl
ENGG. (B.E 169
168 VBD COMP. APPL. Sem. ENGG. (B,E, VIl Sem. Elect.)
El COMP.APPL. IN ELECT.
6.3 -2.3 VBDcOMP. (-2.50000) + 0.0 (-7.50000))
4-5 + 1.0 (1.0
5-2 -53.7 -7 {0.0{-2.50000) - 1.0 (-7.500000))
+ 0.0
-6.3 -2.8
5-4 = -0.30000
bus pou
lines terminating at the slack bus. The real slack bus power i 129 =0.0{1.06(-5.00000) +0.0(-15.00000))
megavars, nd
and
megawatts and the reactive power is -7.5 (0.0(-5.00000) -1.06(-15.00000))
- 1.0
a load flo (32.41500)
b. The matrix equation for the solution of
+0.0 (1.0(10.83334) +0.0
Newton-Raphson method is (0.0(10.83334) -1.0(32.41500)
- 1.0
0.0 (-5.00000)}
APk Ae +0.0 {1.0(-1.66667) +
(0.0(-1.66667) 1.0
-
(-5.00000))
1.0
+ 0.0 (-5.00000))
-
AQ Af
+0.0 (1.0(-1.66667)
1.0 (-5.00000)]
-1.0 {0.0(-1.66667)
-

(-7.50000)}
(1.0(-2.50000) + 0.0
This equation does not include the slack bus. The chane
anges in +0.0 (-7.500000))
bus powers are obtained from - 1.0 {0.0{-2.50000) -1.0
APp -Pp(scheduled) - Pp = -0.98500
remaining buses are
The powers for the
AQ =p(scheduled)p
P=-0.07500
where Pp(scheduled) and p(scheduled) are the net bus powers in per
unit. The calculated bus powerS are obtained from the equations P0.0
P-eopg +Bp)+oGp -eBp)} p=0.0
=-0.28000
o-reGp +Bp)-eGGGp-eB) Q-0.05500
using the initial bus voltages and the elements of the bus admittance Q-0.04000 bus 2 are
matrix. and reactive power for
The real and reactive power for bus 2 are The changes in the real
0.20000-(-0.30000) 0.50000
=
P=1.0(1.06(-5.00000) + 0.0(-15.00000)) AP
2

+0.0 {0.0(-5.00000) -1.06(-15.00000)} AQ=0.20000-(-0.98500) =1.18500

are
+ 1.0 {1.0(10.83334) +0.0 (32.41500) the remaining buses
+0.0 {0.0(10.83334) -1.0(32.41500) The changes in powers for
+1.0 {1.0(-1.66667) +0.0 (-5.00000)} AP -0.37500
+0.0 {0.0(-1.66667) -1.0 (-5.00000) }
+1.0 {1.0 (-1.66667) + 0.0 (-5.00000)} AP-0.40000
+0.0 {0.0 -1.66667) -1.0 (-5.00000)
 171
170 VBD COMP. APPL. IN 3.E. VIIl
ELECT. ENGG. (B.E. Sem
VIll Sem. ELECT. ENGG. (B.E. VIll Sem. Elect.)
APPL. IN
Elee COMP
cOMP.
VBD
AP 0.60000 oP2-1.0(10.83334) -0.0(32.41500) + (-0.30000)
AQ-0.13000 de2
= 10.53334
A0-0.00500 ff-diagonal elements from the equation
and the
AQ 0.06000 de=epGpapp
The bus currents used to determine the elements of deq
the
=
Jacobian can be computed from the equation dr2-1.00-1.66667) -0.0(-5.00000) -1.66667
are de3

dr2-1.0-1.66667) -0.0(-5.00000) -1.66667

=
(E)
The current for bus 2 is de 4

T0)030000- j(-0.98500)
P 1.0(-2.50000)-0.0(-7.50000) -2.50000
=
=-0.30000+ j0.98500
1.0-j0.0 des
from the equation
The components of the current for bus 2 are, then, in the first row of J2*
The diagonal element
c 0.30000

d=-0.98500 dep
Bpe+fp Gpp +dp*
The components of currents for the remaining buses are
OE2 =1.0(32.41500) +0.0(10.83334)
+0.98500
cO-0.07500 1S
of2
d0.28000 33.40000
from the equation
and the off-diagonal elements
c0.0
d0.05500 dr-e Bpa +fp Gpa
c0.0 =
are 2=1.0(-5.00000) +0.0(-1.66667) -5.00000
d0.04000
5 of 3
The elements of the Jacobian =
=1.0(-5.00000) +0.0(-1.66667) -5.00000
are calculated using the bus
voltages and currents and elements
of the bus admittance matrix. The of 4
diagonal elements in the row
of Jj from the equation
dp =1.0(-7.50000)+0.0(-2.50000) = -7.50000
dep
=epGpp-fp Bp+ep is dfs
first row of J3 from the equation
The diagonal element in the
 172 RD COMP APPL IN ELECT ENGa. (8.E. JIl Be
VII Gem.
Lleca APPL, ELEGT EMGG. (B.E. VIH Sem. Elect.) 173
wn GOMP.

0020.0-1.50000)-1.0-2.50000)=2.50000
ofs
00
=1.0(32.41500) +0.0(10.83334)-0.98500 31.430m
31.43000 Repeating the process to obtain the elerments for the remaining
k = 0 is,
rows, the Jacobian when
and the off-diagonal elements from the cquation

are

=0.0(-1.66667) + 1.0(-5.00000)=-5.00000
des

2=0.0(-1.66667) + 1.0(-5.00000) = -5.00000

de4

3Q2
=0.0(-2.50000) + 1.0(-7.50000) = -7.50000
des

The diagonal element in the first row of Ja from the equation

0Qp
ofp
Bpp +c is

-1.O(10.83334) +0.0(32.4 1500) + (-0.30000)

af2
=-11.13334
and the off-diagonal elements from the equation

Odp = r}Bpg -eGpg are

ofq
2=0.0(-5.00000) -1.0(-166667) = 1.66667
of3

Q
=0.0(-5.00000)
Of -1.0(-1.66667) = 1.66667
4
 IM ELECT EHGG. (8.E, VIl Sem, Elect)
174 COMP. APPL. IN ELECT. ENGa. (0.E.
VI Sem, Eioe o APPL. 175
AD
The solution of the matrix equation for Aep nd Alp p23 able (ix): Changes in bus voltages from the Newton-Raphson
YBUS
4,5, can be obtained directly fromn
solution using
Change in bus voftages
APk
Ae teration Bus 3 Bas 4 Bus 5

art
Bus 2
4ok Count k
0.0 +0.0 00
0.03176-j0.00123
00 +00
G.03136-5747
0.D
00
0.05505-j0.05084 9.2652-0.1234
0.00876-0.00014-.01133+j0.00/201 -001206+p239 9.01424+0.00375

where the inverse of the Jacobian is

Table (x): Bus voltages from the
Newton-Raphson solution
.05478 04208 04477 .05177
0182601403 01493 01726
01888 04208 09502 .08469 05665 using YBUS
01403 03167 02823 Bus voltages
04477 08469 .10101 06393
01492 02823 03367 02131
Tteration Buis 5
Bus 2 Bus 3 Bus 4
04577 05177 05665 06393 .13670 Count k
01726 01888 .02131
+J0.0 1.0 +j0.0 1.0+00 100.0
0 L.02652-j0.11234
-01214 -01302 -0.1529 0 j0.05084 1.03176-j0.09123 1.03136-10.09747
03499 .03752 04428 -01627 1.05505-
04771 1.02043-j0.08922 1.01930-j0O9508 101223-0.10909
1.04629-j0.05128
03499 08567 .07551 04846 -01214 02933 -02597 -01687

the Newton-Raphson
Table (xi): Changes in bus powers from
09188 05559 -01302 -02597 -03148 -01930
03752 .07551
-01529 -0.1687 -0.1930-04357
solution using YBUS
04846 05559 .12796
04428

The voltage change vector is Change in bus power

0.05505
Ae (0)
Iteration Bus 5
Bus 3 Bus 4
0.03176 Count K Bus 2
-0.37500-j0.13000 -040000-j0.00500 060000-j0.06000
0.03136 0 0.50000 -jl.18500
-0.00103+j0.03586 0.01171+j0.03871 a.02244-j0.06563
0.02652 -0.09342 + j0.03857 0.00006-j0.00094
-0.00010+j0.00037 0.00003-j0.00044
-0.00073+j0.00037
-0.05084
Af (0) -0.09123
(c) The bus impedance matrix for the sample
system with busl
-0.09747
- 0.11284 as reference is
0.01342S6-j00402357 0.0157143+j0.0471429
20.0168571+j0.0505714 0.0125714-j0.0377143
The new bus voltages are obtained from the equation O.0125714+j0.0377143 0.0297143+j0.0891429 0.0262857-j0.078S571 00171429+j0.0514286

E-E +AE

and after the first iteration are

BUS
0.0114286+j0.0402857
0.0157143+j0.0471429
0.02628574j0.078S571
00171429+j0.0514286
003171434a.0951429
00195238-j0.05857 14
0.0195238+j0.0585714

0.04365O8+j0. 1309524

E =1.05505- j0.05084
process it is necessary to
Prior to initiating the iterative
E =1.03176-j0.09123 Calculate the bus currents with the scheduled
net bus powers and

Assumed initial bus voltages. From the values

given in Table(ii), the
E=1.03136-j0.09747
and substituted in the
net bus powers in per unit are obtained
E=1.02652-j0.11284 equation
 APPL. IN ELECT, ENGG. (B.E. VIl Sem. Elect.) 177
176
VD COMP. APPL. IN ELECT. ENGG. (B.E. VI Eles.
Sem. Elect D COMP.
0.20-j0.20
1-P (E) - y,E} 1.05112+j0.05399
(0.0+ j0.085)(1.05112-j0.05399)

= 0.17544-j0.028887
The currents for all buses, except the reference,
are
This new value of bus current replaces the previously
0)0.20-j0.20
(0.0+ j0.085)(1.0+ j0.0) = 0.200- j0.28s calculated value for bus 2 in subsequent calculations.
A new estimate of the voltage for bus
1.0-j0.0 3 is obtained next by

multiplying the second row of the bus impedance matrix by the

-0.45 + j0.15 (0.0+ j0.055)(1.0 + j0.0) =-0.450 + j0.0 m
as follows:
1.0- j0.0 vector of bus currents
+Z34+Z3510
- 0.40 + j0.05 -
E-E =Z321 +Z31

(0.0+ j0.055)(1.0 + j0.0) = -0.400- j0.0 E=1.02777-j0.09581

1.0-j0.0
3 is
The new current for bus
0.60 + j0.100
I=-0.42585 + j0.12863
-

j0.040)(1.0+ j0.0) = -0.600+ j0.06

1.0-j0.0
The process is continued to obtain

The first step in the iterative process is to calculate a new E =1.02521-j0.09920

estimate of the voltage for bus 2 by multiplying the first row of the
bus impedance matrix by the vector of bus currents as follows:
I=-3.8732 + j0.02933
E-E-Zz1+Zz+Z241+Zas1 E=1.01913 - j0.1 1403

= (0.0168751+ j0.05057 14) (0.200-j0.285) I 0.57518+ j0. 12120

+(0.0125714 + j0.0377143) (-0.450+j0.095) A second iteration is performed by repeating the
process,
+ (0.0134286 + j0.0402857) (-0.400 -j0.005) are
starting again with bus 2. The bus voltages for all iterations
+(0.0157143 +j0.0471429) (-0.600+ j0.060) given in Table.
=-0.00888-j0.05399 Table(xi): Bus voltages from the Gauss-Seidel iterative
Since the voltage at the reference bus has been specified, as solution using ZBUS
given in Table (ii) Bus voltages
lteration
E = (-0.00888- j0.05399) + (1.060 + j0.0) =
1.05112-j0.05399 Count k Bus 2 Bus 3 Bus 4
1.0 +j0.0
Bus 5
1.0 +j0.0
1.0 +jo.0 1.0 +j0.0
The new current for bus 2 is 1.02777-j0.09581 1.02521-j0.09920 1.01913-j0.11403
1.05112-j0.05399 1.01220-j0.10841
I-hjQ2
1.01924-j0.09454
1.04622-j0.05086 1.02041-j0.08837
y2E 1.04622-j0.05129 1.02035-j0.08924
1.01918-j0.09508 1.01212-j0.10908
(ES)
 LECT. ENGG. (8E.
COMP APPL ME VI Sem. Eleet) 179
178 RID
RD cOMP, APPL. IN ELECT. ENGG. (8.E. Vl Sem, Elect
incidence matrix is
The basic loop
Table (xib: Changes in bus voltages from the Gauss-Seidel L
iterative solution using Zpus AB C

Change in bus sollages T-1-1

eration 2
Bus 4 Bus 5
Counk Bus 2 Bus 3

j0.0 00 j00 0.0 +j0.0 00 +j0.0

o.05112-40.0asso9 002777-j0.09581
0.02521-j0.09920 001913-j0.1403
-0.00693+j0.00562
C=4 1
0.00736-j0.00744 -0.005974j0.00466
.0490ej0.O8313 0.00008-j0.00067
-0.0006-j0.00087 0.00006-o.0054
0.0330-50.00043

-ZF 22
g
-ZF
+ 32g)
Not defined zF 2p+32
The loop admittance matrix
is
3a+ 27pg)-z-zp +376)27p + 57g
O0 0 A B C

E1- 1.07143-j3.21429 -0.47619-j.42857 0.23809-0.71429

Fig Tree, cotree, and basic loop of the oriented

o-11 connected
YLoop B -0.47619+j1.42857 1.06349-j3.19048 030159-0.90476

graph for seample power system.

C-0.23809-j0.71429 -0.30159-j0.90476 0.68254-204762

The process is terminated when the changes in both

components of the voltage at each bus are less than O001.
d. The tree, cotree and basic loops of the oriented connected
graph for the power system are shown in figure above. The branch-
path incidence matrix is
which was obtained by first forming the loop impedance matrix by
singular transformation and then taking its inverse
The first step in the iterative process is to calculate the bus
currents with the scheduled bus powers and assumed initial bus
voltages. The currents in per unit for all buses except the slack are

Path (2) (3) (4) (5) determined from the equation

--
-1
1h-P(Ep) -y,E
K These curents, identical to the initial bus currents calculated in
the bus impedance method, are

=0.200- j0.285

1 -0.450+ j0.095
 COME IN ELECT. ENGG. (B.E, VIl
IN aE. VIll
ELECT. ENGG. (B.E. VIl Sem.
Sem. VWD Sem, Elect.) 181
180 D COMP. APPL. Elect)
1
1450-j0.150
1=-0.400- j0.005 2 1.000-j0.055
0.600-j0.060
1=-0.600+j0.060 i= 4 0.200 + j0.285
are calculated from 5 0.0 +j0.0
The changes in bus currents
6 0.0+ j0.0
a-1-1 0.0+ j0.0
Since the bus currents prior to initiatng the
iterative proced.ure

were assumed to be zero, the changes in bus

currents are Then from the equation

Ar=0.200-j0.285
Eoop-C'[2]i
the loop voltages are
Ar -0.450 + j0.095

Ar= -0.400- j0.005

AT -0.600+ j0.060 3

The first changes in branch currents from the equation

Aib =KAI(0)
BUS

are
2 3 4
From the loop performance equation the balancing loop
currents are
-1-1 0.200 j0.285 A B
Aib= 2 -0.450+ j0.095 1.07143-j3.21429 -0.47619 +jl.42857 -0.23809 +j0.71429

3 06349+ j3.19048-0.30159 + j0.90476

-0.400- j0.005 T(0) B 0.47619 +jl.42857

+ j0.060 Loop
4
5-0.600 -0.23809 +j0.71429 -0.30159 + j0.90476 0.68254-j2.04762

1.450-j0.150
0.24286-j 0.04786
1.000 - j0.055
2 0.17310 +j0.34230 A

0.18475+j0.37 175 0.27429-j 0.04029

3 0.600-j0.060 B
C0.53714-j0.06014
0.24715 +j 0.51095
4 -0.200+j0.285
The new branch currents from the equation
Since the initial currents in the elements
were assumed zero,
the new currents are i-i, +C 1Loop
 ELECT. ENGG.
(8.E. VIl Som, E
loct cOMP. APPL.
IN EL CT.ENGG. (8.E.
VI Sem. Elect)
182
D COMP. APPL, IN 183

23
are 2 T.064J00
ABC 0.24286-j0.04786 EpUs T6ej00
A
1450-j0.150 02742)-j00
0.27429-j0.04020 1.06+j00
B
4

L.000-j0055 1.06 +j00

C 0.53714-j0.0604
0.600-j0.060

0.200+j0285

0.08 +j0.24 10.39572-j00171

0.01+j0.03 2 0.18857+j0.04543
I0.39572-j0.00171
O.08 +j0.24 3 0.06286 +j000014
0.1857+j0.04543 3

= 2 0.02+j0.064 085428+j0.13671
0.06286+j0.00014
0.85428+j0.13671
1.05112-j005399
2 |
|
1.02793 -j 0.09483
the equation
The new link currents from 1.02741-j0.1095
1.02241-j0.11604

are The new bus voltages replace the initially assumed voltages. If
5 0.24286-j0.04786
all loop voltages are within specified tolerance, the line flows are
61027429-j004029
calculated. If any loop voltage is greater than the tolerance, the new
currents. The
0.53174-j 0.06014 bus voltages are used to calculate new estimates of bus

remaining steps of the iterative calculation are repeated to obtaina

second estimate for the bus voltages. The bus voltages for each
The new currents in all elements are, then,
iteration are shown in Table (1) and changes in bus voltages are
1 0.39572-j0.00171
shown in Table (2). The loop voltages for each iteration are shown
in
2 0.18857+j0.04543
Table (3)
3 0.06286 +j0.00014
Table (1) Bus voltages from the Gauss iterative solution using
0=4 0.85428+j0.13671
YLp
5 0.24286-j004786
6 0.27429-j004029 Bus voltages
Bus 5
Iteration Bus 2 Bus 3 Bus
7 0.53714-j0.06014 Count (k)
1.0+j00 1.0+j00
1.0+j0.0 1.0+j00
1.02741-j0.10095 1.02241-j0.1l604
1.05112-j0.05399 1.02793-j0.09483
These values replace the previous estimated flows. 1.02046-j0.08826
1.01932-j0.09495 1.01229-j0.10778
1.04826-j0.05073
1.01925-j0095111.0121-j0.10912
1.04624-j0.05131 1.02038-j008925
The new bus voltages from the equation

EBUs=E +K'z%1 iterative solution using

Table (1) Bus voltages from the Gauss
 VIIl Sem. Elect.)
184
VBD COMP. APPL. IN ELECT. ENGG. (B.E.

Bus voltages Bus 5

Bus 4
Iteration Bus 2 Bus 3
Count (k)
0.0+j00
0.0+j0.0
0.0+j0.0
0.02741-j0.10095 0.02241-j O.1 104
0.0+j0.0 0.01012+ j0.00826
0.02793-j0.09483 j0.00690
0.05112-j0.05399 -0.00809 +
-0.00747 j 0.00657 -0.00007-j0.00106 O.00008-j0.00134
0.00486 +j0.00326
-0.00002-j0.00058-0.00008-j0.00099
iterative solution using
Gauss
3 : Loop voltages from the
Table
YLoOp
Loop Voltages Loop C
Loop B
Loop A
Iteration
Count k 0.37175 0.24715+j 0.51095
0.17310+j 0.342300.18475 +j 0.04065 j 0.04094
0.02806-j 0.02956
0.02559-j 0.02738 0.00036 +j 0.00596
0.00035 + j 0.00415
0.00034 +j 0.00381

REPEATEDLY ASKED UNIVERSITY QUESTIONS

Q.3. Explain the Gauss-Seidel iterative method and relaxation
method using bus admittance matrix for load flow solution. Also
give flow charts of the same. (W-02)
Refer Q.3,P.124)
 UNIT- V
SHORT CIRCUIT STUDIES
0.1. Explain the necessity of short circuit studies. [W-03]
Ans. Short circuit calculations provide currents and voltages on

power system during tault Conditions. This information is required

po
a
design an adequate protective relaying system and to determine
to d
interrupting requirements ror circuit breakers at each switching
Ocation. Re
location. Relaying systems must recognize the existence of a fault
and initiate Circuit breaker operation to disconnect faulted facilities.

This action is required to assure minimum disruption of electric

service and to limit damage in the faulted equipment. The currents
and voltages resulting from various types of faults occurring at many

locations throughout the power system must be calculated to provide

sufficient data to develop an effective relaying and switching system.
To obtain the required information a special purpose analog
computer, called a network analyzer, was used extensively for short
circuit studies before digital techniques were available.
The development of techniques for applying a digital computer
to form the bus impedance matrix made it feasible to use Thevenin's
theorem for short circuit calculations. This approach provided an
efficient means of determining short circuit currents and voltages
because these values can be obtained with few arithmetic operations
involving only related portions of the bus impedance matrix.
Q.2. Represent three phase power system for short circuit
studies.
Ans. System Representation:
The three-phase representation of a power system under steady
late condition is shown in figure(1). In general, sufficient accuracy

Short circuit studies can be obtained with a simplified

presentation. The simplified three-phase representation is shown in
igure(2) and is obtained by:
BD COMP. ELECT. ENGG. (B.E. Vill Sem. Elect.) 185
PL. IN
 SUMMER EXAM INATION - 2015
B.E. VIII SEM. (ELECTRICAL)
COMPU
UTER PPLICATIONS
ELECTRI ENGINEERING
N SECTION-A

Derive Ypus A A by singular transformation

Also determine
o) Yyin
termsof YpR
8M
IP.15, Q61
For the power
system shown in Fig.1.

G
hf1
Tr 3

2
Fig. 1

Draw oriented graph and determine incidence matrices A, B, C

and K. 12M
Ans.

0-
5
2

-0
Fig.
Reference node
is 0 node.
vD COMP. APP. IN POWER SYSTEM
(B.E. VIll Sem. EE) 543
544 BD COMP. APP. IN POWER SYSTEM
TEM(R
(BE.
VIlSom.a IN POWER SYSTEM (B.E, VIl Sem. EE) 545
COMP APP.
BD

2 0 0 0 0

0 0

0 0

Fig. 0 0

branches= {1,5,6, 7), 0

links {2,3,4) 0 0 1
0 0

Node 0 0

Element
For [C
[A]=

O@O
0

1
0

0
A

4 0 -----*

For [B] Fig.

R S B

0 -1
0 -1
6 0 0 0 -1 0
A C=

0 0 0
0
0 0
Fig
0 0
 IN POWER SYSTEM (8.E.
VIl Sem,
E)
wwD cOMP APP. IN POWER SYSTEM (
VI 547
Bem.
t I
Table
Fo
TementNa

Meslanee
0.5 0.5

0.5

0.4

Fig.

Fig.

(1,3,3
I-(2,4)
1-1 -1 -1

Ypus =[A ][Y]A]

0 -1 0

0
1

0
0 0
K
YBUs
Q.2/a) For the system shown in Fig.2 obtain

0 Using direct inspection.

i) Using algorithm. -1 1
are given in Table 1
Y=12
Assume node 2 as reference. Reactances of different elements

O000
Of05 0
000
0 040 0 0

00 02
00
00o050
Fig. 2 O0 0
00 03
 POWER SYS
YSTEM (B.E V oem. EE) 549
APP, IN
APP
coMPWrite
OMP.
the per
down the
performance cquation of three phase element in both these
548 VRD COMP. APP. IN POWER SYSTEM (8.E. VIl
Sem.EE form?

20 0 00 12M
forms
0 25 0 0 0 IP.84, Q11
IY]-121-0 0 00 SECTION-B
00 20
000 1.25
How buses are classified on the basis
neçessity
ity of load flow studies?
of of
1 0
Ypus-A 10YI[A]=|00-10-1
110 n40
What 15
load flow
problem?
fications in
0-1 001 IP.272, Q4b)a (©]

load flov solution in power system by Gauss Seida

20 0
2.5
0 0
0 0
00 0
0
01
-1 Give and
plain flow chart for

using YBUs Explain how the procedure is modified to take into

0 0 5 0 0 0-1 0 iterative
ethod
000 20100
0 0 0 0 125 JL 0 -1 1
unt the
account voltage controlled buses.
14
[P.119,124, 02 031
1 0
101-1 25 0 -2.5
Ceauence reactance
data for the system shown in Fig.3 is as under in (PU)-

-00
o -1
-1 0 0 -5 0
0 01 J 2 0
O
0-1.25 1.25
T2
1
[2+2.5+2 -2.5
0 5+125 -1.25 Line
-2.5 -125 2.5 +1.25

6.5 0 -2.5
YBUS 0 6.25 -1.25
-2.5 -1 25 3.25

(b) Derive an expression for the elements of the bus impedance matrix for addition of a Fig.
new branch to the existing partial network. 10M
G: X=X2 = 0,2
xo = 0.08 Xg = 0.03
IP.49,02)
02: X =X2 =0.3
Xo =0.1 Xg0.05
Q.3./a) Show that three phase stationary and rotating components can
by
be represenicd
diagonalised matrix form. 8M and T2: X = X2 =
0.1
Xo = ; Xg =0.03
IP.91, Q3 Ane,
X= X2 =0.4 Xo =0.7
au
e phase network component is represented in impedance and 1L-G fault takes
place at bus 3
 cOMP, APP. IN POWER SYSTEM (B.E. VIII So
SSO ARD
Find a Total fault cument
Buas voltase during ault pu.
and prefault bus voltage of 1.O
assunme System to be mloaded
IPA38, Q.31
made for transient stabilitY sudies. Derive the swi ion
Q6a) Staate the assumption
r pOwer system.
IP.284, 219, Q26(), e1/
with the help of now chart, discuss the algorithm toT transicnt stability studics
ies of

power system which employs modificd Euler method. 12M

IP.2353,237, e6, 27
 aTER
WINT EXAMINATION - 20155
B.E. VIl SEM. (ELECTRICAL)
COMPL
OMPUTER APPLICATIONS
LECTRICAL ENGINEERING
N
SECTION-A

rive the
expression for Loop USing Singular
transformation.
SM
IP.13, 0.51

Define 2M
path (i) Tree
0 Branch
(ii) Connected graph (iv) Basic loop IP.5, Q.11

For the system shown in figure find: 10M

0 Directed graph, tree and Co-tree. (i) Basic loop incidence matrix.

(ii) Basic cut set incidence matrix. (iv) Verify B=-Cp

() Form loop impedance matrix if the valves given are p.u. valves.. Consider the

dlements connected between buses 1

and 4 and between 3 and 4 as links.

0.1
TO
0.2
T 0.22

o
0.3

O.12
Fig. 1
Assume ground as reference

PDcOMP. IP.22, Prob.37

APP. IN
IN POWERSYSTEM (B.E. VIll 553
Sem. EE)
 APe IN POWER SYSTEM (B.E, VIllISem. EE) 555
RSYSTEM OCOMP
ABD COMP. APP. IN POWER (B.E. VII
554 Sem,EE Durng
Fault

Q2 From ZBus by algorithm for the nerwork shown in figure1 of Question No

Pe=0.5sin8
ground node as reference node. Modily L Bus 1t element connected between
between hius...
buses 3 and
4 tFault
removed. Pe=1.5sin
20M
P.413,Q.20)
modified Euler's metho for solution of transient stability analysis.
Q4) Discuss the performance cquation of a three phase element in impedance a
dmittance
form.
se
201
IP.274, Q.61
1OM three phase power system 1or short circuit studies for a fault
ent
KCpresentthree at bus 'P".
IP.84,0.1 q649)

() Derive useful equations for formation of bus impedance matrix when the 8M
added element
is a
branch for 3 phase network. IP.185, 0.21
10M
s [P.93,041
rar a three phase to ground 1ault at bus Pn a power system, derive an expression

SECTION-B for
(i) Fault current.
Q4.) What is the necessity of load fiow analysis in power system?
3M (Gi) Faulted bus voltage.
IP.272,
0.40
D) What do you mean by bus loading equations?
(Gii) Voltages at other buses during fault.
12M
2M
IP.187, 0.31
IP.118, Q.10

Draw and explain the flow chart for load 1low analysis by Newton Raphson
(iv) Current through network elements during fault.
method using bus

admittance matrix.
as Fault current in 3- element (i, j) is
10M
-EF
(d) What are the diflerent types of buses named in load flow analysis? Mention
IP.136, 04
-E
the known and
unknown quantities on each bus.
SM
IP.272, 0.-40 YEn Q
-En)
Q5. The power transfer curves for a power system are described by equations given
below.

power output
prelault 15 1.0 p.u, compute the variations in '8' and 'o' with time. Assume unat

the lault is cleared at 0.15 sec. from its inception. Assume At =0.05, the magnitude o inertia

constant H is 4. Perform computations upto 0.2 seC.

Prefault Power Equation

Pe-2sin
 sUMMER EXAMINATION
B.E. VIl SEM. (ELECTRICAL) (CBS)
cOMPUTER APPLICATIONS L
IN POWER SYSTEM
20 , coP
Deve the
APP. IN WER

wansformation
SYSTEM (B,E. VIll

wauation
Sem, EE)
OR

of loop mpedance
matrix
Zogl
567

using singular

6M
IP.13,251
networ raph shown in Fig 206) obtain YBR,
(Elective I1) For
thie Zg and Yus by singpalar
transformation,

Q14 For a oriented graph shown in Fig 1(a) obtain

14M
4
:

0 Bus impedance matrix [A]

12M
0.5 pu
21.0 pu 7
() Branch path incidence matrix [K]

05
(n Augmented cut set incidence matrix [B].
0.4 pu pu
() Augmented loop incidence matrix [C].

ref.
OTTL Fig. 2 (b)
IP.333, Q.1@

031) Derive the equation useful 1or formation of ZBUS when added element is a link,

start from performance equation of a partial network. 10M

IP.55, 031

b) The bus impedance matrix ZBUs for the sample power system is given below.

2 Modifly the bus impedance matrix.

Fig.1 (a) )If include the addition of an element from bus 2' to bus '3 with an impedance ot
0.4 pu.
P.533, 0.1a
0b) Explain in brief the following
terms ;
8M 0)
1if
include the addition of an element from bus 4' to bus "2 with an impedance
(9 Network graph.
of 0.5 pu in given matrix. 10M
() Tree of a graph.
2 3 4
(üi) Primitive network.
2 0.271 0.126 0.329
(iv) Basic cut set
BUS-3 0.126 0.443 0.188
4 0.329 0.188 0.380
IP.10,5,0,
IP.337, Q.2(a)]
556 VBD COMP. APP. IN PoWER SYSTEM (B.E. VII Sem. EE)
 gARD COMP. APP. IN POWER SYSTEM (B
M(B.E.
VMSom. IN POWER SYSTEM (B.E. VIl| Sem. EE)
558 OR
te coMP APP. 559

of Ypus by
direct inspection method with s
example,
bn04
Q4(0) Eplain the fomation
0.25 0.25
Zpus0.25 0.4J
nethod for powe
building algorithm method for power system shown
IPh
Obtain ZBUS using in FipAr elemen 3 which is a branch p-1, q-2
AD) Adding

31 2
Z32
0.2 3 0.25 0.25 Z
Zpus=1025 04
Za1 Z2
2 Z

025 0.25
=Zj2
0.2 Zz=Z13 =025
0.15 =0.15=Zj2
Za=Z11

Z22 = 0.4+
0.2=0.6
Fig. 4 (b)
0.25 0.25 025
0.4 0.4
Ans. Oriented graph is
ZBUS
.25
0.25 0.4 0.6

4)
Add element 2 whichn is link fromp=0 to q=1

3 2

3 0.25 0.25 0.25 Z3

1
0.25 0.4 0.4 Z
Z-
0.25 0.4 0.6 Z2
ref. 1
Z13 Z Z2 Zu

(1) Starting with element (1) which is a branch p=0 to q3 =

Z13-Z13=-0.25 Z3
ZBUS=0.255
Z-Zy =- 0.4=Z
(2) Adding element p = 3 and q=I which is a branch

Z12-Z/2 =-0.4 =Z2

0.75 Z31
gUs
Z3 Zi u =0.65

Z13 =Zg = Zg =0.25 Modifying ZBUS

 POWER SYSTEM (B.E. Vil Sem.
COMP
APP INP EE)
560 WBD COMP. APP. IN POWER 561

D
SYSTEM (B.E.V
0.153 0.096 0.096
Zyn-0.3530096) 0.553
ZBUS =0.096 0.153 0.153
0.096 0.153 0.353
0.336

Addelement (4) which is a link between p= 0.047

0.136 0.069
I and q -2

0.069 0.11 0.11

BUS 0.11 0.336
0.047
f0.153 0.096 0.096 Zy
O0.096 0.153 0.153 Zu expression
expression 1or perOmance tquation of 3-phase stationary
Derive an
0.096
an
0.153 0.353 Z/2 element in
n5(a)
OlZp Zn Zn ZuJ admittance form when excitation
is balance
10M
Zp=-Z =- 0.096 IP.87, 0.2

Zn=-Zn-0.153 How3 bnetwork

component is repEsentec in impedance and admittance form?

Zn=-Z =-0.153 Write down the performance equaion or tne 5-phase element in both these
form

Zn-Zy+ZAR -0553 10M

Modifying ZBUS P.84, 0.11
OR
Zy
=Zz-NLa0.153-0.096)2
0.553 Consider a 3-phase to ground 1ault on bus no. 2 of the power system shown
Q.6. in
=0.136
carry out short circuit analysis to find.
Fig.(6)
20M
Zg =Zy1
=0.096-(0.096)(-0.153)
L 0.553 () Total fault current.

0.069
(ii) Voltage of each bus during fault.

Z32 =Z2- =0.096-0.153)( 0.153)

0.553 (i) Current through the phase "C' of the transformer element.

-
0.047

Z1n=Z12 Zy L2 = 0.153- (0.153) 0.18

0.553

= 0.11
0.13 0.13
0.22
0.11
Z11=Z1- =0.153-(0.153)2
Z 0.553
Fig.(6)
=0.11
 VIlI Sem. EE)
POWER SYSTEM (B.E. 563
562 WBD COMP. APP. APP
IN TEM(B.E.
POWER SYSTEM (B.E.
Ans.
VIN
VIlls. EE
Som. CoP
(0.18 0.35+0.11
ZBus

(3) 0.46
=
link between p= 2 and q=3
(4) which
ent (4)
15
0.22 0.11 Ciement
:Adu
Step
0.13 ( (6/0.13 Z=pi-2a
tpa,pq
y pal
I step: Add element (1) in network (p= 0, q =1) =-0.13
Z-31
Zpi
Z =0=Z
=-32
=-0.35
Zi2
ZBUS 0.13, Z =
0.13

2 Step: Add element (2)p=l and q=2 (branch)

Zy-33 =-0.46
Z=-Z3tL03 03
Ofo.13 Z2
ZBUS =--0.40) +0.18
Z Zal
= 0.64
Z =Z = Z =0.13

Z22 =Z12 +Z1212 = 0.13+0.22 =0.35

O 0.13 0.13 0.13 -0.13
-0.35
0.13 0.13
ZBUs0.13 0.35J
0.13 0.35 0.35
-0.46
eBUS30.13 0.35 0.46
0.64
O-0.13 -0.35 -0.46
3 Step: Add element (3) p- (2) and q-3 (branch)

Z=Zpi =Zj Modifying ZiM) = Ziyo

Zq=2pa tLpa,pa
(-0.13)(-0.15)--0.103
Z
1
2 3 0.64

10.13 0.13 0.13 0.13-C0.13)-0.35).

Zy2 = = 0.05
ZBUS =2 0.13 0.35 0.35 0.64
3 0.13 0.35 0.46
(-0.13)(-0.46)
Z31=Z21 =Z1 =0.13
13 = 0.64
0,03

Z2 =Z23 = Zp = 0.35 Z22 = 0.35-E035)(-0,35) 0.158

0.64
 POWER S STEM (B.E. VIl Sem. EE)
APP, 565
564 VBD COMP, APP. IN POWER SYSTEM
oP 12 3
0.03 0.05
(B.E. VIll
Sm 1f0.06
Zy=0.35-0.35) (-046) 0.09 0.08
0.64 2/0.03 0.05
0.08 0.06
3/0.05
(-0.46)(-046)
0,12
0.64
0.18

10.103 0.05 0.03

ZBUS
2 0.05 0.158 0.09 0.22
3 0.03 0.09 0.12

s Step: Add element (5) which is link (p-3, q-4)

0.13 /o.13

Ofo.103 0.05 003 Zu

0.05 0.158 0.09 Z
BUs
0.03 0.09 0.12 Z
O Zn Zp Zp Z fault, with fault impedance
For 3-
Z, the fault current is given by
Zy=-Zy=-0.13

Z =-0.158

Z=-0.12
Voltage at faulted bus during fault is given by
Z =-(-0.12) +0.13=0.25

Modifying

=0.103-0.103)(-0.13)
Z11 -0.06
0.25

=0.103-0.103) (0.158) other bus 'i' during fault

12 =0.03 Voltage at any
0.25

Z13 =0.103- (-0.103) (0.12)

0.05
0.25
E-1 Z
Lip
+Zp
22 =0.158-
(0.158)
= 0.05
0
0.25

Dequence fault current at faulted bus (2) IS

Zy =0.158- 0.158(0.12)L-0.08
0.25

Z33=0.12-(0.12)2
-= 0.06
0.25
 POWER SYSTEM (B.E VIl Sem. EE)
APPIN
IN PO 567
cOMP perlormance f
Gauss-Seidal and NewMon Kaphson
method for
load
S66 VBD COMP. APP. IN PoWER SYSTEM
(.E, VII Som
he
the
Conpare
.EE) solulion, 5M
fow IP.344, 0-4(b

Calculate real and reactive bus powers

equation ned to for load flow
Derivethe
Voltage at faulted bus (2) during fault is Newton Raphson Method with
uw using the 8M
golulion
[P.129 to 134,
E Seidal terative method.
04 up to equation 12)

flowchart of Gauss 7M
neaw the

[P.119, 124,
22, 31
EP-T, EP-lo Pu
o OR

gener
generator circuit delivers 18 MW over a double circuit line to
MVA 50 C/s
Cls
Voltage at bus 2 during fault n
an
A20
The generato bus kinetic energy is 2.52 MJMVA at rated speed. The
0 infinite bus.
0.05
EF-V5 0.06 transient. reactance 15 X=0.35pu . Each transmission circuit reactance is
0 orator
0

on 20 MVA base. Initially the generator bus

voltage was 1.l pu and infinite
0 n2 ni

0.288 hus voltage 1.0 pu. A 3-phase short circuit occurs at the mid point of one of the
0
transmission lines at t=0 and t Is cleared in 0.05 sec. Find the swing of the rotor

E=T, EP upto 0.15. Taking time step of 0.05 sec. Use modified Euler's method 20M
IP.298, 346, Q, 6))

a ag L 0J
[11
=0.288 a2 PU

(ii) Phase current at faulted bus (2)

||0
1T19= a2 a34.64
w31 a a2]| 0

a
 WINTER E AMIATTON.-20163
ON.- 2016
wVIl SEM. (ELECTRICAL) (CBS)
COMPUUTER APPLICATIONNS
IN POWER SYSTEM
rive the
relation to obtain Zop from singular sformation,

IP.13,051

Find YgR for a

power system using singular transformation shown in Fig I ponsitive

uences reactances of the components are marked on diagram. Select ground node
reference and element 4 as link.
as
12M
0.4pu 0.6pu
3
0.1025pu O 2 3 0.1025pu

Fig.1
IP.26, Prob.4

OR
8
02) Define
(a) Graph (b) Element (c) Node (d) Path

e)Tree ( Branch (e)Link (h) Co-tree

IP.5, Q.1

b) Consider the following power system network shown in Fig.2.

3
Fig. 2

D COMP. APP. IN POWER SYSTEM (B.E. Vill Sem. EE) 569

 POWER
POM SYSTEM (B.E.
APP. MM VI Sen, E)
870
RD COMP, APP IN OMP 571

ABC
POWER SYRTEM D
Clelste (8V
K
Be incldece maris

Breh pnih incidenre msiri

Base eetert incidenee meiri

Bes leop incidence matris

Verity the relsion C n-B'7.

set
Besie cud
Select greand ua ref and A4Sma Hnk

(Ref)
1-(3,4,5)
A BC D
b-(1,2,6,7),
Bus Incidence B]
matrix= -10
00
0 0
20
1

0-11
000
010
0 0
0-

-
1 -1

0 1+
Branch path -K Basic loop incidence matrix

CoO /3
 EE) 573
572 SYSTEM (B,E. VII Sem.
VBD COMP. APP. POWER
IN POWER
SYSTEM oIM
(0.E. VL orientedgraph
Coresponding
0.22
3

0.2t 140.3
-1 -1

1
0

0 1

C-B'I
1-14, 5}
RH.SBt b-(1,2,3, 6},

YBsAYA
11 [A]
Nodes
O0
b/ll

Q3.(a) Derive the equation usefül for formation of LBus when added element is link
a -1 0
Start TOM 2
performance equations of a partial network Also derive
equation for removal of link 15M 0
IP.55,
03 0 00-1
(b) For the given power system shown in Fig.3 the impeda nces of elements are given
inP.0
Find Bus admittance matrix by direct inspection method.
-1
5M
0 0-1
O.1
-110 0
o
IA'j=-l
[A'O 0
1
0 0
0.2 0.22 -1 0 1
0
0.43
0 0 -1 -1 -1
0.3 10 0 0 0 0
0 50 0 0

Z=[Y]=00 00 4.5 0
0 3.34
0

0.12 O 0 0 0 0 2.32
Fig. 3 0 0 0 0 0 8.33
 POWER SYSTEM
POWER (B.E. Vill Sem. EE)
NPO
IN $75
574 I
APP.
APP N
RD COMP. APP. IN POWER SYSTEM pcoM
OMP,
relerence
us,s
2-
(B.E, VIll
VIlSom.
YRaA YA=AlY-
-110
-10
00 0
01
0
s
EE)

0 0-1 01
0
00-1 -1

10
0
0
5
0 0 4
0 0
00 4.5 0
0
(1,2,3), 1=
(4,5)
0 00 3.34
0
be .
0 00 0 2.32
0 dhe element
Connectthe
1which is branch (p = 0, q= 1)
0 0 0 0 ;
0 8.33 Bus0.4
-10 5 0 0 0
0
ent 2 which is branch, p
element =0,
q=2
1 -1 0
-5 4.5 0
0
0 sep2:
Connect the

0-4.5
1
-10
00 references bus
0 2.32
0 0 -3.34-2.32 -8.33
0 0 pis
ZZpi =0
0
-5 9.5 4.5 0
YBus0-4.5 -2.18-2.32 Of04 Z12

0 -2.32 13.99

OR Zg =Zo2, 02 =0.3
04 For the system shown below, form

: lauo 03
the bus impedance matrix
using an algorithm.
Selt 0.4 01
impedances of different elements are
given in Fig. 4 select bus
3 as reference bus.
Explin
how the bus impedance matrix so
formed can be modified if an element
connected between Step3:Connect the element 3 which is branch p = 0, q=4
bus 3-4 is removed from the above system.
20M
,
0.4 0 Z14 Z=Zpi =0
0.3

0 0.3 Z =Z4 =0
0.4 0.3 Z44 Z42-Z24 =0
0.8 ZA1 Z42

0.4 ZA=pa,PgZ04,04 = 0.3

Fig. 4
576
RD COMP. APP. IN POWER SYSTEM VER SYSTEM (B.E. V
Sem. EE)
(B.E. VIl APP 577
0.4 0 0 VIlSem. MP, p 1,q-4
EE which is link,
element55 wh
Zus0 0.3 0 ,Connect
element
0.3
Step 4: Connect element no 4 which
is link p-2, q-4 Zgus O 04 0 0

0.23 0.064
Z
ZBus
O 04 0 0 0.064 0.23
La
0 0.3
Z14

0 0.3
Za
Zn Zi2 Z14 ZZpi-Zqi =Z-Z4i
-Z41 =0.4-0= 0.4,
ZaZpi-Z. i-1, Zn =Zu

ZI2=Z12 -Z42 0-0.064=-0.064

=
=Zi-Zi
Zn =Z21-Z41 =0, Z14 = Z24-Z44 = Z14Z14-Z44 =0- 0.023=-0.23
0
Z=ZplZt tZpa.pa Zu=Zu-Z41 +Z14.14
=Z2-Z4 +Z24,24 - 0.4+0.23 +0.4 1.03

- 0.3 +0.3+0.8 1.4

Modification,

Modification,
Z1 =0.4- (0.4)= o
=0.244
1.03
Z = 0.4-0= 0.4, Z12 =
0-0=0, Z14 =0-0=0
Z12 0-0.4)(0.064) = 0.024
Z220.3- (0.3)-
1.40.23 1.03

Z14=0-.5)-0,23) = 0.111
Z4=0 1.4
=0.064 1.03

22=0.23-C0.064) 0.22
Z44-0.3-F0.5) (-0.3) = 0.23 1.03
1.4

0.4 Z24=0.064-U.0o4) 0.049

1.03
ZBus 0 0.23 0.064
O 0.064 0.23
0.23C023)*-o0.178
44
1.03
 POWER EM (B.E. VIll Sem. EE)
ST8 ABD COMP., APP. IN POWER avSTEM ncOMP,
APP IN 579
n SYSTEM
(D.E.VL
(0.E.
VIlDom. Sequencen/w
WO

O 0244 0024 0.111

0.024 0:22 0.049

j04

mo
0,111
j011
0.049 0.178
j023 j0.13
000
0.5() Write down the performance equation
of the three phase element in
impedan
impedance
and admit
imittance
j0.11
form.

() For the system shown in Fig.5. Consider zero sequence

are
bus impedance
[P.34,011

elements
-
I5M

L1o =0.034; Z20 Z10 =0.005

---
=

L230=Z30 =0.014, Z220 =0.035

Liso=Z1e =0.02; Zg30 =0.61

0.034 0.005 0.02

If line to ground fault oceurs on second bus, calculate
the following using phase variahla

well as symmetrical components. 0.005 0.035 0.014

0.02 0.014 0.61

Fault current
(6) Voltage at buses
Step 1:p=0, q=1, element 1
() Current through element connected between
2 and 3 bus.
LBus0.11

Step2: Add element 2, p= 1,q=2

0.4
0.23 1
2
10.11 0.111
0.11 0.11 LBus
0.11 0.34

0.6 Step
3: Add element 3, p- 2,9=3

.13 Z =Zg2 =Z22, Z =Z =0

Fig.5 Zg Zg tZ33
 POWERSYSTEM (B.E, VIl Sem, EE) 581
APP IM
COMPelement 5 p-0, q-3
RD cOMP. APP. IN POWER SYSTEM (B.E. wct
Vl Bom,
te)
ha O 0.11 0.11 01 Zp O0.1 0.11 011
z
0.11 0.34 0.34 0.11 034 034
Z
O0.11 0.34 0.74
0.11 034 038 Zy
Connect element (4) p-2, q-3

O 0.11 0.11 0.11

z
0.11 0.34 0.34 Z
Z-pi=0
Zn=-l=-0.11,
0.11 034 0.74 Zy
=
Zp
=-Z=-034, Z =-Za -038
Zn Zp Z

Za-Z-Z 0-(0.38)+0.11
=
Zg =Zy-Za = 0.11-0.11 =0
= 0.49

Za =Za-Zg2 = 0.34-034 =0 Modification,

=
Zy =Z-Z = 034-0.74 -0.4 =0.11--0.1)2
Zq = 0.08
0.49
Zy =Zp-qi +Zp P4= Zz1 =Zs +Z2.2 -0,74
Z12=0.11-C01)-0.34)
Modification = 0.03
0.49
Za =0.11-0=0.11, Z2 = 0.11-0 = 0.11, Z13 = 0.11
Z3
=0.11-E.D-0.38)_
0.49
Zza-034, Z2 =034, Zgy = 0.74
0.38
2=0.34C034) = 0.104
0.49

p 0.11 0.11 0.11

Z2=0.34-C034)(-0.38)
0.49
0.11 0.34 0,34
33-0.38-C038)2
0.11 0,34 0.38 0.49
0.08
 oWER SYSTEM (B.E. VII Sem.
582 APP. IN PO EE)
RD COMP, APP. IN POWER SYSTEM
cOMP. 583
I
(B.E. VIll
Sem
0.08 0.030.02
Z 0.03 0.104 0.07
0.02 0.07 008 929 +2z +32F

Step 4:Add element 6from p-0

0.08
to q-2
1.53/3
1-1.53/5
0.03
0.03 0.02
0.104 0.07 Z2
Zu 0.61+0.0411.53/3
ZBua0.02 0.07 0.08 Z3
Z Zn ZI3 ZnJ nhase
components of total fault current are

Za-0 4.32
Zn-0.08, Z2 =-0.07, Zs-0.08
1b=T, I2 =0
Z-0--.08)+0.13 voltages
Bus
=0.21
-z
Modification,
z2+Z2
EZ+27,+32 -2
Z1=0.08--0.08)2
0.21
-0.61 |-0.9333
Z12=0.08-F0.08)-0.07) = 1.533 0.056
0.21 L-0.04 -0.063
1.0033

Z13 0.08-0.08)(-0.08) _0.04

0.21
Z22
22 0.07--0.07)2 = 0.046 -
Z2 +Z2 +32F
021

Zzy 0.07-F0.07)-0.08) 0.02 -0.05

0.04
0.21 5-1.533 0.02-1.67
Za30.07-C0.072 = 0.02-0.05
0.21
0.046

O.04 0.05 0.04

0.050.04 0.046 0.04
0.04 0.046
z+Za+32F Z23
Z

Line to ground fault on bus 0.014 [-0.037

Z -1.53
5 0.07
0.07 1.54
-0.037
584 APP oWER SYSTEM (6.E. ViII en. EE) 585
RD COMP. APP. IN POWER SYSTEM (8.E. COMP,
OR
Cerreat threngh 2 snd 3 bus
VIlSem
.EE) MOD

connected to
infinite
e bus has following parametes
7, A
single m/c
=0.25 p.u. line
reactance 0,1 pu dislly the bus voltags
was 1A pa

delivers a power of 60 mW t 0% lagging pi Suppone fhere is s fwuilt

generator delis
) and
0 which is cleared in 0.1 sec. MVA base is 100, nfnite
generator bus bus voltags is
t
swing curve upto 0.15 sec, taking sieps of 0.05 ser, using modiied
pu. Find
I
4.416
Euler's
method.
159
IP323,32, Sinilarto
9
Gauss-Seidel and Newion-Raphson method of load fow Analysis.
par
P344,8431

OR

Q.6() Derive equation for shot circuit curent and oltage it athree phase to ground fault o
Occurs at
bus p
141
[P.193,
04
Show how the primitive impedance matrix for a
balanced three phase rotating element yields

uncoupled positive, negative and zero sequence

impedances by using the transformation

matrix [T,].
6

P87,0
Q.74) Give and explain flow chart for load flow solution in power system
by Gauss-Seidel iterative

method us ing bus admittance matrix. 121

IP.119,
0
b) Derive the swing equation 4NM

IP21,0
( State the assumption, made for trans ient stability studies. 4M

IP.284, 06)
 APP WER SYSTEM (B.E. VII Sem. EE)
COMP. 587
SUMMER
2017
EXAMINATIO - D 2 A B C |D E
B.E. VIIl SEM. (ELECTRICAL) 0 0
(CBS
COMPUTER APPLICATIONS 5 0

IN POWER SYSTEM 0

Q.1.() To prove YBUS= A' [Y]A by singular trans formation. Fig.

IP-15,
06
(b) For Fig. 1(6) shown, determine matrices A, B, C and K. Select
node. 1 nsreference
raf
and
elements 2 and 5 as links prove A.k° B for given network.
12M
A B C|D
io 0-1

3 0 0 01
5 0 0 0l0 1

Fig. 1(b) Fig.

Ans. b {1,2,4}, I= {3, 5)

2

-1
LAJ-20
-1
10
0 -1
-1
4
0
00-1
0 0 1 ref.
I-21-
Fig
A]- -1
AKT -B
3
0 0 -1
0 1

0
588 VED cOMP. APP. IN POWER SYSTEM (B.E. Vil1 Sem. Ee)
 IN POWER SYSTEM (B.E. VIlI Som. EE)
588 VRD COMP. APP. IN POWER sYSTEM cOMP APP.
589
(B.E. VIl VID 2
Sem Ee. 3
0
OR 0 0
0.5
Q.2 For the system shown in Fig. 2. Obtain 0 0.4 00
BUS And YLoop by singular
0 02 0 0
ransformation,
transfe 0
Also obtain YBr from YBUS Fositive
5 0 0 0.5 0
sequence reactance of
different elements
are shown 0 0 0 0.8
in Fig. 2 in brackets.

20 0 0 0 0
(0.5) 2.5 0 0 0

50 o
2 Y-Z=0 0
5 0 0 0 2 0
(0.5) (0.2) 0 0 0 0 125
3
=[A JIYILA]
(0.4) (0.8) YBUS

2 0 0 0 0|1 0 0
0 01 1|0 25 0 0 0l0 0

00 0
1
-1 -1|| 0 0 0 0 1

Ans. Fig. 2 -1 -1 o oJo 0

0
02
00
o1
125||1 -1
-1

0 01 12.5 0 -2.5

-0o 0 -1 -1|0s
o o o
-1 -1 2 0
0 -1.25 1.25

Zloop=CZC

b {3,4, 53

I-{1,2}

YBUS [A']Y[A]

31
LA]-0 0 -1

2 -1
Fig
 POWER SYSTEM (8.E.
RD cOMP APP IN POWER SYSTEM(8.8.V OMPAPPM
H VI sen. E)

000
591

11-1
-05-05 100
0.4-0.4
IC-0 020 02 02 o 01-1 -1

o
-0.5 0
o ujlo 1 0.8 0 0
2 0

-05 -0.5 0 25 0 00
-0.4 0.4 YIB]=00 500
cIRg- -1-111
CA -1 101 0.2 0.2 o0 0 2 125J|1 1-
05 0 00 00 1-1
0.8

LuL 19 6
[B']EY (B]=0 0
000 1 1

0.625 0.909 2 2
-2001 -1 -1
Yu0909 05s23) 1.25 1.25 -125

5.25 3.25-325
4-9.25 125 Ypr3.25 5.75 0.75
YBUS-2.-3.75 125 825
-25 5 25 -3.25-3.25
is showa below. Obai
Q30) The power system represented by single line diagram
Y-B JYIB)
(0 YpUs by direet inspectioa

Gi) YaUs by algorithm.

O-
Fig
Fig. 3(a)
 APP IN POWER STEM
(B.E.
VISom.EE)
coMP
592
RD COMP. APP. IN POWER SYSTEM 2.5 0 000
Positive sequence
reactance of the elements
(B.E. VIlSem 0 3.23 0
00 o0-I00 0 593

are ghven in table.

00 3.33
00 01-10
Element No yat0 0
0 0-10 1
2.5

00 0
2 00 -11
Reactance
U.4
3
0 0
0, 0 0
1 -1 0
.3 0.4
0.5
0.2
Ans
2.5
0
0

3.23
0
00 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 3.33 0 00
YIIA
25 0 0 oA
5 0
0 20 00
0 0 00 0
[-2.5 0
0
0 0 3.33

3.33-3.33 0
-2.5 0 2.5

-2 2
Fig.

b-{1,2,5)
0-5 0
I-0,46) 2.5 0
0
-10 1
-1 0 1 00 333
Ypus-LA1Y]A
A'YA=00 -1 0 -] -13.53-33 0
25
o5
0
L0 10 1 1

2 3 4 0-2 2
0 -5
1-1 0 0

20 01
A=5 0-1 0 3.33-8.33 -2.5
YgUs=-3.33 10.33 7.83
3-1 0 1

4 0-1 1 -2.5 -2 7.83

6 1
-1 0
0) Derive the equations for the addition of branch to partial network 101

-1 2 5 3 4 6 IP.49, 02
1 04 0 000 0
20 0.30 0 0 0
OR
Z=5 0 0 03 0 00 044)Form bus impedance matrix using algorithm for the power system shown if
3 0 0 0 04 0 0
1211
400
6 0
00 0.5 0 Fig. 4(a). Select bus 1 as Ref.
0 0 0 0 02
 COMP. APP. 595
594 RD COMP. APP. IN POWER SYSTEM (B.E. VIll
Sem, EE VDZaspa.pq0.23
3 2
-2[0.13 0.13]
ZpUs
0.13 0.23]
Add
clement (5). p=1 and q =4
Step3
3 4
3 2
2
0.13 0.13 Z24
Fig. 4(a) ZpUS3 0.13 0.23 Z34
Z4z Z43 Z44
4
Reactance of the elements are shown in table.
Z42-Z24 =Z
Element No.

Reactance 0.13 0.1 0.12 e.15 0.14 o.13 0.13 0.13

ZBUS 0.13 0.23 0.23
Ans.
0.13 0.23 0.37]

Add element 4 p =l and q=4

2 3 4
2 0.13 0.13 0.13 Z2
ZBUS3 0.13 0.23 0.23 Za
4 0.13 0.23 0.37 Zar
3 Z12 Zs Z14 Zu

Fig Z-Z32 =-0.13

b-1,2, 5)
I- {3, 4)
Z3-Z34=+-0.23
Step 1: Add element (1) p=1 and q = 2 :p=lis ref node) Z4=-Z43 =--0.23

ZBUS2O.13]
2
Zu-Zp +Z14,14 = -(0.23) +0.15 =
--0.37) 0.52
Step 2: Add element (2). p-2, q-3
Modification
3 2
ZBUS=2 0.13 Z23
3 Z2 Z33
ZBUSZj newZj (old) Zya
Za

Z2s Z20.1 Z22-0.13-n0.13-0.0975

 APP,| 597
pcOMP. 3
4
596 VRD COMP. APP. IN POWER SYSTEM 0.0725 0.0975 -
0.0725
(B.E. VIll Som.
- Zzn -
EE 0.097 0.128 0.1282
0.1282
ZasZa 0.52 0.0725 00725
0.128 0.26 -
0.0725
.0979
-0.0725
0.1282-0.0725 80.36
Z24-Z24 0.0975
link
Removingof
Zgy-Zg3-yy= .1282

Z4 = Z34-
0.128
Z4 ZZ
old Z
Za

2 3 4
0.2875 0.08
Zu Zu
0.52
=026 0.08
0.1282 0.102
ZBUs3 0.2875
0.102 0.245
3 4 4 0.08
2 0.097 0.0725 0.0975
ZBUS3 0.0725 0.1282 0.128 if the impedance of the element connected between bus 2 and bu5
Modify
4 0.0975 0.128 0.26
Add element 3 between p-3 and q=4 a fe required reduce to 50% of the original value. (Refer Fig. 4a). 4
(6) Modify LBUS if the element connected
between bus 2 and 35 removed. (Refer Fig.
4(a).
0.15 0.15
Ans. 4M
50.14 5
0.14

0.131 30.12 .13 1 30.12

0.05

Fig.

Siep I: Add element which is link betweenp=2 and q=3 with 0.09

Fig
2 4
b-{1,3,5)
2 0.08 0.2875 0.08 - 0.2875
- {4)
BUS= 3 0.2875 0.1282 0.102-0.1282
Removing the element between (2) and (3) 4 0.08 0.102 0.245 - 102
ie. p -2 and q- 3(ie. -0.1) -0.2875 -0.1282 -0.102 0.295

The factors node matrix Removing of link

 PP,1
APP 8.E. VIl Sem.
EE)
COMP
signilicance oflo
oad flow studies. Give 599
classification
598 wRD COMP. APP. IN POWER of buses
SYSTEM (B.E. VIll
Som,EB Jaive for load
flow
SIUdies
(new) (old) Z
[P.156,272,
chart of
11oWchart
c
of Gaus-Seidal iterative method
0.15, 4(C)]
without P-V
2 0.20 0.162 0.0194 Drawthe bus,
ZgUs
3 0.162 0.072 0.102 91
4 0.0194 0.102 0.209 [R.123,02
Compare
aethod and Newton Raphson method for
load flow solution.
Q5) How three phase network component
is represented in impedance M
and admittance form?
m? Write
down perfomance equation in both forms [P.344, 0406)1
OR
[P.34,Q11
) Show that the impedance matrix for synchron
nchronous machine is transf
three phase balanced rotating
element can 50Hz to infinite bus over atransmission
using transfomation matrix "Ts.
be diagonal.
agonalised
a ork. The transfer
reactances in pu between
machine and infinite
10M
bus
US are
?

Prefault: 0.65
IP.87,
OR
0
Duringfault: 4.0
Q.6. For the power system shown in Fig. 6, if L-G fault
takes place at bus 3.
Postfault:2.0
Determine

Prefault power transfer is 1.0 pu

a)Total fault curent.
16M
) Bus voltages during fault. Voltage of infinite bus is 1.0 pu

Assume prefault bus votages of I pu.

Voltage behind transient reactance is 1.5 pu

Inertia constant H= 3.5 pu

T T2 Determine variation of rotor angle and velocty versus t using modífied Eulers

Line method.
G G2
Take time step of 0.05 sec.

Fault is cleared at 0.1 sec. carry out calculations upto 3 iterations 2011
IR.S13,
06
Fig.6
Sequenee reactance data is given belowW

G and G2:Xg = 0.08, X

=X2 =02; X, =0.03

Ty and T:Xo = X1 = X2 =0.1; X, = 0.03

Line: Xo = 0.7 and X = X2 = 0,4 PA38, 529, Q03,5

 TER EXAMINATION 2017
B.E. VIII SEM.
(ELECTRICAL)
MPUTER APPLICATIONS
CoMP
IN POWER SYSTEM
expression branch admittance matrix using singular transformation.
Derive an
7M
IP.17, Q.71

Fig. 1 determine A, A, B, B, C, C and K. Use node 1 as reference

Forgiven

elements 2 and 5 as a link. 13M

and select

Fig. 1

Oriented graph Tree

3
5

4 4 O 4
b-(1,2,4)
I-(3.5)

COMP,
APP. IN POWE
SYSTEM (B.E. VIll Sem. EE) 601
 POWER SYSTEM (B.E. VIl Sem, EE)
APp IN 603
602 RD COMP. APP, IN PoWER SYS
TEM
(DE.VI1 yooMP A B C D
Sem.
E
A 0 0

0 0

0 5 -1 0

[A] 0 0 --
1 5

B
-
B
Basic cutset

2
0

A B C D E B

[B) 0
C]
1 0 0 -1
b
1 0
2 0 0
0 0
4 0 0 0

+1 0
0 0 0
 APVMPO
POWER TEM (B.E. VIlSem. EE)
) COMP APP. IN POWER 605
Zs y
BYATEM gOMP,
(8V shown in Fig form Algrithm method
I rk

04

0.8 02
04

Fig. 3
P.71,251
K

OR 2
Q24a) For network shown in Fig 2 obtain and Zloop
BUS BR and Z10op by singula
by Singular
transformation

Network impedances are given in P.U.

15M
b={1,3,4)

0.5 PU
5 PU
1
l=(2,5)

(0.4 PU) OR

2
0.4 PU -- 0.5 pu
L Fom BUS
impedance matrix Zgus using algorithm for a given power system network

shown in Fig. 4. 201

ref. G)0.3 j0.5 02

Fig. 2
P.333, Q.1a) 2
() Write short note on primitive network.

j0.56
j0.4
IP.10,03 jo.35
Q.34a) Derive expression for formation
of ZBUS when added element p q is a link to the exísting

partial network. Start from perfomance

equation of partial network. Also modily
t aner Fig. P.313, 0.2(a
eliminating the fictitious link.
) How three phase network component is represented in impedance and admitance

IP.55, 0 form? Write down the performance equation in both the foms 10M
IP.84,Q.11
 UIMIVMER XAMINATION
608 RD COMIP. APP. IN POWER SYSTEM(8.0.V 2018
Uking tasfomation malrik '1 transform the three phase inpedance
Nedance ba
Bem
EE g.E. 1l SEM.
VIII ECTRICAL)(CBS)
in 0 1,2 sequence quantities Assume stationary elements
ak ta g equv MPUTER PPLICATIONS
IPAT
IN POWER SYSTEM
OR
0
Q6) Represent three phase power system lor short cireult studies
for a fault at bus p ression for branch admittance matrix using singular transfomation
expression
Deive 8M
P.185,0.1 IP.17,271
For three phase to ground fault at bus
P in a power system derive an expression G
Ssio for: sequence
cequence reactances for the network are shown
O Fault current. () Faulted bus voltage. (ii) Voltages at other buses durino positive in figure Q.1b).
The
fault.
() Curent through network elements during fault. Indicate
ic the clements
A - B and D-Fas links and form
1417 incidence matrix.
IP.187,031 () Bus 2
Q.7.(a) Draw the flow chart for Gauss-Seidal iterative method using YBUS
for load n. m)
Branch path
incidence matrix
2M

cut set incidence matrix.

10M in) Basic 2M
[P.124,03
(iv) Basic loop
incidence matrix.
b) Compare Gauss- Seidal and Raphson method. 2M
SM
[P.344,040) (MBus admittance matrix YBUS USing Singular Transformation.
( Give the classification of buses for load flow studies.

T004
M
P.272,0-40 002
OR

Q.8.(a) Why the study of transient stability 15 needed' What are the assumptions considered
in its stut 0,05 0.10
5M

P.284, 06()
(b) A 4 pole, 60 MVA synchronous machine
running at 1500 rpm delivers 55 MW power 0.03 0.07
at an
infinite bus through transmission line, Generator
has inertia constant of 4 MJ/MVA and voltage
Fig. Q.1 (b)
behindtransient reactance E' =1.05 . Voltage at infinite bus is
1<0 P.U.
P-421, Q.1(6
Find variation of and against time by modified Eulers method. Assume preaut

transmission system reactance 0.15 PU, during fault transmission

OR
system reactance 0.55 PU and

po ansmission system reactance of 0.3 PU. Take time step of 0.05 sec. Assume fault s) Obtain ZBUS using singular transformation for power system in fig Q2a). 1he

cleared at 0.13 sec. Cary out iterations upto

0.15 sec. Plot and against time. Direct aus
values indicated in figure are self reactance's in p.u
14M
transient reactance is 0,4 PU. 151
IP.A-20,0
BDCOMP Vill Sem. EE) 607
APP. IN POWER SYSTEM (B.E.
608 ARD COMP. APP. INAPOWER SYSTEM (B.E,V
POWER SYSTEM
APPIN
IN
Sem.EE)
Ve
(0.E,VIT
Sem.R coP fehctance's oof elements are:
reactance's
609
we
Sequence
ie
IlementNo

0.3 Renctance
(pu)
0.4
0.3 0304 05

P.591,
0.1 0.4 OR 0.3a)

ce reactanco of different
sequence ments are
tive
Poslive shown
in fig, 4 obtain
0.5
m. Use
algorithm. Use Node 1 as reference node.

0.3 us by

(0.1)
Fig. Q. 2 (a)

[P.434,0.26
02
(0.1)

(b) Derive the equation of loop impedance matrix

|Loop USing Singular
transformatinn
M (0.4) (0.5)
[P.13,0.51
Q.3.(a) Derive the equation use ful for the formation
of ZpUS When added element is e
a link
from
performance equation of a partial network.
1OM
Fig. 4
P.55,0.3)
(b) The power system represented by single line
diagram is shown below. Obtain: Modify Zbus if element between buses 3 and 4 is
removed. 20M
) YpUS by direct inspection.
3M

() YBUS by algorithm.

2
-0- 5

Fig. 3(b)
b(2,3,5)
={1,4)
 INAPOWER STEM (B.E. VIll
P. IN
APP Sem. EE)
COMP
610 ABD COMP. APP. IN POWER SYSTEM (B.E, VIle
Sem.
Starting with element 2 whieh is a braneh with p-1 and q- 2 EE)
Zn = =Z-Z2=0.1-0.1= 0
BUS [0.1) 1,
:Zj4-Z24=0.1-0.1=0
(2) Add element is a branch p= and q=4 Zy4 =
3' which
1

jed,
Zin=Z12-Z22 =01-03--02
ZBUS
0.1 js2,
t2o1,01=0.3+0, = 0.4
4 Z41 Z44 Zy=--Zau
Modification
Z4 Z =0.1 = Z41

Z44=Z14 +0.1 =0.5

+ 0.1 = 0.4
newjold)
bj Z
1
4

0.1 0.1 =0.1-44L)1

i1,j =1 Z
1

ZBus
4 0.1 0.5
L
3) Add element '5' which is a branch p=2 and q=3 Z14 = .1
i 1,j=4
14 2
1 0.1 0.1 Z3 Z12 =02-42 =01
i= 1,j=2
LBUS
4 0.1 0.5 Z4 Z
2 Z1 Zsa Zs3
i4,j=2 Z42 = Za2
-4 2=0.1
Zi2 =Z2 = 0.1 =Z1
1
4 2
Zz4 =Z4p =0.1 = Z4
1
0.1 0.1 0.1
Z33 = 0.1+ 0.2=0.3
ZBUS
4 0.1 0.35 0.1

0.1 0.1 0.1 2 0.1 0.1 0.8

ZBUS =0.1 0.5 0.1
Add element 4 which is a link p =4 and q =3
0.1 0.1 0.3

Add element 'T which is a link p = 1, q=2

1
4 21
1 0.1 0.1 0.1 Z
1
4 2 1

4 0.1 0.35 0.1 Z4t

10.1 0.1 0.1 Z1
2 0.1 0.1 0.8 Z21
4 0.1 0.5 0.1 Z14
Z=
2 Z12 Z Zp Zu
0.1 0.1 0.3 Z2
Z1 Z14 Zn Z1 Z=-ZpiZgi
 pcoMP
APP 613

VRD COMP. APP. IN POWER SYSTEM (B,E, VIl Sem.

Line
612
EE r000 060
Moification 0.1 0.3 0.1

ZunewZucok)
0263
R
-
0.1 0.1 0.1
ZBUs-0.1 065 0.1

0.1 0.1 0.8

Q5) Prove that performance equation of 3 phase stationary element in admittance
f
hen
excitation is balanced, can be represented on single phase basis.

IP.87,0.21
b) How three phase network component is representca n puancc ana admittance
form? w..
Write
down performance equations in both forms.
10M
IP.84, 0.1) p=0 and q=1
Adding branch between
OR

Q.6. For the power system shown in fig. 6, if L-G ault takes place at Bus 3, determine : ZooZ100
(a) Total fault current.
Z11=0.25
(b) Voltage of each bus during fault.

(c) Current through phase C of trans1ormer element. Assume prefault bus voltages
ges aare
1 pu. ZBUS = 0 0
20M
O0 0.25

T1 Addition of branch 2 between p= I and q =2

1.L.
Za1=Z11= 0,25

Zn=Z12t Z12,12 = 0.35

Fig. 6
Zsus
O 0.25 0.25

G and G2 # Xg = 0.05, X = X2 =0.25, X9 =0.02 0.25 0.35

Addition of branch p =2 and q=3 is branch

T and T: Xg = X1 = X = 0.1, Xg =0.03
Z31= Z21=0.25
Line: Xo =0.5 and X = X2 = 0.3
Ans. PoSitive sequence reactance
diagram
32= Z22 =0.35
 APP, IN 615
ycoP ZyZ12
814 ARD COMP. APP. IN POWER SYSTEM (B.E. Vill
Sem. EE) Old
New
Z-0.35 Zax-0.65 (-0.25)0.1875
=0.25-

O0.25 02as 025

ZyiZ2
ZsUs
025 035 035 2 Z ol ZI
NCW

025 0.35 0.65

0.25-0.25)(-0.35)
Addition of branch 4' between p-3 and q4 0.1625

Z-Z=0.25 (-0.65)
1,j=3 Z13 = 0,25 -0.25)(-0.65) 0.0875
-0.25)
Za=Za =0.35
i-
ZZg3 0.65
0.25
(-0.25)-0.75) 0625
Z14 = -

i-2,j =4
Z =0.65+0.1= 0.75
Z22 =
0.35-035)-035) 0.2275
i-2,j=2
O 025 025 025 025
0.35-0.55)-0.65)
-0.35) 0.65) - 0.1225
Zpus-025 035 0.35 035 Z23 =
i-2,j=3
025 035 0.65 0.65
0.75) -
025 035 0.65 0.75 -0.65)F075)
=0.35-0.65)(- 0.1375
Z24
i-2,j =4
Addition of eiement 'S' which is a link between p - 0 and q- 4

Zg-Z i-3,j=3 Z33 = 2275

Zg=-Zg +papa 0.75)

i=3,j=4 Z34 =0.65 -.05) 1675
Zn=-Z4 =- 025
Zy2-Z42 =-035 i4,j=4 Z44 =0.75- = 0.1875

Zp-Z4 =-0.65
Zero sequence network
Zy4=-Zu =-0.75

Zg=-Zu +Zos,04 0.5

O00
=--0.75)+025=1 30.1
S0.1 0.05
0.05
Zy = Zj- 30.03 0.02
New Old L 0.02 0.03
 POWER SYSTEM (B,E. VIll Sem. EE)
APP 617
pcoMP perfo nce of Gauss Siedel and Newton
Kaphson
the methods for load
ARD COMP. APP. IN POWER SYSTEM (B.E. VIl Compare
616 So EE) solution
005 0 0 flow
Zpus0 01 0.025 P.344, 04b)

o 00.1 OR

LG auh A50
MV Hz synchronous generator cireuit delivers 20 MW
25
3YF
3Z+Zp0+ZLP ear ble circuit line
doub
to an infinite bus. The generator bus kinetic
enery 1s
IMVA
MVA at rated speed. he generator transient reactance
2.52 MJ is
0.835 0.35pu. Each transmission circuit reactance is 0.2 pu on 25 MVA base.
0.83 5 X'd=
generator bus voltage was pu & infinite bus voltage is 1.0 pu.
0.833 Initially
1.l
A

(b) Voltage of each bus during faut chort circuit occurs at the midpoint of one of the transmission lines att
3 pha
La it is cleared in 0.05 sec. Find the swing of rotor upto 0.15. Take time
-
Zr - 0 and it

Ep
02+Z +Z +3ZF
Zpp +Zpp + 3ZF step of 0.05
sec. Use modilied Euler's method. 20%
-LPP X= 0.2
-0.515 3 X=0.2 V=140
Xd = 0.35
0.7561
3
-0.2430
3
AIs. P 20 MW =
*=
25
0.8 PU
)-3.42-1.42 =2
E-1.1, V=120°
0 Sep 1: Prefault condition/ calculation
0.4942.02V3 0.2
0 0 0000
Q.7.(a) Explain the significance
of load flow studies. Give classification
of buses for load flow studies.
0.2
0.35
SM O1200
[P.272, 369, 0.4(6),
(b) Derive the equation
(C), (a))
1.10
used to calculate real and reactive bus
powers for load flow olution o
using Newton Raphson
Method with YBUS
8M
X=0.35+ 0.45
IP.133, Q.4
 INA oWER SYSTEM (B.E. VIl Sem, EE)
APP
616 AD COMP. APP. IN POWER SYSTEM (B.E. coMP perfo
Gauss
rformance of Gauss Siedel and Newton 617
the Raphson
VIs
Som.EE Cnpan
methods
for load
005 0 soution
BUS0
00
01 0.02
0.1
ow
M
P.34,046)1
OR
LG. fault
MVA, 50 Hz synchronous generator circuit delivers
3YEI 20 MW
over
32 +Zp0+ ZZppl circuit lin an infinite bus. The generator
to
double bus kinetie
energy is

0.833 MVA at rated speed. The generator

152
MJ transient reactar

=.83 3 X'd=0.35pu. Each

transmission cireuit reactance
is 0.2 pu on 25
MVA base.
0.833
Initiallythe generator|bus voltage was 1.1 pu & infinite
bus voltage is 1.0
(b) Voltage of each bus pu. A
during fault
3phase short circuit occurs at the midpoint of one of the transmission
lines at t
-ZeP ts cleare
cleared in 0.05 sec. Find the swing of rotor
and it is
EP 0 upto 0.15. Take time
)0.+7+Z+32F Zpp+Zp+3ZF sec. Use modified Euler's method.
step of 0.05 20M
-LPp
X=0,2
-0.515 3 V=140
0.75615 X02
.
X 0.35
-024303

20
(c) HL-03.42a-1.42a2=2 s,P=20 MW==0.8 PU
25

-
E-1.1, V=120°

1: Prefault condition/ calculation

Sep

| 0.4942.02 5 0.2
0 0 0 000
Q.7.(a) Explain the significance
of load flow studies. Give classification
of buses for load flowstudies 0000
0.2
0.35
M O1409
IP.272, 369, 0.46), (o), (a))
(b) Derive the equation used
to calculate real and
reactive bus powers for load
flow solution oy
using Newton Raphson Method
with YBUS
8M
X=0.35 045
P.13, 0.41
 POWER SYSTEM (B.E.
APp N VIll Sem.
EE)
oOMP
818 RD COMP, APP. IN PoWER SYSTEM (D.E. VIl
VIll
619
So
Sem,
EE)
PE sin8o aloos

GH 0.016 (G=I and H-2.52)

0.8 L0sin 8, Maf
0.45

L62.5
5, =19.08 M

Step 2: During fault condition/ caleulation Sin )

do 62.5 (0.8- Pmax 1
Converting star to delta dt lo0s

0.2 62.5 (0.8-91 sin (19.08°))

Xcrv0o
= 31.4 rad/ sec

0.35
Xa o(0)+(At)
1.1
01 o(0.05)=

= 314.15 +31.4 (0.05)

c =315.72 rad /sec

T0000
1.25
ddt o(0.05)-2 f
1.10 0.625 lo.05

xa =315.72-314.15

=1.57 rad sec

X =Xc =12

do
Pmeax
EV
= 1.1x10.91
1.2
8(0.05)= o(0)-,
dt lo.0s
At

Step 3: Post fault calculation x 180

=19.08 +1.57 (0.05) =23.58
Xy =0.2+0.35 = 0.55
kp2:1=0.05 sec, t+ 1=0.1 sec
EV 1.10)2
Pmax
1X 0.55 =62.3 (0.8-0.91sin (23.58°)) =27.16rad /
sec

Part-11 (Solution of swing curve)

Step 1:t=0.0 sec, t+ 1

= 0.5 sec o(0.1)= o(0.05) +(At)
dt
o(0)=2nf = 314.15 rad/ sec
= 315.72 +27.16 (0.05) =317.07 rad /sec
620 AD COMP. APP. IN POWER SYSTEM (B.E. VIl
VIll Sor
Som. TER EX
WINTER EXAMINATION - 2018
wo(0.1)-2nf
EE)
WE.VIl SEM. (ELECTRICAL)
.oMPUTER APPLICATIONS
COM
IN POWER SYSTEM
-31707-2(7) (50)

=2.92 rad/sec
relation
relation tto obtain YBR by singular transformation
81
S(0.1)= 8(0.05) o Gt lo.1
x At
lo)
Derive lhe
the

IP.17,07

=23.58+2.92x 0.05x
80 for a power ystem using singular transformation shown in Fig (1).
Find Ypus

Positive
sequence reactances of the components are marked on diagram. Select
8(0.1)= 31.97
and element 4 as a link 121
ground as a relerence
Att 0.1, the fault is clear

Pet)=Pmax 1 Sin ð
(0.1025)pu
0
O04 0. (0.1025) pu
Step 3:t=0.1 sec and t+l =0.15 sec

alo=62.3(0.8-2 sin (31.97) Fig. 1

at lo.15

YBUS[A]' [Y][A]
=-16.13 rad/ sec Ans

do
o(0.15)=o(0.1)+At)
dt

-
= 317.07+(-16.13) (0.05)

=316.26 rad /sec

do
t lo.15
=o(0.15)-2 Tf ref.
=316.26 -2(7) (50) b={1,2,3} and I= 4
= 2.11 rad/ sec 3

T0.1025 0 0 0
do Z= 2 0 0.4 0 0
60.15)=8(0.1) x At
dt lo.15 3 0 0 0.6
4 0 0 0.1025

=31.97 +2.11(0.05) x =35.11°

621
7
VIll Sem. EE)
DDCOMP. APP. IN POWER SYSTEM (B.E.
 APP,INND
POWER SYSTEM (B.E. VIl
Sem. EE) 623
COMP
622 RD COMP, APP. IN POWER SYSTEM (8.E. VIll Som network shown in Fig 2, 121
EE)
9.75 0 0

0 25 00 Find:
0 167 0 Element-1Node incidence matrix
00 9.756 (1)
Branch Path incidence matrix
(2)
incidence matri
Basic cut-set
0)
Basic loop
incidence matrix
(4)
A -1

L TO
TO
-10 0
A-1 0 o
oo-1
Ysus=A. YAA

a9.75 0 0
-110 011 0
-10
0 0 -1
25 0
0 167 o00- Fig. 2
0 0 0 9.75|0 0 1
Select node 1
as reference and elements 1,4 and 5 as links. P.30, 0.6
-9.75 250 0) Explain the following terms
=9.75 25 0

00-1.67 9.75| (1) Network graph. IP.S,Q11

(2) Primitive network. P.10, 03)

(9.75+25) (-9.75+2.5) 0
=-9.75+2.5) (9.75+2.5) 0 3) Tree. IP:S,Q1
0 (1.67+9.75)
(4) Basic cut set.
IR.S, Q1

1225 -7.25 0 when added element is a link. Start rom

) Derive the equation for formation of ZpUSs
YpUS=-7.25 1225 0
00 1142
pertomance equation of a partial network. 151
IP.55, 0.31
OR
 APp
op. IN POWER SYSTEM (B,E. VIlI Sem. EE) 625
cOMP
impedance of element between 1
sModily Zus if
and 3 is made 0.2. 41
824 ARD COMP. APP. IN PoWER SYSTEM (B.E. VIL
Sem.EE)
Fo the system shown in Fig. , find bus admitance nmatrix by direot inspection
tion method
The
impelance of element are given in per unit
AM

TT 0.43
0.2 0.22

b-(1,2,3) /= (4, 5)
----- ---

0.3
... eauation
equation for short circui
circuit current and faulted bus voltages
Derive if a three- phase to
)

LO ound fault occurs at

bus P.
1411
0.12
IP.187, 031
Fig. 3
Chow that
transformation matrix Ts iS unitary matrix. 611
IP.572,
Q.3()
OR [P.91,031

Q4.(a) For the system shown below, form the bus impedance matrix using building algorithm. OR
Selr

impedances of different element are given in Fig 4. Sclect bus -3 as reference. Akla) For the system shown in Fig. 6 consider zero sequence bus impedance matrix
121

IP.$74, 0-44
element are 15
Modify bus impedance matrix if an element between 3-4 is removed from the =
() above system. Z110=0.054, Z120 Z210 0.005

4
Z230Z320=0.014,Z220 = 0.035

Z130Z310=0.02, Z30 =0.61

0.3
If 3-o to ground fault occurs on second bus, calculate the following using phase

0.4 0.3
0.8 variable as well as symmetrical components.

(a) Fault current

0.4 (6) Voltage at buses

between 2 and 3 bus. Positive

Current flowing through the element connected
Fig. 4
Fig
Sequence reactances of the elements are shown in
IP.574, 0.4
 MER EXAMINATION 2019
UMME
RD COMP. APP.
IN POWER SYSTEM (B.E. VIl Som.
Son EE)
B.E. VIII SEM. (ELECTRICAL)
626
TER APPLICATIONS
0.4
0.23 IN POWVER SYSTEM
0.11
0.11 0.6 Derive an
vnression for
expression for loop impedance matrix using singular transformation.

ply
.13
Fig.6 P.13, 0.51
IP.579, Q.506)

in impedance and admittance form? EorOriented graph

showWn in Fig.1(b), obtain: 12
network is represented 5M
How 3-phase component
IP.84, Q.11
incidence matrix (A).
solution in power system by Gauss - Seidal ite ) Bus
Draw and explain fow
chart for load flow e
Q.7a) matrix (K).
matrix. 121 Branch path incidence
method using bus admittance )
IP.124, Q.3
cut-set incidence matrix (B).
Gii) Basic
(b) Derive the swing equation. 4M
P.219, Q.1 incidence matrix (C).
iv) Loop
transient stability studies. 4M
State the assumptions made for
[P.284, Q.6la)] (Verify Ay k' = U.
OR
IP.533, Q.1.(b)J
circuit delivers 18 MW over a double circuit line to an infinite
Q.8. A 20 MVA 50 cycle generator

ot
is 2.52 MJ/MVA at rated speed. 1he generator transient
bus. The generator bus kinetic energy

reactance is X = 0.35 pu Each transmission circuit

reactance is 0.2 pu on 20 MVA base.

Initially the generator bus voltage was 1.1 pu and infinite bus yoltage is 1.0 pu. A 3 phase short

circuit occurs at the mid point of one of the transmission line at t = 0 and it is cleared in 0.05

sec. Find the swing of the rotor upto 0.15 sec. Taking time step of 0.05 sec. Use modified Euler's

method 201

Xe = 0.2

0.35
E Xe 0.2

Fig. 1(b)
IP.298, 06)
627
V3D COMP.
APP. IN POWER SYSTEM (B.E. VIll Sem. E)
 wER SYSTEM (8.6 VINSem.
t) 629
w cONe APR IN POowER SYSTEM (8E. Rrasck (Flementy
V Bm t

0.1025

A 05

012
0hrw sitm ri (
0 0.1025
0B sdi erh (

er powe syste shn ie F 20%), Folitix sequence reactance of the

penent re
o digr :(C 2
1S
05 0.12
0.1025 0.1025
ZoopC'.Z].C
Fig.2(b) O.1925 0
IP.26, 27, 04,9 0 05 0
=-1-1l 0o 0.12 0

-
() npedanoe matria (Z-)
00 0.1025|

1025 0.1025 = -0.1025 -0.5 -0.12 +0.1025]

nong[0.825)

formation of Zp when the added ciement p-9 5a

48) Derive cquation useful for

perfomance cquabon of a parua

Dranch to the existing partial network start from
1ON
network and its representaiion.
IR.9,0
 APP
oriented raph 631
ponding

9A8D cOMP. APP. IN POWER SYSTEM (0.E. VIl

Sem, ERy
Mulie
a
below, Molily
Rr the sanyle power system is given below.
The b ingedane maris Zpu the

igelane matrix
to bus
fhom bus 2 1o wilhan
bus 33 with
the aklhion of an element an inpedanee
( ilode
of 04p

(rinchade the addition of

an element from bus 4 to bus 2 with an impedance of os.pu

20271 0126 0329 ele, I whic

which is a branch from p-0 to
q=3 wherep=0isref.
Suarting win node
3 0.126 0.443 0.188

0.329 0.188 0.380

P.337,2.20)
OR
= 3 [0.5]
Bus by building the algorithm. The val
Q4 For the system shown below, obtain es of
is a branch fromp=3 to q= 1 this adds a now bus.
impedance in per unit are given as- 20M
.2 which

0.4

0.25
TausZ Z1
0.25

0.3
0.4
:1, Z Z
=0.5=Z31
0.5 :Z =Zg

: pP
Ans. To find: Zpus =?
.Z1*y131

0.4 = 0.5+0.3

0.25
0.4
25 =0.8
0.3

0.5 : f0.5
Ol05 08
0.5
632 RD COMP. APP. IN POWER
SYSTEM (B.E.
Vis IN POVWER YSTEM (B.E. VI1 Sem.
IP. APP,
Now again adding 3 which cOMP. EE)
ele. is a branch fom p-1 to q-2.
q-2. This
This agni
again
Sem.
anewb EE
yRD
adds to
-Z for i-11
-0.8-Zl,
0.5 0.5 Z3
ZUS- 0.5 0.8 Z2 Z2-Z12-0.8=Zz1. for i=2
Z -Zat +pqpq 11 +Zo101 0.8+ 0.25-1.05
O
ZZ O.5
0.5
0.5
0.8
0.5
0.8
-0.5
-0.8
for i-3. Z -Zi3 -0.5 = Z32 ZpUS O..5 0.8 1.2 -0.8
for i-1. Z21 =Z1 = 0.8= Z12 -0.5 -0.8 0.8 1.05

Modification of ZBUS
Of0.5 o.5 0.57
ZUSO0.5 o.8 0.8
ZBUS(new) BUS(old) ZiZi
ZZiu
lo.5 0.8 Z2J
Z pa+Zpapa ijold) ZZ
Zijncw)
Z
Z2 =Z12 +Z1212 =0.8+0.4 = 1.2

Z'33Z3 Z3Z13
Z
30.5 o.5 0.5
ZpUS D 0.5 0.8 0.8 S E0.5) CO.8) - 0.1190
lo.5 o.8 12] 1.05

(iv) New adding ele. 5 which is a link from node p =0 to q 1 0.5-C05)C0

Z32=0.5 8)o 11O
1.05
The augmented impedance matrix

Z -0.8)CO8)-o.1905
1.05
0.5 0.5 0.5 Z3
O0.5 0.8 0.8 Z Zi2 = 0.8- (-0.8)C0.8) -0.1905
ZBUS 1.05
O.5 0.8 1.2 Za
Z11 Z22 0.8)C0.8)-0.5905
1.05
Z= Zp-Zqi Zoi Z=-Z O
Zi, =-Z1 O0.2619 0. 1 19 0. 119
= Z31. ZBUS O
Z13-Z13=-0.5 for i=33 0.119 0.1905 0.1905

0.1 19 0.1905 0.5905

 639
EE)
POWER SYSTEM (8.E, VII Sem.
ycOMP.APP
nAPP, IN
634 9ARD COMP, APP, IN POWER SYSTEM (B.8. VIL OK
Sem.
similar ahisn sohing t ele. é which in againa link Prom p-0 to q-2
EE sample system
Inthe gro oceur on bus No. 3 of the
Tault
3-phase to gr0und
J-phase
der a
n
Consider 6.
Positive sequence reactance of the elements
are shown in Fig.
O02619 0119 0.119 2, shownini
Fig. 6.
O019 0.1905 0.1905 2
Ls
AS
0119 0.1905 1.5905 2
0.16

Z-2-Zqi-7-Z-23
0.11
0.15
Z-Z2-0119-Zyr for i=3 Fig. 6
Zn-Z2-0.1905=Z. for i =1
following':
Calculate the
Z2-=-0.5905= Z2. for i= 2
short circuit current.
) Total
Z-Z*2pp Z+Zo202=0.5905+0.25 =0.8405
at Bus 3 during fault.
(i) Voltage
Voltages of bus and during
1 2 fault.
(i)
0.2619 0.119 0.119 -0.119
current in phase "b' of the network element i.e. transformer.
O 0.119 0.1905 0.1905-0.1905 iv) The
BUS 0.119 0.1905 0.5905 - 0.5905 The self impedance are given in per unit. Take
pre fault voltage as 1.0 pu and
O-0.119 -0.1905-0.5905 0.8405 2011
fault impedance 0.38 pu.
Modification of ZgUS
Aas. Given:
Soive the modification like step (iv) and find BUS (new)
Again following the procedure for addition of link ie. element 4 fromp- 1 to q-2 find 0.16
Zys=? Z=?, Z12=? and the modification of ZBUS

0.11 0.
Note : Piease try your own and find ZBUs 0.15
Fig. 6
Q51a) Show that T is a unitary matrix
51
IP.541, 0.30 Positive sequence network
(b) Show that the impedance matrix for a three phase balanced stationary element can be diagonalized

Dg rans 1ormatson matrix. 7M

IP.91,4
(c) DEE a equation i general which shows that transformation matrix T is useful tor ne
0.11 0.16
transformation of 3-phase a, b, c variable into any J, k variable. 8M 0.14
1,
0000
P.507, Q.J(©J
0.15
 POWE YSTEM (B.E. VIll Sem. EE)
IN
PP,
636 RD io SYSTEM
COMP. APP. IN POWER SYSTEM (B.E. VIll CO 011
VIl Sem.EE) 011-0-
O- 0.14 0.16
( -0.25, 2= 025
t (0.15
0.11 0.15 Zy041-5)
(0.15) (0.15)-0,338
0.31
oref.
0.11
Applying step by step method for ZBus (tve sequence) O.11 0.11
0.25
=0.11 0.25
Step 1:Connect element (1) between p-0 g 0.338
0.11 0.25
and q1 it is a branch

Z-10.11) 1ault at bus

no. 3
to ground
For 30
Step 2: Connect element (2) between p= I and q2 it is a branch

z 0.11 0.11
0.11 025

t-61-,-6
Step 3:Connect element (6) between p -2 and q = 3 it is a branch
044+j0.338
0.11 0.11 0.11
0.11O.11 025 025
0.25 0.41
6.8445
Step 4: Connect element (4) between p =2 and q = 3 it is a branch
s
O 0.11 0.11 0.11 Z

0.11 0.25 025 Z2 1 1

1 1

Bus 0.11 025 a6.8425

041 Z3

=[6.842125]
.Z =ZZ st 1Z120 x 6.3825)
=
Z=Za-Z3 0.11-0.11 = 0
3)-3.969 2125
ZyZz2-Zy2 = 0.25-0.25 = 0
-Zpp
Z13Z23-Z33 = 0.25- 0.41 = -0.16 +Zpp +Zpp
PO3Z,+Zpp +Zpp + Zpe32
Eo=
Zu=Z-Z31 + Z22 = 0--0.16) + 0.15 - 0.31 -Lpp

Step 5: Modification of ZBus T-0.11

Zy = 0.11-0= 0.11
1
EP(f)
3 0.727
)3x (0.15)+0.11+0.25+0.333-0.75
 IN POWER SYSTEM (B.E.
eOMP. APP. VIl Sem. EE)
639
99D cOMP, APP. IN PoWER SYSTEM (0,E,
m
VI Bem
Sp 6iCem in phase b
EE) NOTES

-IW3/044 p38)

4-326
3.261

D-096-3421
9.74) Compare the performance of Gaus- Seidel and Newton Raphson methods for load fow
solution.

IP.344,
0.46)
Draw the flowchart for calculation of reactive power at voltage controlled bus
in the Gau
Gauss-
Seidel iteative method when maximum and minimunm limits are specified for reactive power

7M
IP.124, Q.31
( Derive the equation use to calculate real and reactive bus power 1or 1oad tiow solution by using

the Newton-Raphson method with YBus

8M

IP.129, 0.41

OR

Q.8. A 20 MVA 50 c's generator circuit delivers 18 MW over a double circuit line to
an infinite bus.
The generator bus kinetic energy 1s 2.52 MJIMVA at rated speed. The generator transient

reactance is
X0.35 pu. Each transmission line circuit reactance is 0.2 pu on 20
MVA base.

Initially the generator bus voltage was I.l pu and infinite bus voltage 1.0 pu.
A 3-phase short

circuit occurs at mid point of one of the transmission line at t= 0 and it is cleared in 0,1 sec. Find
the swing of the rotor upto 0.2 sec. Taking time step of 0.05 sec. Use modified Euler's method.

201

IP.298, 346, Q.6, 6(0)/

640 EXAMINATION - 2019
WRD COMP.
WINTER
SEM. (ELECTRICAL)
APP. IN POWER SYSTEM
(8.E,VIlBen,
Som,
EE VII
COMPUTTER
B.E.
NOTES UTER APPLICATIONS
WER SYSTEM
IN
=B".
B
B by using singular
transformation.
8M
Yay =
Derive IP.17, 071

determine incidence matrices A, B,C& K select node

1
as
1
shown,
sun
ig.

elements 22 and 5
as links. Also prove relation A [K] =B for fig. 1
reference and
12M

Fig.1

P.601, Q.1(b

OR

021a) Define 6M
(a) Oriented Graph (b) Element

(c) Primitive network (d) node

e)Branch () Tree

P.5, Q.1

* BR and YLOOP for a power system using singular transformation shown in

OSITive sequence reactances of the components are marked

on diagra
4)
VBDCOMP.
APP. IN POWER SYSTEN (B.E. VIll Sem. EE) 641
 APP, IN PO
WER SYSTEM (B.E VIll Sem. EE
642 ARD COMP. APP. IN PoWIR SYSTEM COMP, 643

- 25
(0.E. element
Seleet ground as feferenee and element 4 as link
VIl Som
u) How d
admittances of each

0.1025 pu
0.4 pu 0.6 pu
- yY14 Z Z4
1
j04
j2.5

y"Z03-33
0.1025 pu

Fig. 2(b)

IP.26,041 y 24 Z4 j03J333
Q3() For the power system shown in fig.3 obtain

(1) YBUS by direct inspection M -j2.5

method.
y4 Y23Z,

34

-js

diagonal elements
2 Now, calculate

1:
Step
Fig. 3
self admittances of the elements are given For calculating diagonal elementS, add all the admittances connected to particular
in Table below. )
node i.e. 2, 3, 4.
Element No.

|Admittance 6) Diagonal elements are Y2, Y33 and Y4s

0.4
0.3 0.3 0.4
0.50.2
Ans. Assume node (1) as reference
Ya2 =y2 + Ys +Y4 = Y12 +y24 + Yz3

So, remaining nodes are 2,

=-j3.33-j3.33 - j2.5 -j9.16
=

YBUS matrix will be

of 3 x 3 matrix YBUS(3x3)

. network graph
Yss -Ya+Ys+Yg = Yas
+ y+y
will become

=-j2.5-j2-j5=-j9.5

44Y+Ys +ys +Y% =Y14 t+Y2a+y9+Y

j0.5
5
F-j2.5-j3.33- j2-j5=-j12,83
1104 03
4| j0.4 Step II: Now, calculate off-diagonal elements.

j0.3
Oll-diagonal elements are Yz3, Y32, Y24, Y42. Y34 and Y43
 SYSTEM (B.E, VI| Sem. EE) 645
APP. IN
POER . Tree diagram
644 AND cOMP, APP. IN PoWER SYSTEM (8.E. VII 8om e,
8om. LE) Yaph
Netwonk 0.3
Ofdaguaal elements can be eskulhiel by taking the () ve admiltane
of the admittanee
connected (0.3) 2
tetween hwo nodes (huses) 2

-
YYy-Y n-Yy j25
(0.6)
110.5 0
YsNo-Y-YJ.3 /05 3
0.2
4
YYay-0s+Y)-(0 v)-(-2-j5)=17 (0.2)
4
StepI
n=4,
b=n-]=3
/=e-b=4-3=1
Y Yas Y P.16 j25 j3.33
element 1
YsUSD-3)- Y Yss Ysu25-ps j7
Step1:
Connect

YYs Ya
333 7 -jil2.83
p=, 9=I

9.16 25 3.33
--J0-25 95-7
-3.33 -7 1283
Step I1:
Connected element 2

) Derive an equation for the addition at branch to partial network.

15M

IP.49,

OR
0.2
O 05 Z
Zgus Za
Q4. For the power system shown in fig. 4, consider nodes 3 as reference Z22
(a)Obtain Lbus by algorithm. 12M

(b) Modify Lbus if element between node 3 and node 4 is removed.

4M

() Modify Lbus if self impedance of element between bus 3 and bus 4 is mode 0.1 using

Lbus formed in part (a), Self impedances of the elements are shown in fig. 4.
ZggZpa+papa
4M

22= Z12 +Z12 12 = 0.5 +0.3 = 0.8

2 (0.3)

3 (0.6)
1 (0.5)

:. Zaus 05
O05
0.5
4 (0.2)
0.8
Fig. 4
 SYSTEM (B.E, VIll Sem. EE)
SYS 647
POWER
PP. IN
APP (branch)
YSTEM (B.E coMP elementno, 4
gABD COMP. APP. IN POWER SYSTEM
646 (B.E.
VIlSom,EE onnect
111: Connect element no,
3 (link)
Step
g=4 pis connected to ref. bus
pZpi=0
O05 05 Z =0
41=Zo1
Zus0508 2 il
=0
Za2 =Zo2

=
9-2
tpqp=0+0404 0.2
P0,

Z=2piZg =Zo -Za =-Z Zupg

i=, Z = -Z21 = -0.5 = Zu

i=2, Zp =-Zy = -0.8 = Z

O0.321 0214 0
|0343|0
Z-Zg tZpap=-ly ZsUS =|0214
0 02
+Zo202 = 0.8 +0.6 = 1.4
:

O 05 0.5-05 Modification of Zgus

Zus 05 08-08
-05-0.s 14 p 0, qF4
Modification of ZBUs 0.3
2
. LBUS(new) = BUS(old)
110.5 .6
. ZxZ12
Lp(ncw) =L12(old) 0.2
4

0.5-05)x(-0.8) = 0.2143
1.4

(-0.5)
(new) = 0.5-0.5) 0.3214
1.4

(-0.8) (-0.3)
12 (new)= 0.8- -0.3429
.4 O0.321 0.214 0 Zu

aUs
0214 0.343
Z2
lBUs
O0.321 0214
0 02
0214 0343
 POWER YSTEM (B.E, VII Sem
INA
POWER SYSTwEM
APP IN 649
648 RD cOMP. APP. IN
(0.E. COMP tween node.
and 4 is made 0.1
VIlSem Impedance
Connect element 4 with, 2-0.2 (link)
t 0.3

10.5
il 2y-Z4 =0
01
i2ZpZa-Z4 =0

iz4 Z4 Z= -Z4u =-0.2

O0.321 0214 0

Z=- +ZpNN=-Z+ Zo404=0.2+(-0.2) = 0

Zpus- 0214 0.343 0

O 001
O 0321 0214
0 ) To
prove that perfor
performance equation of 3 phase balanced element where excited
0214 0.343
00 balanced xcitation in
impedance form can be represented on single phase

02 0.2-0.2
by

basis for 3 phase

rotational and stationary element. M

O00-02 0 excitation:
Ans.
30 Balanced
Modification of Zgus
equation for 30 stationary elements
is,
: The performance
Z1(new) =0.321-0 =0.321

12 (new)L21(ncw) =
0.214-0 =0.214

L14 (acw) =Z41 (new) =

laj
0-0=0

L22 (new)=0.545, L24(new)=

242(new)=0 Z+a2+a2
+a +a.Zp
Zp Zp
3V +3ep=l a a']|
44 (new)= 0.2-0.2) -0.2)
0
2+a 2*a.l%)
Zpy+2p (a +a)
O
= [l a a] a Zp +Zp (1+a) ipq
O0.321 0.214
ZpUs= 0214 0
0
ap+a)2
0 =[2p+2p (a+a)]+ [a. Zp
+Zp (a +a)

+[a.p+ (a+a") Zj l}iP

 SYSTEM(B.E. VII Sem. EE)
POWER
IN 651
650
VBDCOMP. APP. IN oMP
POWER SYSTEM
(B.E. VII Som
(32+2 (a+a+ata+a+a).
(32+2 (a+a+a+a+a+a).ip Z+a 7+alp
82+32(a+a)). i a Z +a2p +a Zp +a

3V3e62%-32) +a Zp+a Zp9 +aZpj +a' Zp)

(1+a+a =
0,
ata-J -

12(1+a+a)+ (a+a
1) Zpm +a?)

Performance equation
of 36 balanced rotating elements +Zpa (+a +a )). 1pa
Performance equation
of 3o primitive network
is,
[Z(1+1+1)+2p (5a")+Z (a +a +a)]. 2g

(32pg +3a*Zpg +3aZpa). i2

2 t+aZp). i?a
Zp Z Zpp Vp(Zta Zp

Z Z Zpa
If m = m2 =m
Representing in 1o
form

V (2pa +a Zp +a Zp). ipg

(: a+a' =-1)
Lp Zpg Zp ;aDc
P4
p pq 4N
D) To show that the transformation matrix TS is unitary matrix.
Premultiplying by [1 P.541, Q.3(
a a] on both the sides

(0) Show that sequence component networks (0,

1
and 2) are decoupled from each

1 a
aaV+[1 when excited by
other for balanced stationary and rotational element
a
a-]|ap
8M
unbalanced excitation.

nus, Sequence impedance of 30 stationary elements:

= [1 a a-] |Z Zp Z We know that,

aip
z=(T) ZT
P Zp (T*)' Zpg. T
 APP IN POWER EM (B.E. Vl Sem.
EE)
CoMP, 653

652 RD COMP, APP. IN POWER SYSTEM

EM (B.E.
(B.E. VIll
VIl Sem.
Sem
EE

au
a a
ZP+22p Z(a+a)Z Z +(a +a )Zm
h.
pq +Z+ Z+azm
Zg +
Zp +a
+Z +a'z

2 20+a)+a z Zg +2p + Zp +al Zpi+a2+a'

2+2 (1+a)2+Z
ZP22p d+a)2p+2p +)Zp +Zp

3Z+62 0 0
2p+2p) 3(2pq +a
0

2pd +azp)
0 3(2p-2p 0 0 0

0 3(2pg-Zp)

zO2 =Zp

+27 0 Zpq+Zpq +pa

0 Zpq +a-Zpg+a Zp
0
Zpapa Zpa +azpa +a 2p
0
0 0 Zpa-23

ZpZp+Zp+Zp
Zpa-Zp-Zpg=Zp Zpg=Zpg +a
Zpq +a Zp

p-2pq +a Z =a 7p
Sequence Impedance of
30 rotating elements)
mi = m2 = m (stationary
elements: lI
We know that,
Zpa Zp+22p
Zp-(T).Zp.T
 654 PRD COMP. APP, IN Sem.
POWER SYSTEM (B.E. VIlI Sem
EE)

OR

phase power system for shon cit

Q.6.0) State assumptions made for short circuit studies. Represent
3
circuit

studies for a fault at bus p. 644

IP.284, 185, Q6a),
1
(b) For a three phase to ground fault at bus P, derive an expression
for: 1494

(@ Faulted bus voltage.

(i) Fault current.

(ii) Voltages at other buses.

IP.187, 031

0.7. A single machine connected to infinite bus bar has the following paranmeters.

H-3 mJ/MVA

Xd'0.25

Line Reactance= 0.1 pu

Initially bus voltage was 1.4 pu and generator delivered a power of 75 MW at t = Q There s
three phase short circuit at generator bus which is cleared in 0.1 sec. The base MVA is 100 an

infinite bus voltage is 120. Find swing curve upto 3 iterations. Take time step of 0.05 sec.
modified Euler's method. 29
IP323. Qsal
OR
Q80) What is necessity of load flow studies? How buses are classified on the basis of specificatios
loud flow problem?

& (N
P272 40)
() Draw the flow chart for Gauss Seidel iterative method using YBus
for load tlow studics

() Give comparison between G. S. Method and Newton Raphson

method for load tlow studi
P.344. Q4(8/