Chapter 1: Introductory Concepts of Plant Design
February 4
Bakit ang planta nakatayo malapit sa
dagat?
● Cooling process / cooling water
● Mode of transportation
Differentiate sour and sweet crude
● High API gravity means lower
density.
● In terms of viscosity mas malapot
ang sour.
● Mas maraming process ang
kailanagn i apply sa sour crude
compared to sweet crude.
● Sur crude heavy distillates
meanwhile sweet is light distillates.
Seasonal Products
● Hamonado (for christmas season)
● To know the availability
Block diagram
● Description of the process
Example of a system
● Seawater system - using seawater.
Can be used in a boiler or cooling
Desalter
● Hinihiwalay ang salt sa crude.
Maghihiwalay sila based on boiling
point.
Economic analysis
- Kelan siya matatapos? Kelan ang
ROI or breakeven
Environment and safety aspects
- What will be the effects in the
environment?
- How safe the environment or the
plant, especially for the workers.
What happened to Pandacan before?
● All depot ay pinasara.
● Pinasara ang mga depot because
ang mga tao ay nagflock dun since
andun yung mga work. So, the
government of manila pinasara yun.
Kasi may possible effect siya daw or
delikado daw siya sa environment.
● Depot are like terminal, storage..
● All safety in refineries are more
advance compared to other planta.
Green field
● Ginagawa or gagawin palang ang
planta
● Ikaw yung magagawa ng system
mismo sa planta
Brown field
● Gawa na siya and modification na
lang
● Minomodify mo yung mga system sa
planta.
Environment
● Malapit sa dagat ang planta para
may source sa cooling.
● Iniiwasan na ibalik ito sa seawater
because of possible contamination
kaya need itreat.
● Possible mamatay ang mga
organism.
Society
● Ano ginagawa ng planta mo in terms
sa society like may fun run, clean
project, scholarship etc.
Safety
● Paano mag response ang planta
kapag example sumabog
● Protection sa environment like mga
oil spill etc.
● Ano magiging construction ng
inyong planta
● Parang may gantt chart. Example for
8 month tapos na ang planta…
 Chapter 1: Introductory Concepts of Plant Design
February 4
Definition of Design
● The systematic and creative
application of scientific and
mathematical principles to practical
ends such as the design,
manufacture, and operation of
efficient and economical structures,
machines, processes, and systems.
Plant Design
● design of processes for desired
physical and/or chemical
transformation of materials.
● As peteng, we should be
knowledgable in every process in
the plants.
● Power generation, manufacturing,
petrochemical, and etc.
Process Design
● can be the design of new facilities or
it can be the modification or
expansion of existing facilities.
● Considering the type of equipments
to know the efficiency of the
process.
Process Design Documents
● serve to define the design and they
ensure that the design components
fit together
● Useful in communicating ideas and
plans to engineer for example is the
p&id, pfd
Design process
1. Formulate problem (design problem)
2. Generate alternatives (create
different design solution for the
problem)
3. Analyzing alternatives
4. Evaluating alternatives
Design Documentation
● BFD
○ Simple dioagrams made of
rectangles and lines with
major material and energy
flows
● PFD
○ More complex diagram of
major unit operations as well
flow lines
○ Incl;ude material balance,
energy balance
○ You must know the process
system and you must be able
to explain it well.
● P&ID
○ Showing each and every
pipeline with piping class,
pipe size with instruments
and control process
schemes.
● Specifications
○ Written design requirements
of all major equipment items.
*We need to preheat after the dasalter
before the crude oil goes to furnace
because so the fluid oi oil or crude ay hindi
mabigla since we need a high amount of
temperature. So gradually the temperature
increases as it reaches the furnace.
* Design temp or design pressure should be
pasok sa specification ng operating temp
and operating pressure.
Process designer
● Should be able to write operating
manuals on how to start-up, operate
and shut-down the process. It must
be well documented through flow
sheeting.
Design Consideration
● Objectives
○ Process yield
○ Product purity
● Constraints
○ Capital cost
 Chapter 1: Introductory Concepts of Plant Design
February 4
○ Available space existing) and reduce capital and/or
○ Safety concerns operating costs.
○ Environmental impact
○ Waste production Pinch Analysis
● Other factors ● designing a process to minimize
○ Reliability energy consumption and maximise
○ Flexibility heat recovery, also known as heat
○ redunduncy integration, energy integration or
Sources of Design information pinch technology.
● Have pilot plant design or data from ● employ Pinch analysis or Pinch
full-scale operating facilities. Tools to evaluate several processes
● Proprietary design criteria as a whole system
Design Strategies ● More on energy consumption and
● How long does the project. How energy preservation
many months or how many people is
needed to be done this project. Process simulation
● They use software for design. ● To see how the process move along
—------------------------- to the design provided. To see how
Process Integration efficient. This shows the process
● emphasizes the unity of the process looks like with this equipment.
and considers the interactions ● describes processes in flow
between different unit operations diagrams where unit operations are
from the outset, rather than positioned and connected by product
optimising them separately. or educt streams
● Example: in system 1, the fluid ● Gives approximation and the
needs to be heated so needs to add assumptions of the process.
more temperature so you put heat
exchanger. System 2, needs to be
cooled meaning from high to low
temperature. So instead using two
heat exchanger optimize it and use
one heat exchanger.
● exploits the interactions between
different units in order to employ
resources effectively and minimize
costs
Advantages of Process Integration
● Consider a system as a whole.
● are employed at the beginning of a
project to screen out promising
Modelling
options to optimize the design and/or
● If we want to see the itsura of our
operation of a process plant
design based on what we have we
● to identify opportunities in order to
can apply it in a software and we will
better integrate a system (new or
 Chapter 1: Introductory Concepts of Plant Design
February 4
be able to see what lacks to the i.e. accumulation of mass and
process. energy.

Industrial Process for Petroleum

Engineering
● Cracking - breaking up larger
molecules into smaller. (
● Fractional is under the distillation
column. The difference of
atmospheric and vacuum distillation
column.
● For atmospheric - exposed to
atmosphere; amount of pressure is
exposed bybthe atmosphere.
●
● For vacuum - closed tooo and used
Steady state and dynamic process
for heavy distillates we use this
simulation
because temperature is reduced
● 3 different flow patterns ( laminar,
here so the boiling point will be
turbulent and transitional flow)
lowered too.
● The effect of those patterns also
● distilation ( heavy, light distillate ...
affect the position of our instruments
Through boiling point) different types
in th system or process. Example in
of distillation like fractional, vacuum
p&id, there are some notes that says
distillation and atmospheric
the distance of some instruments to
● Olefin - process are present in
some pumps. Because, for the
petrochem like JG summit
reading because the measurement
Process System of engineering
or amount of pressure released in a
● process design - design the process
pump (has two sides suction
● process control - control the
(upstream) and discharge
process; included ang control
(downstream)) and we need to
variables/parameters (like ICE).
consider the flow pattern because
Flowsheeting
what we need is a laminar flow to
● document kung san nilalagay yung
measure. Therefore, positioning of requiremnet for plant design
instruments should be considered. ● used in process design under the heat
● Mas complex ang dynamic exchanger because of heat and mass
compared sa steady-state. balancing, sizing and costing.

● Steady-state models perform a 3 basic steps

mass and energy balance of a ● Synthesis - structure of flowsheet is
stationary process (a process in an chosen
equilibrium state) it does not depend ● Analysis - heat transfer in process
on time. design
● Dynamic simulation is an extension ● Optimization - optimization of
of steady-state process simulation parameters
whereby time-dependence is built
into the models via derivative terms
 Chapter 2: The Plant design Project
February 11
Steps of Pland Design
● before you come up with an output
you need to comeup with all the
process. (Economic, supply and
constrains of plant)
● in all the process design creation it
falls under flowsheeting. (Pfd is part
of flowsheet)
● example: crude distillation
unit/systems may mga subsystem
yan like (preheating, desalter,
preheating, furnace, distillation...)
● Blending - the color is to distinguish
especially when placed in storage ...
Like yellow, red...
● example of additive is
CME(bioethanol) added in car fuel.
● in blending may inaadd na 10%
biofuel sa car fuel.
● - may octane rating (91,95,100)
● 91 - simple car
● 95 - pang racing
● Ethane ay sa diesel
Engineering design process
○ Indentify problem (form
team)
○ Develop specification
○ Generate dessign
alternatives
○ Model and simulate
○ Implement prototype
○ test
Design objective
● Big picture idea of what the design
should be able to do
Specifications
● more precise description of the
system, May include constraints
placed on the design, talking directly
to customers; talking to marketing
representatives; providing
prototypes to users for comment.
Typical project Specifications
○ Functionality (inputs, outputs,
operating modes)
○ Performance (speed,
resolution, latency)
○ Cost
○ Ease of use
○ Reliability, durability, security,
fault tolerance
○ Physical (size, weight,
temperature, radiation)
○ Power (voltage levels,
battery life)
○ Conformance to applicable
standards
○ Compatibility with existing
product(s)
Different types of platform rigs
● Jack-up rigs
○ consists of 3 legs,
Gumagalaw ang platform
depends on the seawater
level
● Submersible
○ Same as like submarine,
applicable sa shallow water
since kailangan nakaplace
siya sa seabed.
● Semisubmersible
○ pontoon has water can make
it submerge semi only haha
○ used in deep sea
○ to maintain position, used
thruster (6) dalwa is back up.
○ has drill string connected sa
pontoon
○ Fairings in drill string
Functional vs non-functional requirements
● Functional
○ Output as a function of input.
● Non-functional requirements:
○ time required to compute
output;
○ size, weight, etc.;
○ power consumption;
 Chapter 2: The Plant design Project
February 11
○ reliability;
Design constraints
● Example is the supple of crude oil
making sour to sweet.
● In examples are physical, economic,
environmental, social, time, political,
ethical etc.
● Safety is more advance because the
equipment is too expensive because
we dont want to shut down so we
make more good design.
● Pag patay ng apoy sa plant, we
avoid water because the equipment
may corrode.
● uses carbon dioxide na system. Nag
iinject ng carbon dioxide. Fire
suppresion system since we
eliminate one of the sources of fire
for instance is the oxygen.
● HVAC (heating ventilation and air
conditioning)
● Design alternatives, model and
simulate, implement prototype,
troubleshooting...