ABSTRACT

This paper gives a general overview of hybrid electric vehic1es (HEV’s). Fundamental costs and
development within the area of HEV s are analyzed in order to show the role that this technology plays in the
current automotive market. The advantages and disadvantages of this vehic1e technology are also discussed
in detail. The paper will also focus on the current and future market projections of HEVs; particularly on the
legislative movements which are helping to increase the market share for environmentally friendly vehic1es.
Opinions of researchers and automotive companies will be taken into account in order to predict which will
be the leading technology trends in the future.

Electric vehicles (EVs) are a viable solution for lowering greenhouse gas emissions. EVs not only reduce
fossil fuel reliance, but they also minimize ozone depleting compounds and facilitate large-scale renewable
deployment. Despite extensive study on the qualities and properties of electric cars, as well as the nature of
their charging infrastructure, electric vehicle manufacturing and network modelling continue to change and
be restricted. This article addresses the numerous modelling approaches and optimization strategies used in
studies of Electric Vehicle, Hybrid Electric Vehicle, Plug-in-Hybrid Electric Vehicle, and Battery Electric
Vehicle penetration rates in the market. The study is unique in that it addresses crucial hurdles and
insufficient charging facilities for a growing country like India. When renewable energy sources are
unavailable, the development of the innovative Vehicle-to-Grid concept has provided an additional power
source.

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 TABLE OF CONTENT

S.NO CONTENTS PAGE NO

1 INTRODUCTION 1

2 DEFINING HYBRID 2

3 HYBRID POTENTIAL 3

4 HYBRID REALIZING THE PROMISE 6

5 HYBRID COMPONENTS 13

6 HOW HYBRIDS WORK 26

7 DEGREES OF HYBRIDIZATION 31

8 TOMORROW’S HYBRID 39

9 CONCLUSION 42

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