URBAN DESIGN 1.1b

SECTION 2
Theories of Human Settlement Planning

GARDEN CITIES
▪ Proposed by Ebenezer
Howard in his 1898 book
Tomorrow: A Peaceful Path
to Social Reform
▪ Ebenezer Howard proposed
a cluster configuration of
cities using what he
believed were optimum city
sizes
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GARDEN CITIES
▪ The Garden City cluster was
composed of the following:
▪ A central city of 58,000
people
▪ Smaller garden cities of
30,000 people each
▪ The said cities would be
linked by rails and roads
▪ The cities would be
separated by permanent
green spaces
LETCHWORTH
The first Garden City that was
built
CITY BEAUTIFUL MOVEMENT
▪ Often called “The Golden
Age of Urban Design”
▪ Drew upon many ideas in
the history of designing
cities and enlarged upon
these ideas significantly
▪ Highly ambitious, grand, and
formal designs
▪ The movement sought to
cure the ills of city plans of
the 1900s
▪ Cities were overpopulated
▪ Cities were poorly planned
▪ Cities developed in an ad
hoc fashion
▪ Cities became shapeless,
inefficient and ugly
CHICAGO
1900s, before the City Beautiful
Movement
▪ The main goal was the
beautification of cities, which
would have the following
effects:
▪ Beauty will inspire civic and
moral loyalty and pride
▪ American cities would be
equal to their European
competitors
▪ Beautiful civic spaces will
encourage upper classes to
work and spend money in
urban areas
▪ Daniel Burnham was a major
proponent of this beautification
▪ Magnificent parks
▪ Grand buildings as focal points
▪ Wide boulevards
▪ Public gathering spaces with
monuments and fountains
▪ Networks of parks and plazas
WASHINGTON D.C.
Designed according to the
principles of the City Beautiful
Movement
CHICAGO
Movement
CHICAGO
Movement
MANILA
Movement
MANILA
Movement
MANILA
Movement
MANILA
Movement
MANILA
Movement
QUEZON CITY
Used Burnham’s original plans
as a reference
QUEZON CITY
as a reference
QUEZON CITY
as a reference
PARIS REDEVELOPMENT
▪ Baron Haussman worked on
the reconstruction of Paris
▪ Demolished crowded
neighborhoods
▪ Built wide avenues to
connect key points of the
city
▪ Constructed parks,
fountains, and sewers
BRASILIA (BRAZIL)
▪ A completely new 20th century
city
▪ Designed primarily by Lucio
Costa with a lot of influence
from Le Corbusier
▪ Oscar Niemeyer was
commissioned to design many
of the civic buildings
BRASILIA (BRAZIL)
▪ Two huge axes in the sign
of the cross define the
overall layout
▪ One axis is for the
government and civic uses,
while the other is for
commercial and residential
developments
BRASILIA
Masterplan by Lucio Costa
BRASILIA
BRASILIA
BRASILIA
CHANDIGARH (INDIA)
▪ Capital of Punjab, a province
in India
▪ The only realized city plan of
Le Corbusier
▪ The masterplan was based
on an 800m x 1200m block
module
CANBERRA (AUSTRALIA)
▪ Designed primarily
according to the principles
of the City Beautiful
Movement
▪ Triangular formation of
three important civic
buildings: Court of Justice,
Parliament House, and the
Capitol Building
VILLE RADIEUSE (THE RADIANT CITY)
▪ An unrealized urban plan by Le
Corbusier, also often called
“The City of Towers”
▪ Designed to contain effective
means of transportation, as
well as an abundance of green
space and sunlight
▪ Radical, strict and nearly
totalitarian in its order,
symmetry and standardization
▪ The Radiant City was to be
built on the grounds of
demolished European cities
▪ Contains prefabricated and
identical high-density
skyscrapers spread across
a vast green area, arranged
in a Cartesian grid
▪ The city is intended to be a
“living machine”
▪ The city would be strictly
zoned into commercial,
business, entertainment,
and residential areas
▪ Although never realized, The
Radiant City proposal
became highly influential
because it holistically
addressed healthy living,
traffic, noise, public space,
and transportation
THE RADIANT CITY
Le Corbusier’s city of the future
would not only provide residents
with a better lifestyle, but would
contribute to creating a better
society
THE RADIANT CITY
Unlike Ebenezer Howard, Le
Corbusier believed that the
solution to overcrowding was
building up, and not building out
THE RADIANT CITY
His plan, also known as “Towers in
the Park,” proposed numerous
high-rise buildings each
surrounded by green space
THE RADIANT CITY
The housing districts would
contain pre-fabricated
apartment buildings, known as
“Unités.” Reaching a height of
fifty meters, a single Unité could
accommodate 2,700
inhabitants and function as a
vertical village
THE RADIANT CITY
Parks would exist between the
Unités, allowing residents with
a maximum of natural daylight,
a minimum of noise and
recreational facilities at their
doorsteps.
THE RADIANT CITY
Space was clearly delineated
between different uses (in the
diagram, this includes
“housing,” the “business center,”
“factories” and “warehouses”).
THE RADIANT CITY
Although never realized, the
proposal influenced later the
planning of later cities, such as
Brasilia.
THE RADIANT CITY
The Pruitt-Igoe housing project
in St. Louis, demolished just 18
years after it was built
THE RADIANT CITY
Le Corbusier’s Unite de
Habitacion in France was also
inspired by the unites proposed
in The Radiant City
BROADACRE CITY
▪ Frank Lloyd Wright’s vision
of an ideal city
▪ Each family would own one
acre of land
▪ All important transport is
done by automobile and the
pedestrian can exist safely
only within the confines of
the one acre plots where
most of the population
dwells
THE LINEAR CITY
▪ Proposed by Spanish
planner Arturo Soria y Mata
▪ An elongated urban
formation designed along a
fast mass transit system
▪ The idea was sparked by the
need to redevelop Madrid,
for which Arturo Soria y
Mata proposed a 30-mile
long city built along a tram
line
THE ARCOLOGY PROPOSAL
▪ Proposed by Paolo Soleri
▪ A huge structure housing a
self-sustaining community
isolated from the rest of the
world
▪ Includes residential,
commercial and agricultural
facilities
THE ARCOLOGY PROPOSAL
▪ An arcology is supposed to
sustainably supply all or
most of the resources for
comfortable life, such as:
▪ power
▪ climate control,
▪ food production
▪ air and water purification,
▪ sewage treatment
MASDAR CITY
An arcology project in Dubai,
UAE. Designed by Foster and
Partners, it will rely solely on
solar and other renewable
energy sources, with a principle
of zero-carbon, zero-waste.
CRYSTAL ISLAND
A proposed arcology in
Moscow that will run on built-in
solar panels and wind turbines.
If constructed, the tower
component will be the largest
structure on earth in terms of
floor space.
THE METABOLISM MOVEMENT
▪ A Japanese architectural
movement that fused ideas
about architectural
megastructures with those
of organic biological growth
▪ Produced highly imaginative
proposals such as
underwater cities, floating
cities, and “biological” cities
KIKUTAKE’S MARINE CITY
▪ A city that would float free in
the ocean, free of ties to a
particular nation and
therefore free from the
threat of war
▪ The city itself was not tied
to the land and was free to
float across the ocean and
grow organically like an
organism
KIKUTAKE’S MARINE CITY
▪ The artificial ground of the
city would house agriculture,
industry and entertainment
and the residential towers
would descend into the
ocean to a depth of 200
metres
▪ Once it became too aged for
habitation it would sink itself

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SECTION 2

Theories of Human Settlement Planning

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