OBJECTIVES

1. To study gas volumetric flow rate measurement using orifice plate.

2. To study gas mass flow rate measurement using orifice plate and perfect gas law to compute
the gas density from the pressure and temperature measurements.
3. To study gas mass flow rate (Fm) control using PID controller.

THEORY AND INTRODUCTION

The Model AF922 Air Flow Process Control Training System simulates a gas or vapour
phase flow process using air. A variable area flow metre or the differential pressure across an orifice
can be used to measure the volumetric flow of gas or vapour. The differential pressure measurement
can be used to adjust the flow measurement for changes in temperature and pressure utilising the
Perfect Gas Law.

There are numerous variants of PID tuning rules. The PID algorithm is the most widely
utilised feedback control strategy in industrial applications because to the usage of loop tuning
techniques. The experiment's goals are to investigate gas mass flow rate using PID controller, gas
volumetric flow rate measurement using orifice plates, gas density computation using the perfect gas
law and orifice plates, and gas volumetric flow rate measurement using orifice plates. We applied the
Ziegler Nichols close loop method to the design of a PID controller. The following description of
acceptable stability served as the foundation for Ziegler and Nichols' controller tuning guidelines. The
ratio of amplitudes of subsequent peaks in the same direction (due to a step change of the disturbance
or a step change of setpoint in the control loop) is approximately ¼.(Haugen F.,2010).

Figure 1 : ¼ the stability of the system is good, according to Ziegler and Nicholas
Experiment executed on an established control loop based on Ziegler-Nicholas closed loop method as
shown at Figure.2 below.

Figure.2 The Ziegler-Nichols’ closed loop method is executed on an established control system.
CONCLUSION
As a result, this experiment accomplished its goal of controlling air flow (FIC 91). When we increase
the change in MV value, the value of controller gain, Kc increases, which can affect the process's
response to become faster and more stable. By lowering the controller gain, Kc, the oscillatory
frequency is reduced, and the process becomes more stable. The integral time, I value, is reduced,
which speeds up the process to the set point. The experiment result for volumetric flow rate ( F vb) on
the panel, on the other hand, decreased as MV values increased. When the values MV increased, the
values for volumetric rate decreased in calculation. The derivative control mode is not used for flow
process control because the process is fast and high gain, which means it does not typically overshoot.
When a signal exceeds its steady-state value, it is said to overshoot.

RECOMMENDATION
Students should plan early on and thoroughly understand the purpose of the experiment as well as
how to carry out the experimental flow control method. It enables students to conduct experiments
without complications, such as uncertainty about the next step in the experimental process that must
be completed. Furthermore, throughout the experiment, students will be able to identify the equipment
and its purpose. During the briefing on how to treat and conduct the experiment, the student will pay
attention and take notes on what is required for the experimental procedure. This also provides
students with a clear how they should conduct the experiment. Students should be cautious during the
experimental process to obtain the most accurate results.

REFERENCES
Water Quality. (2019, January 23). Environmental Measurement Systems.
https://www.fondriest.com/environmental-measurements/parameters/water-quality/

Control Notes. (n.d.). https://blog.opticontrols.com/

https://eng.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Industrial_and_Systems_Engineering/Book
%3A_Chemical_Process_Dynamics_and_Controls_(Woolf)/09%3A_Proportional-Integral-
Derivative_(PID)_Control/9.03%3A_PID_Tuning_via_Classical_Methods#:~:text=The%20Ziegler
%2DNichols%20closed%2Dloop,better%20approximations%20of%20the%20controller.