Grey - Relational - Analysis-Based - Optimization - of Mac

Process Integration and Optimization for Sustainability
https://doi.org/10.1007/s41660-023-00311-4
REVIEW ARTICLE
Grey Relational Analysis‑Based Optimization of Machining Processes:

a Comprehensive Review
Santonab Chakraborty1 · Himalaya Nirjhar Datta2 · Shankar Chakraborty2
Received: 24 June 2022 / Revised: 19 December 2022 / Accepted: 18 January 2023

© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2023
Abstract
Process optimization deals with identifying the optimal settings of input parameters of different machining processes result-
ing in most efficient utilization of energy and other resources, and less perilous effects on the machine operators ensuring
sustainable manufacturing environment. Various mathematical tools, mainly in the form of multi-criteria decision-making
techniques, have been adopted for optimizing the machining processes. Among them, grey relational analysis (GRA) appears
as the most potent one due to its simple computational steps and independency on criteria weights. In this paper, a compre-
hensive review is carried out on the applications of GRA technique for parametric optimization of some of the industrially
well-accepted conventional and non-conventional machining processes. The essence of 227 research articles (published dur-
ing 2002–2022) from Scopus and other databases is also critically analyzed with respect to adoption of different experimental
design plans, work materials machined, input parameters and responses considered, combination or comparison of GRA
with other methods, journal-wise publication, authors’ nationality, institution-wise publication, link with other keywords,
and collaborative research works across the globe. This review paper would thus help the decision-making community in
exploring the application potentiality of GRA in machining processes optimization leading to sustainable manufacturing
environment. Some of the future research directions are also proposed.
Keywords Review · Optimization · GRA · Machining · Process · Sustainability
Abbreviations LBM Laser beam machining

AE Angular error MCDM Multi-criteria decision-making
ANFIS Adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system MMC Metal matrix composite
ANP Analytic network process MOORA Multi-objective optimization on the basis
CCD Central composite design of ratio analysis
CFRP Carbon fiber reinforced polymer MRR Material removal rate
CRITIC CRiteria importance through intercriteria MS Mild steel
correlation OA Orthogonal array
DD Dimensional deviation PCA Principal component analysis
DOC Depth of cut PEEK Poly-ether-ether-ketone
EDM Electrical discharge machining PSI Preference selection index
FEA Finite element analysis Ra Average surface roughness
GFRP Glass fiber reinforced polymer Rmax Value of the highest peak
GRC Grey relational coefficient Rq Root mean square roughness
HAZ Heat affected zone Rsm Mean width of profile elements
Rt Difference between the highest peak and
* Shankar Chakraborty deepest valley
s_chakraborty00@yahoo.co.in; SA Simulated annealing
schakraborty.production@jadavpuruniversity.in SS Stainless steel
1 TOPSIS Technique for order of preference by
National Institute of Industrial Engineering, Mumbai, India
similarity to ideal solution
2
Department of Production Engineering, Jadavpur University, UWD Upper width deviation
Kolkata, West Bengal, India
13
Vol.:(0123456789)
Content courtesy of Springer Nature, terms of use apply. Rights reserved.

WEDM Wire electrical discharge machining enhancing manufacturing efficiency by reducing cost and
WPM Weighted product model waste, reaching the new customers with competitive edge,
WSM Weighted sum model developing long-term reputation and business success, and
AHP Analytic hierarchy process responding to the regulatory obligations. This goal can
ANN Artificial neural network only be achieved while integrating product and process
BBD Box-Behnken design designs with manufacturing, planning, and control so as to
CE Circularity error identify and manage waste through optimal utilization of
COPRAS COmplex PRoportional ASsessment limited resources to ultimately reduce the environmental
CYL Cylindricity impact. Thus, to achieve sustainable manufacturing, the
DFA Desirability function approach organizations should continuously strive to reduce utili-
ECM Electro-chemical machining zation of water and energy, minimize toxic emission, and
ELECTRE ELimination Et Choice Translating reduce waste generation. Primarily focused to deploy the
REality concepts of 3 R’s, i.e., reduce, reuse, and recycle, sus-
GA Genetic algorithm tainable manufacturing is nowadays extended to realize
GRA Grey relational analysis other R’s, like redesign, remanufacture, recover, refuse,
GRG Grey relational grade etc. (Kishawy et al. 2018).
KW Kerf width In almost all the manufacturing industries, machining
LWD Lower width deviation is an indispensible process to remove undesired material
MH Microhardness from a specific workpiece to provide it the correct shape
MOGA Multi-objective genetic algorithm while achieving close dimensional tolerance and superior
MQL Minimum quantity lubrication surface finish at reduced cost. Based on the material removal
MRSN Multiple response signal-to-noise mechanism, machining processes can be broadly partitioned
NSGA Non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm into conventional and non-conventional processes. In con-
OC Overcut ventional processes, like turning, milling, drilling, grinding,
PE Perpendicularity error boring, reaming, lapping, honing, deburring, etc., material
PROMETHEE Preference Ranking Organization removal occurs due to shear deformation or abrasion with
METHod for Enrichment evaluation the help of a single- or multi-point cutting tool (Youssef
PSO Particle swarm optimization and El-Hofy 2020). On the other hand, different sources
Rku Kurtosis value of roughness of energy, like mechanical, thermal, electrical, or a syner-
ROC Radial overcut getic combination of them, are directly utilized for material
Rsk Skewness value of roughness removal in non-conventional machining processes (El-Hofy
RSM Response surface methodology 2005). ECM, EDM, WEDM, LBM, ultrasonic machin-
Rz Ten-point surface roughness ing, abrasive jet machining, water jet machining, abrasive
SCD Surface crack density water jet machining, etc. are some of the examples of non-
TLBO Teaching learning-based optimization conventional machining processes. Besides having poorer
TWR Tool wear rate surface finish, the conventional machining processes also
VIKOR VIekriterijumsko KOmpromisno suffer from excessive tool wear, higher specific energy con-
Rangiranje sumption, increased vibration and noise, hazardous effects
WLT White layer thickness of metallic chips and cutting fluids, unhealthy machining
W-RCL Width of recast layer environment, etc. Adoption of computer numerical control
WSN Weighted signal-to-noise technology, MQL, cryogenic machining environment, veg-
etable or bio-degradable cutting fluids, etc. can make those
machining processes sustainable and environment-friendly.
Introduction Despite having excellent capability of cutting different hard-
to-machine exotic and advanced engineering materials, non-
Continuous compulsion from different government agen- conventional processes affect the environment through emis-
cies to decrease emission of pollutants with reduced car- sion of toxic substances and are also responsible for dirty
bon footprints and efficient utilization of scarce resources machining environment with the use of hazardous chemicals
has enforced the modern-day manufacturing industries to and abrasives, adversely effecting the health of the machine
reorient their production strategies towards sustainable operators. The concept of dry or “green” machining with
manufacturing. Sustainable or “green” manufacturing can minimum emission of all the related perilous substances
be defined as a manufacturing strategy to minimize waste can reduce the detrimental effects of the non-conventional
and reduce the environmental impact. It is a practice of machining processes to some extent (Gupta 2020).
13

It is a well-known fact that in any of the machining pro- of the measured response values at varying combinations
cesses, there exists significant interactions between various of the input parameters as the initial decision matrix, (b) to
input parameters and responses (outputs), and achievement determine relative weights to be assigned to the responses,
of the target response values would depend on appropriate (c) to evaluate the performance scores of all the conducted
setting and tuning of the input parameters under considera- experimental trials, and (d) to rank the trials from the best
tion. Carefully set and optimized input parameters can make to the worst depending on those scores. The popularity of
a machining process more proficient, thereby helping to MCDM techniques in solving complex decision-making
meet the sustainability goals. Although the basic objective of problems can be justified based on availability of relevant
process optimization is oriented towards maximizing outputs review papers on AHP and ANP (Asadabadi et al. 2019),
at reduced costs, it can also enhance machining efficiency PROMETHEE (Behzadian et al. 2010), TOPSIS (Behzadian
through process improvement by equipment optimization, et al. 2012), VIKOR (Mardani et al. 2016), and ELECTRE
optimal operating procedures and control optimization. An (Govindan and Jepsen 2016). Chakraborty and Chakraborty
optimized machining process can only be capable to meet (2022) recently surveyed the applications of various MCDM
all the social, economic, and environmental dimensions of techniques resulting in optimization of conventional machin-
sustainability, by making the workplace safer with minimum ing processes, and concluded that GRA had been the most
health risks, lowering the operational cost and wastage of popular MCDM tool for machining process optimization.
material, reducing consumption of specific energy and other Limited number of review articles on GRA is available in
resources through proper calibration and settings of the input the literature. Patel (2015) reviewed only 25 articles on the
parameters (Kalita et al. 2022). Process optimization thus applications of GRA for machining process optimization,
becomes the most important tool in realizing a sustaina- whereas, only 15 articles were surveyed by Sharma et al.
ble machining environment. The synergy between process (2021a, b) on optimization of cutting processes. Thus, it
optimization and sustainable manufacturing is presented in is the high time to make a comprehensive review of GRA
Fig. 1. applications on optimization of conventional as well as non-
Several mathematical tools, mainly in the form of MCDM conventional machining processes, and exploit its potential-
techniques, like WSM, WPM, AHP, ANP, TOPSIS, VIKOR, ity to explore the optimal combinations of different input
MOORA, GRA, PROMETHEE, ELECTRE, etc. have been parameters resulting in sustainable manufacturing environ-
proposed by the earlier researchers to optimize the perfor- ment (Moldavska and Welo 2017; Machado et al. 2020;
mance of both conventional and non-conventional machin- Gholami et al. 2021). To the best of the authors’ knowledge,
ing processes. The basic framework of any MCDM applica- it can be opined that there is no such exhaustive review of
tion for machining process optimization has the following GRA applications present in the existent literature.
steps, i.e., (a) to consider the experimental dataset consisting This review paper is structured as follows: The math-
ematical model of GRA technique is furnished in the “GRA
Technique” section. “Framework for the Review” section
presents the framework for the review, and applications
of GRA for optimization of some of the conventional and
non-conventional machining processes are enumerated in
the “GRA-Based Optimization of Machining Processes”
section. Results and discussions are presented in the “Dis-
cussions” section. “Future Research Directions” section
provides the future research directions and “Conclusions”
section concludes the paper.
GRA Technique
The GRA technique, based on the concept of grey theory

(Deng 1989), has the ability to solve decision-making prob-
lems having poor, incomplete, and hazy data. Any system
in nature is neither white (complete information is avail-
able) nor black (no information is available at all), but it is
mostly grey (partial information is available). A grey sys-
Fig. 1 Synergy between process optimization and sustainable manu- tem thus deals with problems having some known and some
facturing unknown information. Incomplete information is the basic
13

foundation of a grey system, serving as the starting point the GRG while averaging the GRC values with respect to
during the analysis. During machining operations, GRA acts each criterion.
as a potent multi-objective optimization tool when there are
1 ∑n
incomplete information regarding the experimental dataset, 𝛾i = 𝜉 (k) (4)
n k=1 i
measurement error, and involvement of “larger-the-better”
and “smaller-the-better” responses (Wu 2002). The GRA When all the alternatives are ordered based on GRG
technique estimates the absolute difference between data values, the best alternative should possess the maximum
sequences, while predicting the approximate grade of cor- GRG. Although in Eq. (4), the weights allocated to different
relation between them. It employs GRG value to highlight responses have no role in ranking of the alternative experi-
the correlation between the data sequences. If there are two mental trials, but in many of the real-time machining appli-
exactly same data sequences, the corresponding GRG value cations, the considered responses may have varying impor-
would be one. The GRG also calculates the degree of influ- tance to fulfill the requirements of the machine operators as
ence of the comparability sequence against the reference well as end users. Thus, it would be practical to multiply the
sequence. The basic objective of GRA is to convert multiple GRC values by the corresponding criteria weights to derive
responses into single GRG values for all the experimental more reliable solutions.
trials and shortlist them based on the calculated GRG values
(Kuo et al. 2008; Wang 2021).
A decision matrix (comprising m alternatives and n cri- Framework for the Review
teria) is the input to GRA. An experimental dataset with m
trials and n responses can also be treated as the decision As mentioned earlier, the main objective of this paper is to
matrix prior to GRA application. Now, based on the type of perform a comprehensive literature review on GRA applica-
the criterion (response) under consideration, the decision tions for optimization of machining processes and help the
matrix elements are first normalized (data pre-processing) to decision-making practitioners in exploring the potentiality
reduce variability in the observations, and also make the data of this simple MCDM tool for solving process optimization
comparable and dimensionless. The following two equations problems. An exhaustive search for “GRA” and “Machining”
are employed for data normalization: (both are connected in AND gate) in the title, keywords, and
For “larger-the-better” response: abstract of the research articles published in Scopus database
x1 (k)−minxi (k)
is first conducted, with identification of 654 relevant papers
xi∗ (k) = maxxi (k)−minxi (k)
(i = 1, 2, ...m;j = 1, 2, … , n) (1) published during 2002–2022. It is worthwhile to mention
here that among all the available machining processes, turn-
For “smaller-the-better” response: ing, milling, and drilling as the conventional methods, and
maxx1 (k) − xi (k) ECM, EDM, WEDM, and LBM as the non-conventional
xi∗ (k) = (2) methods are considered in this paper for process optimi-
maxxi (k) − minxi (k)
zation using GRA due to their immense applicability in
where xi(k) and xi*(k) respectively represent the observed present-day manufacturing industries to generate any kind
and normalized data for ith alternative and kth criterion. After of shape geometry on almost every type of engineering
pre-processing of the data, the corresponding GRC value is material. The applications of GRA in other processes, like
calculated to estimate the degree of associationship between casting, welding, ultrasonic machining, abrasive jet machin-
the ideal and the normalized data. ing, abrasive water jet machining, electrochemical discharge
machining, plasma arc machining, etc., are not considered
Δmin + 𝜁Δmax here. Similarly, research articles on GRA applications in
𝜉i (k) = (3)
Δ0i (k) + 𝜁Δmax machining processes optimization published as book chap-
ters and in conference proceedings are also eliminated from
where Δ 0i(k) is the absolute difference between x i0(k)
this study. An initial screening of the published articles in
and xi*(k) (xi0(k) denotes the ideal data sequence). The
Scopus database shortlists 198 articles related to optimi-
distinguishing coefficient (ζ) is responsible to broaden
zation of the considered machining processes using GRA.
or shorten the range of GRC values, and its value
Some additional articles are also included to have a repre-
lies between 0 and 1 (default value is 0.5). In Eq. (3),
sentative distribution of each of the machining processes
Δmin = ∀jmin ∈ i∀kmin ‖x0 (k) − xj (k) is the minimum value
in this paper. The contents of altogether 227 scholarly arti-
of Δ 0i(k), and Δmax = ∀jmax ∈ i∀kmax ‖x0 (k) − xj (k) is the
cles are finally reviewed in which GRA has been success-
maximum value of Δ0i(k). An alternative having higher GRC
fully employed as an effective multi-objective optimization
value would be closer to the ideal solution for a specific cri-
tool for determining the optimal parametric intermixes of
terion. The following equation is then employed to compute
turning, milling, drilling, ECM, EDM, WEDM, and LBM
13

processes. For clarity of understanding, all the information employed to study and predict the impacts of the considered
extracted is presented in succinct tabular forms. turning parameters on the responses. It was observed that
These articles are now critically analyzed with respect to both MRR and Ra had been significantly influenced by cut-
paper title, name of the journal, application area, authors’ ting speed, while % of SiC reinforcement had been respon-
affiliation, keywords, collaborative research works, and com- sible for achieving minimum cutting force. While machining
bination of other tools for estimation of criteria weights and AISI 1040 work material, Sultana and Dhar (2021) adopted
validation of the ranking performance derived using GRA. two hybrid approaches, i.e., Taguchi-GRA-PCA and modi-
Each of the articles is then allotted to a specific machining fied weighted TOPSIS for optimizing multiple responses of a
application area. From the content of each paper, the rel- turning process. It was noticed that both the approaches had
evant information with respect to experimental design plan identified feed rate = 0.16 mm/rev, cutting speed = 144 m/
utilized, work material(s) machined, and input parameters min, and cryogenic cutting condition as the optimal paramet-
and responses examined is explored. Based on this compre- ric intermix, and the modified weighted TOPSIS had better
hensive literature review, the decision-making practitioners prediction accuracy than Taguchi-GRA-PCA approach. Pan-
would also be benefited with the information in regard of igrahi et al. (2022) studied the influences of feed rate, DOC,
the current research trend of GRA applications for process and cutting speed on Ra, flank wear, and machining tem-
optimization, specific countries and educational institutions perature during turning operation of Incoloy 800 material,
excelling in its applications, international journals publish- and determined the optimal parametric combination of the
ing maximum number of papers on its applications, key- said process using GRA technique. It was noticed that the
words closely related to GRA, and collaborative research corresponding GRG value would significantly improve at the
works carried out on GRA across the globe. This review derived settings of the turning parameters. The considered
paper would be a data repository to the interested researchers process was also optimized using PSO algorithm. Consider-
in solving process optimization problems using GRA leading cutting speed, feed rate, and cooling environment as the
ing to sustainable manufacturing environment. input parameters, Sristi et al. (2022) applied GRA to opti-
mize the hard turning of medium carbon steel. The CRITIC
method was employed to estimate weights of the responses,
GRA‑Based Optimization of Machining and the derived results were compared with those obtained
Processes using COPRAS and TOPSIS methods. It was interestingly
noticed that all the three MCDM techniques would provide
Turning the same optimal combination of the turning parameters as
MQL cooling environment, feed rate = 0.12 mm/rev, and cut-
In this process, a cutting tool in the form of a wedge is ting speed = 156 m/min.
pressed against a rotating cylindrical workpiece, remov-
ing the unwanted material from its outer diameter by shear Milling
deformation and clearing away the chips. It is one of the most
common types of operation performed in lathe machines. Milling is another machining operation which employs a
The applications of GRA leading to optimization of turning rotating cutter to take away material from the workpiece
processes are presented in Table 1. Jeet et al. (2019a) solved in the form of small chips to generate the desired shape
the parametric optimization problem of a turning operation geometry. It is the most widely used process of machining
on EN-24 steel material using GRA, MOORA, and TOPSIS custom parts with higher tolerance and MRR. In end mill-
methods under different lubrication conditions, and observed ing, a cylindrical cutter with multiple cutting edges on its
that the adopted MCDM methodologies would lead to vary- periphery as well as tip performs the machining operation.
ing combinations of cutting speed, feed, and DOC for attain- On the other hand, face milling is a process of machining a
ing the most preferred values of the considered responses flat surface which is perpendicular to the axes of the milling
(Ra, chip thickness, and cutting temperature). Jamil et al. cutter. Table 2 shows the applications of GRA technique
(2020) investigated the influences of cutting speed and for optimization of milling processes. Based on grey fuzzy
feed rate on MRR, Ra, TWR, and cutting energy during logic approach, Tamiloli et al. (2016) developed 27 simple
cryogenic-assisted sustainable turning of AISI-L6 tool steel “If–Then” clauses to study the effects of speed, feed and
material, and optimized the process using both GRA and DOC on Ra, Rq, and MRR during end milling operation
DFA techniques. Based on Taguchi’s L27 OA, Pathapalli of AA6082-T6 work material. The derived results were
et al. (2021) first determined the optimal combination of later validated against a developed ANFIS model and it was
feed rate, cutting speed, DOC, and % of SiC reinforcement inferred that grey fuzzy logic-based model would provide
in Al MMCs for obtaining higher MRR, and lower cutting more reliable solution as compared to ANFIS model. Muaz
force and Ra values. The RSM-based equations were later and Choudhury (2019) applied Taguchi-GRA method as a
13

Table 1 GRA-based optimization of turning processes

Author(s) Design plan Material Process parameters Response(s) Other tool(s)
Lin (2004) L9 OA S45C steel Cutting speed, feed rate, Tool life, Ra, cutting
DOC force
Tzeng et al. (2009) L9 OA SKD 11 steel Cutting speed, feed rate, Ra, Rt, roundness
DOC, cutting fluid ratio
Abhang and Hameedullah CCD EN-31 Cutting speed, feed rate, Ra, chip thickness
(2012) tool nose radius, con-
centration of lubricants
Hanafi et al. (2012) L27 OA PEEK-CF30 Cutting speed, feed rate, Ra, cutting power
DOC
Kacal and Yıldırım (2012) L32 OA AISI D6 steel Cutting tool, cutting Tool wear, Ra, machining
speed, feed rate, DOC force, specific cutting
force
Gupta and Kumar (2013) L18 OA GFRP Tool nose radius, tool MRR, Ra PCA
rake angle, feed rate,
cutting speed, cutting
environment, DOC
Satyanarayana et al. L9 OA Inconel 718 Cutting speed, feed rate, Cutting force, Ra, flank
(2013) DOC wear
Dabade (2014) L27 OA Al MMC Feed rate, cutting speed, Ra, residual stress, MH
DOC, tool geometry
Nayak et al. (2014) L27 OA AISI 304 Cutting speed, feed, DOC MRR, Ra, cutting force
Parida et al. (2014) L9 OA GFRP Spindle speed, feed rate, MRR, Ra
DOC
Madhavi et al. (2015) L9 OA EN-8, EN-31, EN-36 Cutting speed, feed rate, Ra, hardness
DOC
Prasat et al. (2015) L27 OA Al MMC Cutting speed, feed rate, MRR, Ra
DOC
Jogi et al. (2016) L18 OA PEEK Cutting speed, feed rate, Ra, Rt, cutting forces
DOC
Kumar et al. (2016) L9 OA AISI 1045 Cutting speed, feed rate, MRR, TWR
DOC
Puh et al. (2016) L9 OA DIN Ck45 steel Cutting speed, feed rate, MRR, Ra
DOC
Velmurgan and Venkate- L9 OA Al MMC Cutting speed, feed rate, Ra, Rt, cutting force Fuzzy logic
san (2016) DOC, % reinforcement
of SiC
Khandey et al. (2017) CCD Al MMC Spindle speed, feed, Ra, cutting force, specific PCA, GA
DOC, tool nose radius power
Bhanu Prakash et al. L27 OA AlSi7 Mg Spindle speed, feed rate, MRR, Ra
(2018) DOC
Nipanikar et al. (2018) CCD Ti-6Al-4 V Cutting speed, feed rate, Ra, flank wear RSM, TOPSIS
cutting environment,
cutting tool insert
Ramana et al. (2018) L27 OA Ti-6Al-4 V Machining environment, MRR, Ra, TWR
cutting speed, feed rate,
DOC, tool material
Ramanan et al. (2018) CCD Al MMC Cutting speed, feed rate, MRR, Ra, cutting force
DOC
Sehgal and Meenu (2018) CCD EN-GJS-500–7 Cutting speed, feed rate, Ra, MRR, cutting force, PCA
DOC cutting time
Umamaheswarrao et al. L9 OA AISI 52,100 Cutting speed, feed, DOC, Cutting force, machining PCA
(2018) nose radius temperature, Ra
Viswanathan et al. (2018) L18 OA Mg alloy Cutting speed, feed, DOC Flank wear, Ra, cutting
force, cutting tempera-
ture
13

Table 1 (continued)
Jeet et al. (2019a) L9 OA EN-24 Cutting speed, feed, DOC Ra, chip thickness, cut- MOORA, TOPSIS
ting temperature
Kharwar and Verma L16 OA GFRP Feed rate, spindle speed, Cutting force, Ra, MRR ANN
(2019) DOC
Li et al. (2019a, b) L16 OA Ti-6Al-4 V Type of inserts, feed rate, Radial thrust, power con- PCA
DOC sumption, coefficient of
friction
Rizvi and Ali (2019) L27 OA 16MnCr5 steel Cutting speed, feed rate, Ra, Rq, MRR
DOC
Suneesh and Sivapragash L18 OA Composite Cutting condition, cutting Ra, cutting force, specific TOPSIS
(2019) speed, feed, DOC power consumption,
cutting temperature
Surya et al. (2019) L9 OA Al 7075 Cutting speed, feed rate, MRR, Ra, TWR
DOC
Vasudevan et al. (2019) L16 OA Inconel 625 Cutting speed, feed rate, MRR, Ra
DOC
Dhanalakshmi and L27 OA LM 25 Al alloy Cutting speed, feed, DOC, MRR, Ra, total machin-
Rameshbabu (2020) cutting fluid flow rate ing cost
Elango and Annamalai L16 OA Al MMC Cutting speed, feed rate, MRR, Ra
(2020) DOC
Jamil et al. (2020) L9 OA AISI-L6 Cutting speed, feed rate Cutting energy, TWR, Ra, DFA
MRR
Padhy and Singh (2020) L9 OA Inconel 625 Cutting speed, feed rate, MRR, cutting force, Ra
DOC
Sharma et al. (2020) L27 OA GFRP Rotary feed, cutting Root diameter deviation,
speed, fluid ratio, fluid tooth thickness varia-
flow rate tion, Ra
Zaman et al. (2020) L32 OA AISI 1060 Cutting speed, feed rate, MRR, Ra, cutting force, PCA
DOC cutting temperature
Dhanalakshmi and L9 OA LM 25 Al alloy Cutting speed, feed rate, Ra, MRR, CE
Rameshbabu (2021) DOC
Makhesana and Patel L9 OA Inconel 718 Cutting speed, feed, DOC Ra, power consumption,
(2021) cutting temperature,
flank wear
Padhy and Singh (2021) L9 OA Inconel 625 Cutting speed, feed rate, MRR, cutting force, Ra
DOC
Pathapalli et al. (2021) L27 OA Al MMC Spindle speed, feed rate, MRR, cutting force, Ra RSM
DOC, wt % of reinforce-
ment
Sultana and Dhar (2021) L18 OA AISI 1040 Cutting speed, feed rate, Chip-tool interface tem- PCA, TOPSIS
cutting condition perature, Ra, specific
cutting energy
Mian et al. (2022) L9 OA EN8, EN31 Speed, DOC, feed rate Ra, cutting temperature
Panigrahi et al. (2022) L27 OA Incoloy 800 Cutting speed, DOC, feed Ra, flank wear, cutting PSO
rate temperature
Rakesh and Chakradhar L16 OA Inconel 625 Cutting velocity, feed, Ra, flank wear, MRR
(2022) DOC, cooling condition
Sristi et al. (2022) L32 OA Medium carbon steel Cutting speed, feed rate, Ra, cutting force, feed TOPSIS, COPRAS,
cooling environment force, chip reduction CRITIC
coefficient
multi-objective optimization tool during milling of AISI would result in a sustainable and environment-friendly
4340 steel material with MQL and validated the derived cutting environment. During performing milling opera-
optimal parametric combination using MOGA technique. tion of AISI 304 steel, Nguyen et al. (2020) first employed
It was concluded that application of low viscosity fluids PCA to estimate relative weights of power factor, Ra, and
13

Table 2 Applications of GRA technique for optimization of milling processes

Lu et al. (2009) L18 OA SKD 61 tool steel Milling type, spindle Cutting time, MRR, flank PCA
speed, feed per tooth, wear rate
axial DOC, radial DOC
Azmi (2012) L9 OA GFRP Cutting speed, DOC, feed Tool life, cutting forces,
rate Ra
Rao et al. (2012) L27 OA EN-31 Cutting speed, DOC, feed MRR, cutting temperature RSM
rate
Sundara Murthy and L18 OA Al 6063 Cutting speed, feed veloc- Ra, flank wear PCA
Rajendran (2012) ity, DOC, fluid flow rate
Yan and Li (2013) L27 OA C45 steel Spindle speed, feed rate, MRR, Ra, CE RSM
DOC, width of cut
Esme (2014) L16 OA DIN 1.0038 steel Cutting speed, DOC, feed Machining time, Ra
rate
Shi et al. (2014) L9 OA TB6 alloy Cutting speed, feed per Ra, hardness, residual
tooth, DOC stress
Das et al. (2016) L18 OA Al MMC Cutting speed, feed rate, Ra, Rz, cutting force Fuzzy logic
DOC
Du et al. (2016) L18 OA Ti alloy Cutting fluid condition, Ra, MH, residual stress
milling speed, feed per
tooth, axial DOC, radial
DOC, rake angle, clear-
ance angle, helix angle
Johny et al. (2016) L27 OA Al alloy Cutting speed, DOC, feed MRR, Ra PCA
rate
Naresh and Rajasekhar L27 OA AISI 304 Cutting speed, DOC, feed MRR, Ra DFA
(2016) rate
Tamiloli et al. (2016) L27 OA AA6082-T6 Speed, feed, DOC MRR, Ra, Rq Fuzzy theory, ANFIS
Rajeswari and Amirthag- BBD Al MMC Spindle speed, feed, DOC, MRR, Ra, cutting force,
adeswaran (2017) % of reinforcement TWR
Parvez and Kumar (2018) L9 OA Ceramic Spindle speed, DOC, feed MRR, Ra, flatness
Wojciechowski et al. L12 OA 55NiCrMoV6 steel Surface inclination angle, Cutting force, vibration
(2018) tool overhang
Li et al. (2019a, b) L16 OA TC4 alloy Cutting fluid concentra- Ra, MH, milling force, PCA
tion, cutting fluid flow milling temperature
rate, gas pressure
Muaz and Choudhury L16 OA AISI 4340 MQL type, spindle speed, Resultant force, Ra MOGA
(2019) feed rate
Cica et al. (2020) L27 OA AISI O2 steel Cutting speed, DOC, feed Specific cutting energy, PCA
rate, coating type MRR, Ra
Lusi et al. (2020) L9 OA ASSAB-XW 42 steel Cutting fluid, cutting MRR, Ra
speed, feeding speed,
DOC
Nguyen et al. (2020) BBD SS 304 Cutting speed, DOC, feed Power factor, Ra, energy PCA
rate, nose radius consumption
Kumar et al. (2021a, b) L9 OA Al 6063 Spindle speed, feed rate, MRR, Ra
DOC
Muthuraman and Karuna- L9 OA EN-8D Cutting speed, tool feed MRR, Ra
karan (2021) rate, DOC
Saini et al. (2021) L9 OA Al MMC Cutting speed, feed rate, MRR, Ra
DOC
Chen et al. (2022) CCD Mg-Li alloy Cutting speed, feed, cut- Cutting force, cutting tem- ANN, NSGA
ting depth perature, residual stress
Das et al. (2022) L9 OA Ti-6Al-4 V Cutting speed, tool feed, Ra, MRR, cutting forces
cutting depth
13

Kumar et al. (2022a, b) L18 OA SS 304 Feed rate, DOC, cut- Ra, surface strain, MH
ting speed, presence of
coolant
Kumar et al. (2022a, b) L16 OA Mg alloy Tool rotational speed, feed MRR, Ra, degradation
rate, DOC rate
Sharma et al. (2022) L18 OA EN-31 Cutting speed, lubricant Ra, flank wear
flow rate, spraying dis-
tance, nozzle elevation
angle
Shivaperumal et al. (2022) L27 OA GFRP Cutting speed, DOC, feed Ra, delamination factor
rate
Tien et al. (2022) L9 OA 4Cr5MoSiV steel Cutting speed, DOC, feed Cutting force, vibration Fuzzy theory, PSO
rate amplitude, flank wear,
Ra
Yadav et al. (2022) L9 OA Ti-6Al-4 V Spindle speed, feed rate, MRR, Ra TOPSIS
DOC, tool diameter
energy consumption, and determined the optimal settings delamination. Different prediction models, like RSM, fuzzy
of cutting speed = 160 mm/min, DOC = 0.42 mm, feed logic, and ANN, were later deployed to envisage the cor-
rate = 0.09 mm/z, and tool nose radius = 0.8 mm, resulting in responding response values, and it was unveiled that the
28.83% increment in power factor, and 34.85% and 57.65% error percentages of RSM, fuzzy logic, and ANN models
decrements in energy consumption and Ra respectively. were 16.76, 2.636, and 0.562 respectively. Considering
Based on Taguchi methodology, Tien et al. (2022) conducted feed, rotational speed, and point angle as the input param-
nine milling experiments on 4Cr5MoSiV steel and proposed eters, and MRR, Ra, and DD as the responses, Jeet et al.
the hybridized application of fuzzy GRA and PSO algorithm (2019b) applied GRA technique to optimize the drilling
to simultaneously optimize feed rate, cutting speed, and operation of Al 7068 alloy. The optimal parametric inter-
DOC. It was noticed that at the derived optimal parametric mix was also compared with that derived using TOPSIS,
combination, the surface quality was enhanced by 11.11%, GA, and SA approaches. Reddy and Rao (2021) observed
and vibration amplitude, flank wear, and cutting force were that point angle, clearance angle, and feed rate were the most
decreased by 15.78%, 13.72%, and 16.59% respectively. A significant input parameters as compared to drill diameter
hybridized approach integrating GRA, ANN, and NSGA- and spindle speed in influencing torque and thrust force
III was proposed by Chen et al. (2022) for optimization of during drilling operation of Al–Mg-Si alloy material. The
milling operation of Mg-Li alloy. The optimal settings were GRA-based optimal solutions were later validated against
observed as cutting speed = 61 m/min, feed = 0.068 mm/z, DEFORM-3D-based simulation results. Ramanathan et al.
and cutting depth = 0.58 mm. The performance of ANN- (2022) applied GRA to optimize drilling operation of GFRP
based models while predicting residual stresses was also treating cutting speed, feed rate, and point angle as the input
noticed to be quite satisfactory. parameters, and Ra, MRR, oversize, and delamination factor
as the responses.
Drilling
ECM Process
In drilling operation, a drill bit in the form of a multi-point
cutting tool is employed to generate circular holes in solid The ECM, a non-conventional machining process, employs
materials. The drill bit, rotating at a very high speed, is per- the principle of electrolysis to remove material due to
pendicularly fixed against the workpiece, removing mate- anodic dissolution. In this process, the workpiece acts as
rial in the shape of chips from the hole as it is machined. the anode and the tool is the cathode. These two electrodes
The GRA applications for optimization of drilling processes are immersed in an electrolyte without any direct contact
are exhibited in Table 3. Anand et al. (2018a) employed between them and material removal starts when a voltage is
GRA technique to search out the optimal values of differ- applied across them. The tool is slowly progressed towards
ent drilling parameters as spindle speed = 2700 rpm, drill the workpiece during the material removal process to main-
diameter = 4 mm, and feed rate = 30 mm/min for simulta- tain a constant gap between them. It is highly suitable for
neously achieving lower values of thrust force, torque, and mass production system, but only applicable to electrically
13

Table 3 GRA-based optimization of drilling processes

Tosun (2006) L9 OA AISI 4140 Drill type, cutting Ra, burr height
speed, feed rate, point
angle
Haq et al. (2008) L9 OA Al MMC Cutting speed, feed, Thrust force, torque, Ra
point angle
Palanikumar et al. L9 OA GFRP Spindle speed, feed rate, Thrust force, Ra
(2012) drill diameter
Rajmohan et al. (2013) L27 OA Al MMC Spindle speed, feed rate, Ra, burr height, thrust Fuzzy logic
wt % of SiC force
Routara et al. (2013) L9 OA GFRP Spindle speed, feed rate Thrust force, delamina- Fuzzy logic
tion
Krishnasastry and L27 OA CFRP Point angle, spindle Thrust force, torque, Ra,
Seshagirirao (2014) speed, feed rate delamination
Pandey and Panda L9 OA Bone Spindle speed, feed rate Temperature, thrust
(2015) force, Ra
Munisamy and Vijaya- L18 OA Fiber metal laminate Point angle, spindle Thrust force, delamina-
kumar (2016) speed, feed rate tion, CE
Shetha and George L27 OA WCB Spindle speed, feed rate, CE, PE RSM
(2016) DOC
Akhil et al. (2017) L27 OA GFRP Cutting speed, feed rate, Thrust force, delamina-
drill diameter tion
Anand et al. (2018a) L25 OA GFRP Spindle speed, feed rate, Thrust force, torque, RSM, fuzzy logic, ANN
drill diameter delamination
Anand et al. (2018b) L25 OA S4475 composite Spindle speed, feed rate, Thrust force, torque,
drill diameter delamination
Jeet et al. (2019b) BBD Al alloy Point angle, rotational MRR, Ra, DD RSM, TOPSIS, GA, SA
speed, feed
Kumar et al. (2019a, L27 OA Al MMC Drill speed, feed rate, Thrust force, CE, Ra
b, c) drill diameter, % of
reinforcement
Rajmohan (2019) L27 OA CFRP Spindle speed, feed rate, Thrust force, Ra,
drill diameter, wt% of delamination
fly ash
Juliyana and Prakash L27 OA MMC Feed, speed, drill mate- Thrust force
(2020) rial, % of reinforce-
ment
Kharwar and Verma CCD Multi-wall carbon Drill speed, drill mate- Ra, torque, thrust force PCA
(2020) nanotubes rial, % of carbon
nanotubes
Raj Kumar et al. (2020) L9 OA CFRP Spindle speed, feed rate, Thrust force, OC,
micro-drill diameter, delamination
macro-drill diameter
Barik et al. (2021) L18 OA CFRP Point angle, spindle Thrust force, torque,
speed, feed rate delamination
Bhosale et al. (2021) L18 OA Composite % of clay, speed, feed Thrust force, Ra PCA
rate
Reddy and Rao (2021) L27 OA Al–Mg-Si alloy Spindle speed, feed rate, Thrust force, torque FEA
drill diameter, point
angle, clearance angle
Varghese et al. (2021) L27 OA Coir fiber composite Spindle speed, feed rate, MRR, Ra, Rz, TWR
drill diameter
Fedai et al. (2022) L27 OA GFRP Cutting speed, feed rate, Thrust forces, delami-
% of reinforcement nation
Ramanathan et al. CCD GFRP Feed rate, cutting speed, MRR, Ra, oversize,
(2022) point angle delamination factor
13

Rubi et al. (2022a) L27 OA LM6/B4C composite Spindle speed, feed rate, Ra, thrust force, burr
drill material, rein- height
forcement percentage
Rubi et al. (2022b) L27 OA LM6/fly ash composite Spindle speed, feed rate, Thrust force, Ra, burr
drill material, % of height
reinforcement
conductive materials. In Table 4, the applications of GRA as feed rate = 1 mm/min, electrolyte concentration = 30 g/l,
technique for optimization of ECM processes are presented. applied voltage = 12 V, and reinforcement content = 5% for
Chakraborty et al. (2018) combined GRA with fuzzy logic to enhanced performance of an ECM process. To examine the
determine the optimal intermix of different input parameters effects of feed rate, voltage, and electrolyte concentration,
Table 4 Applications of GRA for optimization of ECM processes
Chakradhar and Venu Gopal L9 OA EN-31 Feed rate, voltage, electrolyte MRR, Ra, OC, CE
(2011) concentration
Venu Gopal and Chakradhar L9 OA EN-31 Electrolyte concentration, MRR, OC, CE
(2012) feed rate, voltage
Tang and Yang (2013) L9 OA SS Voltage, feed rate, electrolyte MRR, Ra, side gap
pressure, electrolyte type,
electrolyte concentration
Thanigaivelam and Arunacha- L27 OA AISI 304 Tool tip shape, voltage, Machining rate, Ra
lam (2013) pulse-on time, electrolyte
concentration
Das et al. (2014) L27 OA EN-31 Electrolyte concentration, MRR, Ra, Rq, Rsk, Rku,
voltage, feed rate, inter- Rsm
electrode gap
Dharmalingam et al. (2014) L27 OA MMC Voltage, electrolyte concen- MRR, OC
tration, frequency
Manikandan et al. (2015) L9 OA Ti-6Al-4 V Feed rate, electrolyte flow MRR, OC
rate, concentration of
electrolyte
Singh et al. (2015a, b) L9 OA Inconel 825 Voltage, electrolyte concen- MRR, Ra, ROC
tration, feed rate
Unare and Attar (2016) L9 OA Al 7075 Voltage, electrolyte concen- MRR, Ra
tration, feed rate
Manikandan et al. (2017) L27 OA Inconel 625 Feed rate, electrolyte MRR, Ra, OC, CE, PE
discharge rate, electrolyte
concentration
Chakraborty et al. (2018) L27 OA LM6 composite Applied voltage, electrode MRR, Ra, ROC Fuzzy logic
feed rate, electrolyte con-
centration, % of reinforce-
ment
Madhankumar et al. (2018) L9 OA Inconel 625 Voltage, electrolyte concen- MRR, Ra, OC
tration, feed rate
Saravanan et al. (2021) L27 OA Copper Electrolyte concentration, Machining rate, OC Entropy method,
machining voltage, duty TOPSIS,
cycle, electrolyte tempera- VIKOR
ture
Aravind and Hiremath (2022) L27 OA Copper Voltage, electrolyte concen- MRR, CE, OC, taper angle
tration, duty factor
Selvan et al. (2022) L9 OA Inconel 718 Voltage, current, electrolyte Ra, MRR
concentration
13

Madhankumar et al. (2018) conducted nine ECM experi- Ra as 0.238, 0.134, and 0.628 respectively, which were later
ments on Inconel 625 material and determined the optimal employed to solve the parametric optimization problem of an
combination of different input parameters employing GRA EDM process using GRA and TOPSIS methods. An optimal
technique. Using an L18 OA-based experimental data, Sara- combination of EDM parameters as current = 6 A, pulse-on
vanan et al. (2021) first applied entropy method to estimate time = 100 µs, and aluminum powder concentration = 2 g/l
the relative importance of machining rate and OC as 0.49872 was derived based on GRA, whereas, TOPSIS determined
and 0.50128 respectively, and subsequently optimized an the optimal parametric combination as current = 6A,
ECM process using GRA, TOPSIS, and VIKOR methods. It pulse-on time = 200 µs, and aluminum powder concentra-
was concluded that all the adopted MCDM techniques would tion = 2 g/l. Using GRA technique, Srinivasan et al. (2022)
result in the same combination of the ECM parameters as optimized pulse-on time, pulse-off time, current, gap volt-
electrolyte concentration = 28 g/l, machining voltage = 11 V, age, and pressure of the dielectric while performing EDM
duty cycle = 85%, and electrolyte temperature = 37 °C for operation of adsorbed S i3N4-TiN work material. The influ-
attaining better values of machining rate and OC. Aravind ences of those process parameters on various responses, like
and Hiremath (2022) investigated the effects of electrolyte Ra, ROC, MRR, TWR, CE, CYL, and taper angle, were also
concentration, applied voltage, and duty factor on MRR, CE, examined, and GRA along with TOPSIS was later adopted
OC, and taper angle during micro-hole generation in copper as an MCDM tool to determine the ideal parametric setting.
plates. The GRA technique was later utilized to optimize the Finally, the application of TLBO algorithm was proposed
said ECM operation. resulting in global optimization of the said process.
EDM Process
The EDM is the most popular and industrially accepted non- WEDM
conventional machining process in which material removal
initiates from conductive materials due to erosive action of The material removal mechanism of WEDM process
a series of repeated electrical sparks between the tool and is almost similar to that of EDM. In WEDM process, an
workpiece, with the help of a dielectric medium. Both the extremely thin metallic wire (10–30 μm) is made to follow
tool and workpiece are attached to a DC pulse generator. a precisely programmed path, allowing the work material
These electrical sparks produce intense heat, which melts to cut due to the heat generated from electrical sparks. This
and vaporizes the work material, and the debris is washed wire is surrounded by a dielectric medium, which cools
away from the machining zone by the flushing action of the the machining zone as well as rinses out the debris. It is
dielectric fluid. Table 5 enlists those research works leading extremely suitable to generate complex shape profiles in
to optimization of EDM processes employing GRA tech- many of the hard-to-cut materials. The applications of GRA
nique. Considering pulse-on time, gap voltage, and peak technique for optimizing WEDM processes are depicted in
current as the input parameters, and MRR, TWR, Ra, and Table 6. Kumar et al. (2019b) developed an ANFIS model
taper angle as the responses, Nikam et al. (2018) optimized to investigate the influences of different WEDM parameters,
a reverse EDM process using GRA, WSM, and WPM meth- like pulse-off time, pulse-on time, peak current, taper angle,
ods. It was noticed that there had been exact congruence and dielectric flow rate on MRR and Ra during machining of
between the optimal parametric settings derived using GRA Ti-6Al-4 V alloy. The process was subsequently optimized
and WPM. Pandey and Gautam (2018) proposed a hybrid using GRA technique showing considerable improvements
approach integrating GRA and GA for multi-objective opti- in all the response values. Bose and Nandi (2020) proposed
mization of an EDM process, treating pulse-off time, pulse- a new optimization technique in the form of desirable GRA
on time, discharge current, and dielectric pressure as the (DGRA) to search out the optimal parametric intermix of a
input parameters, and CE, taper, and delamination as the WEDM process as pulse duration = 4 µs and peak current = 3
responses. The optimal settings of the EDM parameters as A. It was noticed that the Ra value would improve by 7.29%
pulse-off time = 5.92 µs, pulse-on time = 8 µs, discharge cur- in DGRA as compared to 2.78% when only DFA was con-
rent = 10 A, and dielectric pressure = 80 Bar would achieve sidered. Mohite et al. (2022) attempted to optimize a WEDM
excellent improvements in all the response values. Using process using GRA and observed an increment of 18.37% in
Taguchi’s OA-based design plan, 27 EDM experiments were the computed GRG value at the derived optimal parametric
performed on Hastealloy C276 by Manikandan et al. (2020). combination. A hybrid GRA-TOPSIS approach along with
The GRC values were considered the inputs to a developed entropy method was presented by Abhilash and Chakradhar
ANN model, and the corresponding ANN-GRG values were (2022) for optimization of a WEDM process. It was revealed
predicted with high accuracy level. Kazia et al. (2021) first that the proposed approach would lead to better optimization
applied fuzzy AHP to estimate weights of MRR, TWR, and performance as compared to standalone TOPSIS method.
13

Table 5 GRA-based optimization of EDM processes

Lin and Lin (2002) L18 OA SKD11 steel Workpiece polarity, pulse- Electrode wear ratio,
on time, duty factor, MRR, Ra
open discharge voltage,
discharge current,
dielectric fluid
Lin et al. (2002) L9 OA SKD11 steel Pulse-on time, duty factor, MRR, electrode wear Fuzzy logic
discharge current ratio, Ra
Singh et al. (2004) L27 OA Al MMC Current, pulse-on time, MRR, TWR, taper, ROC,
flushing pressure Ra
Lin and Lee (2009) L18 OA SKD 61 steel Machining polarity, peak MRR, Ra, TWR
current, auxiliary cur-
rent with high voltage,
pulse duration, no-load
voltage, servo reference
voltage
Panda (2010) BBD D2 steel Current, pulse duration Ra, MRR, HAZ, MH ANN
Singh (2012) L18 OA Al MMC Pulse current, pulse-on MRR, TWR, Ra
time, duty cycle, gap
voltage, tool lift time
Mohanty et al. (2014) L9 OA Inconel 825 Peak current, duty factor, MRR, TWR, ROC, SCD
pulse-on duration
Muthuramalingam and L27 OA AISI 202 Voltage, current, duty fac- MRR, Ra, TWR
Mohan (2014) tor, type of the tool
Kolahana and L36 OA AISI 2312 Peak current, voltage, MRR, TWR, Ra
Moghaddam (2015) pulse-on time, pulse-off
time, duty factor
Murugan and Rajasekaran L18 OA AISI 1040 Gap voltage, capacitance, MRR, Ra
(2015) feed, threshold
Selvarajan et al. (2015) L18 OA Composite Current, pulse-on time, MRR, TWR, CE, CYL,
pulse-off time, spark PE
gap, dielectric pressure
Raj and Kumar (2015) L27 OA EN-45 Peak current, pulse-on Ra, OC
time, pulse-off time,
voltage
Singh et al. (2015a, b) L27 OA SS 304 Pulse-on time, pulse-off MRR, TWR
time, discharge current,
voltage
Yadav and Yadava (2015) L9 OA Ni alloy Tool rotation, gap current, MRR, Ra, CE PCA
pulse-on time, duty
factor
Guo et al. (2016) L16 OA Ceramic Peak current, pulse dura- MRR, TWR, taper
tion, duty cycle, flushing
pressure
Selvarajan et al. (2016) L18 OA Ceramic composite Current, pulse-on time, MRR, TWR, CE, PE,
pulse-off time, flushing CYL
pressure
Tripathy and Tripathy L27 OA H-11 die steel Concentration of chro- MRR, TWR, TWR, Ra TOPSIS
(2016) mium powder, peak cur-
rent, pulse-on time, duty
cycle, gap voltage
Saravanan et al. (2017) L9 OA Inconel X750 Gap voltage, pulse-on MRR, OC
peak current
Talla et al. (2017) CCD MS Peak current, pulse-on MRR, Ra, CE, taper RSM, PCA
time, flushing pressure
13

Tripathy and Tripathy L27 OA H-11 die steel Powder concentration, MRR, Ra, MH, recast
(2017) peak current, pulse-on layer thickness
time, duty cycle, gap
voltage
Aravindan et al. (2018) L9 OA SS 316 Current, pulse-on time, MRR, Ra, TWR
pulse-off time
Chauhan et al. (2018) L9 OA SS-304 Current, pulse-on time, MRR, TWR
pulse-off time, flushing
pressure
Muttamara and Phimool- L18 OA Ti-6Al-4 V Electrode material, cur- MRR, TWR, Ra
chat (2018) rent, pulse-on time, duty
factor, voltage
Nikam et al. (2018) L9 OA AISI D2 steel Pulse-on time, gap volt- MRR, TWR, Ra, taper WSM, WPM
age, pulse current angle
Pandey and Gautam L18 OA Nimonic-90 Pulse-on time, pulse-off CE, delamination, taper GA
(2018) time, dielectric pressure,
discharge current
Singh (2018) L16 OA D2 steel Pulse-on time, discharge MRR, TWR, Ra
current, tool material,
grit size
Moharana and Patro L27 OA EN-8 Discharge current, spark- MRR, TWR, Ra
(2019) on time, spark-off time,
flushing pressure
Tharian et al. (2019) L9 OA Al 7075 Current, pulse-on time, MRR, Ra
pulse-off time, feed rate
Antil et al. (2020) L9 OA Ti-6Al-4 V Voltage, current, pulse-on MRR, Ra
time, pulse-off time
Bhosle and Dabade CCD Inconel 600 Voltage, duty ratio, sen- MRR, TWR, OC
(2020) sitivity
Kumar and Yadav (2020) L27 OA Ti-6Al-4 V Pulse current, pulse-on MRR, TWR PCA
time, pulse-off time, tool
rotation
Manikandan et al. (2020) L27 OA Hastealloy C276 Current, pulse-on time, MRR, Ra, OC, CE, PE ANN
pulse-off time
Rajiv (2020) L18 OA Tungsten carbide Pulse-on time, pulse-off MRR, MH, Ra
time, current
Srinivas et al. (2020) L9 OA Duplex steel Peak current, pulse-on MRR, TWR, Ra ANN
voltage
Verma et al. (2020a, b) L27 OA Ceramic Current, sparking gap MRR, OC, TWR
voltage, additive per-
centage, duty factor, on
time, rotation speed of
dielectric
Bhaumik and Maity L27 OA Ti alloy Gap voltage, duty cycle, MRR, TWR, Ra, ROC RSM
(2021) pulse-on, peak current
Bhaumik et al. (2021) CCD Ti alloy Gap voltage, peak current, MRR, Ra, ROC, TWR RSM, TOPSIS
pulse-on time, duty
cycle
Gopal et al. (2021) L27 OA Ti-6Al-4 V Equal channel angular Tool erosion rate, work PCA
pressing gap, current erosion rate, Ra
intensity, spark presence
time, spark absence time
Kazia et al. (2021) CCD AISI D2 steel Current, pulse-on time, MRR, TWR, Ra Fuzzy AHP, TOPSIS,
aluminum powder con- RSM
centration
13

Kumar et al. (2021a, b) L9 OA Inconel 716 Peak current, pulse-on MRR, Ra, TWR
time, pulse-off time
Perumal et al. (2021) L27 OA Ti alloy Discharge current, spark MRR, TWR, OC
on time, tool diameter
Sharma et al. (2021a, b) L16 OA Fe 450/12 Peak current, pulse-on MRR, OC Fuzzy logic
time, inter-electrode gap
Singh and Singh (2021) L18 OA Nimonic 75 Tool material, gap current, MRR, TWR, Ra
discharge voltage, pulse-
on time, pulse-off time,
tool lift time
Singh et al. (2021) L16 OA Copper Capacitance, voltage, feed Machining time, TWR
rate
Surekha et al. (2021) CCD EN-19 Peak current, Pulse-on MRR, TWR RSM, fuzzy logic
time, gap voltage, pow-
der concentration
Phate et al. (2022) L18 OA Al MMC Pulse-on time, pulse-off MRR, TWR, Ra
time, % of boron car-
bide, current
Patnaik et al. (2022) L9 OA Inconel 718 Voltage, pulse-on time, MRR, TWR, Ra TOPSIS, PSI
peak current
Shantharaman et al. L9 OA Al nano-composite Current, pulse-on time, MRR, Ra
(2022) pulse-off time
Singh et al. (2022a, b) CCD Super duplex SS Current, pulse-on time, MRR, OC, taper angle PCA, ANFIS
pulse-off time
Singh et al. (2022a, b) L9 OA Ti-6Al-4 V Pulse-on time, pulse-off MRR, Ra
time, peak current, tool
diameter
Somasundaram and L16 OA Mg alloy Pulse-on time, pulse-off Ra, MRR, TWR, OC, TOPSIS
Kumar (2022) time, discharge current, taper cut, CE, CYL
electrode material
Srinivasan et al. (2022) L16 OA Si3N4-TiN Pulse current, pulse-on MRR, TWR, Ra, ROC, TOPSIS, TBLO
time, pulse-off time, taper angle, CE, CYL
dielectric pressure, spark
gap voltage
LBM Process 2.75% respectively. Hema et al. (2020) endeavored to explore the
influences of cutting speed, laser power, and gas pressure on MRR
In LBM process, a laser beam (CO2, excimer, or Nd:YAG) is and KW during LBM operation on copper plate. It was noticed
focused on a conductive or non-conductive work material using a that the application of Taguchi-GRA technique would derive an
lens to provide high energy density resulting in melting and vapori- optimal intermix of LBM parameters as cutting speed = 1.4 m/min,
zation of the material due to irradiation. Table 7 shows the research laser power = 3500 W, and assist gas pressure = 2 Bar resulting
works conducted to optimize LBM processes through GRA tech- in achievement of the maximum GRG value. Using GRA tech-
nique. Employing a BBD-based experimental design plan, Joshi nique, Mishra et al. (2022) optimized pulse width, cutting speed,
and Sharma (2018a) conducted 27 experiments and proposed a lamp current, and gas pressure to have improved values of three
novel approach hybridizing GRA and fuzzy logic to optimize the responses, i.e., HAZ, MRR, and taper.
LBM of Al6061-T6 thin metal sheet. It was unveiled that the appli-
cation of the proposed approach would result in reduction of kerf
taper and HAZ by 2.52% and 42.32% respectively. While perform- Discussions
ing laser micro-grooving operation on hydroxyapetite bioceram-
ics, Roy et al. (2019) adopted GRA to select the optimal LBM This review paper analyzes 227 published research articles
parameters as lamp current = 24 A, assist gas pressure = 0.6 kg/ on applications of GRA technique for optimizing the perfor-
cm2, pulse frequency = 4 kHz, and cutting speed = 4 mm/s, result- mance of turning, milling, drilling, ECM, EDM, WEDM,
ing in improvements of OC and groove depth by 16.47% and and LBM processes. As revealed from Fig. 2, GRA has been
13

Table 6 GRA-based optimization of WEDM processes

Chiang and Chang L18 OA Al 6061 Cutting radius, on time, Rmax, surface removal
(2006) off time, arc on time, rate
arc off time, servo
voltage, wire feed,
water flow
Gauri and Chakraborty L18 OA, L27 OA D2 tool steel, Al 6061 Cutting radius of SR, cutting removal MRSN, WSN, VIKOR
(2010) workpiece, on time rate, MRR, KW
of discharging, off
time of discharg-
ing, arc on time of
discharging, arc off
time of discharging,
servo voltage, wire
feed, discharge cur-
rent, pulse duration,
pulse frequency, wire
speed, wire tension,
dielectric flow rate
Jangra et al. (2012) L18 OA Composite Taper angle, peak cur- MRR, Ra, AE, ROC Entropy method
rent, pulse-on time,
pulse-off time, wire
tension, dielectric
flow rate
Azhiri et al. (2014) L27 OA Al MMC Pulse-on time, pulse- Cutting velocity, Ra ANFIS
off time, gap voltage,
discharge current,
wire tension, wire
feed
Bobbili et al. (2015) L18 OA Al alloy Pulse-on time, pulse- MRR, Ra, gap current RSM
off time, peak cur-
rent, spark voltage
Kumar et al. (2015) L27 OA Al MMC Peak current, pulse-on Ra, KW
time, wire feed rate,
% of reinforcement
Saha and Mondal L25 OA Hardfacing material Pulse-on time, pulse- MRR, Ra, machining
(2016) off time, servo time
voltage, wire tension,
wire feed rate
Al-Shafaie (2018) L27 OA Al MMC Discharge current, volt- WLT, SCD
age, pulse-on time,
pulse-off time
Gopal et al. (2018) L27 OA Mg MMC Pulse-on time, pulse off MRR, Ra
time, % and size of
the reinforcement
Ishfaq et al. (2018) L16 OA SS 304 Voltage, drum speed, Ra, cutting speed, KW
current, nozzle offset
distance
Kumar et al. (2018) L18 OA HSS M2 steel Pulse-on time, pulse- MRR, Ra, KW
off time, peak cur-
rent, wire feed
Pujara et al. (2018) L9 OA LM6 Al alloy Pulse-on/off time, peak MRR, KW RSM
current, wire feed
rate
Soni et al. (2018) L9 OA Nitinol Pulse-on time, pulse- MRR, Ra PCA
off time, servo
voltage
13

Thankachan et al. L27 OA Cu-boron nitride Pulse-on time, pulse- MRR, Ra

(2018) composite off time, wire feed
rate, % of reinforce-
ments
Deshmukh et al. (2019) L9 OA AISI 4140 Pulse-on time, pulse- Ra, KW
off time, servo volt-
age, wire feed
Kavimani et al. (2019) L27 OA Mg-MMC Pulse-on time, pulse- MRR, Ra
off time, wire feed
rate
Kumar et al. (2019a) L18 OA Ti-6Al-4 V Peak current, taper Ra, MRR ANFIS
angle, pulse-on time,
pulse-off time, dielec-
tric fluid flow rate
Kumar et al. (2019b) L18 OA Ti-6Al-4 V Peak current, taper MRR, Ra ANFIS
angle, pulse-on time,
pulse-off time, dielec-
tric flow rate
Kumar et al. (2019c) L18 OA Ti-6Al-4 V Taper angle, peak MRR, Ra ANFIS
current, pulse-on
dielectric flow rate
Satsangi and Goyal L9 OA Al alloy Voltage, capacitance, MRR, Ra
(2019) wire feed rate
Bose and Nandi (2020) L16 OA Ti composite Peak current, pulse Ra DFA
duration
Chaudhari et al. (2020) CCD Ti Pulse-on time, dis- MRR, Ra RSM
charge current, pulse-
off time
Padhi and Tripathy L27 OA EN-31 Pulse-on time, pulse- Cutting rate, Ra, DD
(2020) off time, wire feed,
wire tension, spark
gap set voltage, servo
feed
Verma et al. (2020a, b) L9 OA EN-31 Pulse-on time, wire MRR, Ra, taper
tension, wire feed
rate, taper angle
Ishfaq et al. (2019) L18 OA Stainless clad steel Workpiece orienta- Ra
tion, stainless steel
layer thickness, mild
steel layer thickness,
wire diameter, servo
voltage, wire feed,
pressure ratio, pulse-
on time
Raza et al. (2021) CCD Composite Pulse duration, wire Cutting speed, Ra, KW
feed rate, wire runoff
speed, wire tension
Tata et al. (2021) L9 OA Inconel 625 Pulse-on time, pulse- MRR, Ra
off time, supply
voltage
Abhilash and Chakrad- L18 OA Inconel 718 Pulse-on time, pulse- Cutting speed, Ra, TOPSIS, entropy method
har (2022) off time, servo flatness
voltage, wire feed
rate, type of the wire
electrode
13

Juliyana et al. (2022) L27 OA Al MMC Gap voltage, wire MRR, Ra, KW
feed, pulse-on time,
pulse-off time, % of
reinforcement
Karatas (2022) L9 OA Inconel 718 Gap voltage, wire MRR, Ra, cutting
feed rate, dielectric speed, KW, wire
pressure wear rate
Mohite et al. (2022) L9 OA Nitronic-30 Pulse-on time, pulse- MRR, Ra Entropy method
off time, peak current
Paulson et al. (2022) L18 OA Ti-6Al-4 V Pulse-on time, peak Ra, MRR
current, pulse-off
time
Priyadarshini et al. L16 OA AISI P20 steel Wire speed, wire ten- KW, Ra, cutting speed
(2022) sion, discharge cur-
rent, pulse-on time,
flushing pressure
Udaya Prakash et al. L27 OA Al-MMC Gap voltage, pulse-on MRR, Ra
(2022) time, pulse-off time,
% of reinforcement,
wire feed rate
maximally employed to optimize EDM (22.5%) and turning where the OA-based experimental data has been treated as
(20.3%) processes along with determination of their opti- the initial decision matrix for GRA technique. The experi-
mal parametric intermixes leading to fulfillment of the target mental observations would become the alternatives and
response values. Its immense popularity in mainly optimiz- the measured responses would be the evaluation criteria.
ing turning and EDM processes may be attributed to their The experimental data is then normalized (pre-processed)
capability to create complex shape geometrics on various between 0 and 1, and the corresponding GRG values are
hard-to-cut work materials (like high carbon steels, MMCs, subsequently computed for all the trials to single out the
aluminum and titanium alloys, Inconel, composites, etc.) optimal settings of the input parameters. The optimal com-
having many real-time applications in the present-day auto- bination of process parameters should possess the maximum
mobile, aviation, medical, tool, and die making industries. GRG value. The Taguchi-GRA technique would thus act
It can be noticed that GRA has mostly been integrated as a multi-objective optimization tool effectively dealing
with Taguchi’s OAs (88.16%) followed by CCD (7.89%) and with the conflicting responses during real-time machining
BBD (3.95%) plans while exploring the influences of differ- experiments. It would also aid in investigating the interac-
ent input parameters on the responses and identifying the tion effects between the machining parameters. On the other
optimal parametric combinations of the considered machin- hand, CCD or BBD-based experimental plans along with
ing processes. Again, among different types of OA employed GRA would help in developing the corresponding linear or
by the past researchers, L27 OA has emerged out as the most non-linear metamodels interlinking the input parameters
popular choice due to its capability to consider all the pos- with the responses. These metamodels can subsequently be
sible combinations for three-factor-three-level machining solved using any of the metaheuristic-based optimization
experiments. For L27 OA, the derived optimal intermix of techniques to have the best settings of different machining
the input parameters would be the one among the conducted parameters.
trials, relieving the machinist to perform any confirmatory Although it can be unveiled from the mathematical for-
experiment. Although Taguchi methodology has several mulations of GRA that the relative importance (weights)
advantages, like easy to understand and implement using allocated to different criteria (responses) has no significant
user-friendly software, capability of quality improvement role (all the responses are assumed to have equal importance),
through identification of the key input parameters signifi- some of the past researchers have considered criteria weights
cantly influencing the product quality characteristic with less to determine the corresponding GRG values for ranking
number of experiments, etc., it is basically a single-objective of the alternative experimental trials. It would always be a
optimization tool considering only the main effects of the wise decision to allocate dissimilar weights to those criteria
input parameters. Thus, to overcome this problem, GRA depending on their contributive roles in meeting the end prod-
has been effectively integrated with Taguchi methodology, uct’s requirements. In this direction, the past researchers have
13

Table 7 Applications of GRA for optimization of LBM processes

Çaydaş and Hasçalık (2008) L16 OA ST-37 steel Power, cutting speed Ra, KW, HAZ
Dubey and Yadava (2008) CCD Silicon-alloy steel Gas pressure, pulse width, MRR, KW
pulse frequency, cutting
speed
Rao and Yadava (2009) L27 OA SUPERNI 718 Oxygen pressure, pulse width, Kerf taper, KW, kerf deviation Entropy method
speed
Chen et al. (2011) L9 OA PMMA Assisted gas flow rate, laser Ra, optical transmittance ratio
repetition frequency, cut-
ting speed, laser defocused
position
Panda et al. (2011) L25 OA Carbon steel Pulse width, number of Diameter, MRR, HAZ
pulses, assist gas pressure,
assist gas flow rate
Sharma and Yadava (2011) L9 OA SUPERNI 718 Oxygen pressure, pulse width, Kerf taper, Ra Entropy method
speed
Kuar et al. (2012) L25 OA Ceramic Lamp current, pulse fre- Taper angle, HAZ
quency, air pressure, pulse
width
Sharma and Yadava (2012) L9 OA Al alloy Oxygen pressure, pulse width, Kerf taper, Ra RSM
speed
Kibria et al. (2013) L9 OA Ceramic Average power, pulse fre- Ra, depth deviation RSM
quency, workpiece rotational
speed, Y feed rate
Acherjee et al. (2014) L16 OA PMMA Lamp current, pulse fre- Channel depth, burr height,
quency, pulse width, cutting burr width
speed
Madić et al. (2014) L27 OA AISI 304 Laser power, cutting speed, Depth of separation line, drag
assist gas pressure, focus line separation, burr height
position
Adalarasan et al. (2015) L18 OA Al MMC Laser beam power, cutting Ra, KW, cut edge slope
velocity, gas pressure, pulse
frequency
Joshi and Sharma (2018a) BBD Al alloy Lamp current, pulse width, Kerf taper, HAZ, KW Fuzzy logic
speed
Joshi and Sharma (2018b) BBD Inconel 718 Lamp current, pulse width, Kerf deviations, kerf taper Fuzzy logic
speed
Karthikeyan et al. (2018) BBD MS Power, speed, gas pressure KW, kerf ratio
Panda et al. (2018) L16 OA Bio-ceramics Pulse frequency, pulse width, UWD, LWD, depth deviation
diode current, gas pressure
Reddy et al. (2018) L27 OA Hastelloy C276 Pulse intensity, scanning Milling depth, Ra
speed, pulse duration, pulse
frequency
Gautam and Mishra (2019) BBD Composite Lamp current, pulse width, KW, kerf deviation, kerf taper
pulse frequency, air pres-
sure, cutting speed
Parthiban et al. (2019) BBD AISI 316 L Beam power, cutting speed, Bottom KW, top KW
gas pressure
Roy et al. (2019) L16 OA Bio-ceramics Lamp current, pulse fre- OC, groove depth
quency, assist air pressure,
cutting speed
Hema et al. (2020) L27 OA Copper Power, cutting speed, gas MRR, KW
pressure
13

Panda et al. (2021) CCD Ti alloy Scan strategy, current, gas LWD, UWD, W-RCL
pressure, scanning speed
Reddy et al. (2021) L9 OA AISI 303 Flushing pressure, laser Ra, HAZ
power, pulse frequency
Mishra et al. (2022) L25 OA Composite Lamp current, cutting speed, HAZ, taper, MRR
pulse width, gas presure
independent variables, helping in understanding the roles of

those parameters on GRG values under uncertain manufactur-
ing environment. It has been hybridized with fuzzy set theory
(3) to assign relative criteria weights in vague and ambiguous
situations. The ANNs (6) have also been adopted as predictive
tools to validate the results derived based on GRA applica-
tions. Table 8 shows the implementations of different mathe-
matical tools combined or compared with GRA for machining
processes optimization.
Table 9 shows the journal-wise distribution of GRA
papers, which reveals that among 227 articles reviewed,
64 journals have only one publication on GRA. “Materials
Today: Proceedings” with 33 publications on GRA has been
emerged out as the most popular journal, followed by “Mate-
rials and Manufacturing Processes,” “International Journal
of Advanced Manufacturing Technology,” and “Measure-
ment” with 15, 12, and 11 publications respectively.
Table 10 provides the distribution of GRA papers by
Fig. 2 GRA applications to different machining processes
authors’ nationality. It can be noticed that 663 authors with
varying nationalities have contributed to 227 publications
adopted AHP (1) as the subjective, and PCA (21), entropy on GRA during 2002–2022, and 28 different countries have
(6), and CRITIC (1) as the objective methods for assigning participated in GRA publications on optimization of the
weights to the considered responses. The number of crite- considered machining processes. India with 514 authors
ria weight measurement techniques used along with GRA is (77.53%) has the maximum publications on GRA, followed
shown in the parenthesis. To verify accuracy of the ranking by China (5.88%) and Taiwan (3.62%). There are seven dif-
results of GRA, its performance has also been contrasted ferent countries published only one paper on GRA. With
with many other MCDM tools, like TOPSIS (14), DFA (3), respect to continent-wise publication, Asia, Europe, Africa,
VIKOR (2), WSM (1), WPM (1), MOORA (1), and COPRAS and North America have contributed respectively 617, 39, 5,
(1). It is interestingly noted that GRA has performed equally and 2 publications on GRA. Interestingly, there have been no
well with those MCDM tools with respect to positions of the publications from South America and Australia.
best and worst experimental trials in the ranking lists. There The institution-wise publication of GRA papers is depicted
have been minor deviations in the intermediate rankings of the in Fig. 3. In this figure, the institutions or universities hav-
alternative trials which may be attributed to the differences ing only one publication on GRA are not considered. It can
in the mathematical formulations of those MCDM methods. be unveiled that National Institutes of Technology, India with
The RSM technique (16) has also been applied along with 20 publications have excelled over the other institutions with
GRA to develop the corresponding polynomial equations respect to GRA applications on machining processes optimiza-
to investigate influences of various machining parameters tion. In this figure, Amity University, India and Noorul Islam
on the responses. Some of the researchers have solved those Centre for Higher Education, India occupy the second and
equations using GA (3), MOGA (1), SA (1), PSO (2), and third positions respectively with respect to GRA publications.
NSGA-III (1) while optimizing the considered processes. It would help in identifying those institutions excelling in GRA
The GRA has been integrated with fuzzy logic and ANFIS applications to help an interested researcher/reader in seeking
(15) to frame simple “If–Then” rules treating GRG value assistance with respect to GRA computations and its future
as the dependent variable and machining parameters as the application directions.
13

Table 8 Other mathematical Technique Number Technique Number Technique Number

tools combined or compared
with GRA PCA 21 RSM 16 Fuzzy logic and 15
ANFIS
TOPSIS 14 Entropy method 6 ANN 6
Fuzzy set theory 3 GA 3 DFA 3
VIKOR 2 PSO 2 FEA 1
AHP 1 SA 1 MOGA 1
WSM 1 WPM 1 MRSN 1
WSN 1 CRITIC 1 COPRAS 1
TLBO 1 PSI 1 NSGA 1
MOORA 1
Table 9 Journal-wise Name of the journal No. of papers

distribution of GRA papers
Materials Today: Proceedings 33
Materials and Manufacturing Processes 15
International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 12
Measurement 11
Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering 6
Optics & Laser Technology 5
International Journal of Applied Engineering Research 5
Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal 4
Journal of Materials Processing Technology 4
International Journal of Industrial Engineering Computations 4
Process Integration and Optimization for Sustainability 4
Materials 4
Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering 4
International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology 4
Advances in Materials and Processing Technologies 3
Journal of Cleaner Production 3
Tehnički Vjesnik 3
FME Transactions 3
Precision Engineering 3
Indian Journal of Engineering and Materials Sciences 3
Sadhana 2
Proceedia Materials Science 2
Grey Systems: Theory and Application 2
International Journal of Engineering and Technology 2
Advances in Mechanical Engineering 2
Material Testing 2
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology 2
Proc IMechE Part C: J Mechanical Engineering Science 2
Proc IMechE Part B: J Engineering Manufacture 2
Journal of Mechanical Engineering 2
SN Applied Sciences 2
International Journal of Machining and Machinability of Materials 2
Journal of Ceramic Processing Research 2
Multidiscipline Modeling in Materials and Structures 2
International Journal of Interactive Design and Manufacturing 2
Others 64
13

Table 10 Distribution of GRA papers by authors’ nationality globe. As mentioned earlier, India has the highest number of
Country No. of papers Country No. of papers
publications on GRA applications for machining processes
optimization. India has also the maximum number of col-
India 514 China 39 laborative research works with other countries, followed by
Taiwan 24 Indonesia 9 China and USA. It would help the researchers in the area
Poland 7 Turkey 10 of decision-making to interact among themselves crossing
Vietnam 6 Pakistan 5 the borders, and boost the underrepresented countries while
Bangladesh 11 Iran 4 taking support from those which have already been excelled
UK 4 Serbia 3 in GRA applications.
Croatia 3 Morocco 3
USA 2 Bosnia and Herzegovina 2
Spain 2 Saudi Arabia 2 Future Research Directions
Thailand 2 Hong Kong 2
Slovenia 2 Iraq 1 It can be noticed that the existent literature is flooded
Malaysia 1 Portugal 1 with applications of GRA technique for parametric opti-
Ethiopia 1 Taipei 1 mization of many of the widely industrially accepted
Uganda 1 Czech Republic 1 machining processes. Besides optimizing those processes,
it has also been deployed along with other MCDM tools/
metaheuristic algorithms mainly for comparing and vali-
Figure 4 exhibits how GRA has been considered in the dating the derived ranking results. This comprehensive
reviewed articles along with other relevant keywords. From review of GRA applications in the selected machining
this figure, it can be noticed that GRA has mainly been used processes identifies the following future research direc-
with keywords, like “Optimization,” “Taguchi,” “ANOVA,” tions as highlighted below:
“Machining,” “MRR,” “TWR,” “EDM,” etc. With respect
to machining operations, it has been closely linked with a) In all the GRA applications, the value of the distin-
“MRR,” “WEDM,” “RSM,” “Surface roughness,” etc. In guishing coefficient (ζ) which has an important role in
some of the research articles, “AHP” and “Data envelop- expanding or compressing the range of GRC values has
ment analysis” have also been coupled with GRA. Other been considered 0.50. The effects of varying values of
keywords, like “Incomplete weight information,” “Multi- ζ on the derived optimal parametric combinations of
attribute decision making,” “Intuitionistic fuzzy numbers,” the machining processes under consideration need to be
“MCDM,” “TOPSIS,” “Fuzzy AHP,” “Supplier selection,” investigated through sensitivity analysis study.
etc., are also interlinked with GRA technique. b) Although entropy method and PCA have mainly been
Figure 5 depicts how collaborative research works on integrated with GRA for criteria weight measurement,
GRA have been carried out across different countries in the applications of other objective methods, like standard
Fig. 3 Institution-wise publica-
tion of GRA papers
13

Fig. 4 Use of other keywords

along with GRA
Fig. 5 Collaborative works on
MOORA applications
deviation, CRITIC, method based on the removal effects multi-objective optimization tool may also be investi-
of criteria (MEREC), etc., are highly encouraged. gated for other fabrication and machining processes, like
c) The ranking results derived using GRA may be com- welding, casting, ultrasonic machining, electrochemi-
pared with other new MCDM tools, like simultaneous cal discharge machining, abrasive jet machining, water
evaluation of criteria and alternatives (SECA), combined jet machining, abrasive water jet machining, plasma arc
compromise solution (CoCoSo), multi-attributive border machining, etc.
approximation area comparison (MABAC), measure- e) Although this paper mainly focuses on GRA applica-
ment alternatives and ranking according to compromise tions in optimizing some of the selected machining pro-
solution (MARCOS), etc. to prove its solution accuracy, cesses, comprehensive reviews of other MCDM tools for
reliability, and robustness. the same purpose are highly demanded.
d) Although this review paper has considered only seven f) Application of GRA under uncertain manufacturing
machining processes, i.e., turning, milling, drilling, environment using fuzzy set, intuitionistic fuzzy set,
ECM, EDM, WEDM, and LBM due to their immense single-valued neutrosophic fuzzy set, hesitant fuzzy
industrial uses, applications of GRA as an effective set, grey numbers, interval rough numbers, etc. may be
13

explored for dynamic analysis of the optimization prob- to obtain more pragmatic results stressing on the relative
lems. importance of different responses.
g) Employment of GRA in group decision-making envi- f) To validate the performance of GRA, the derived rank-
ronment while seeking opinions of different stakehold- ing results are also compared with other MCDM tools,
ers (machinists, process engineers, and end users) with like TOPSIS, DFA, VIKOR, WSM, WPM, MOORA,
respect to criteria importance is highly encouraged. and COPRAS.
h) The GRA-based results may be validated against dif- g) It is unveiled that “Materials Today: Proceedings” is
ferent machine learning techniques, like convolutional the most popular journal, India is the most contributive
neural network, recurrent neural network, random forest, country and National Institutes of Technology, and India
etc. is the most productive educational institutions publish-
i) Development of an ensemble approach integrating GRA ing GRA papers on machining processes optimization.
and other MCDM techniques is demanded. h) “MCDM,” “Taguchi,” “TOPSIS,” “AHP,” “ANOVA,”
j) Design and development of a decision support system “Machining,” “MRR,” “TWR,” “EDM,” “WEDM,”
based on GRA for automated data analysis and optimi- “RSM,” “Surface roughness,” etc. are the other key-
zation of machining processes may be warranted. words closely linked with GRA in the published research
articles.
Conclusions Thus, it can be concluded that GRA, being a simple

multi-objective optimization tool requiring no informa-
This paper provides a comprehensive review of the application with respect to criteria weights, can be effectively
tions of GRA technique in parametric analysis and optimiza- employed for solving parametric optimization problems of
tion of some of the important machining processes (turning, diverse machining processes. This paper would be as a data
milling, drilling, ECM, EDM, WEDM, and LBM) which are repository to assist the decision makers/process engineers
being immensely employed in modern-day manufacturing in exploring the potentiality of GRA technique in solving
industries to machine diverse hard-to-cut advanced engi- high-dimensional MCDM problems with minimum compu-
neering materials for various industrial applications. Here, tational effort, while promoting the future GRA research.
227 research articles are reviewed based on which the fol- Thus, based on the outcomes of this review paper, GRA
lowing conclusions can be framed: applications towards machining processes optimization are
highly recommended leading to sustainable manufactur-
a) Being a mathematically simple and easy to understand ing environment and subsequent ratification of Industry 4.0
MCDM approach, GRA has become a well-accepted concept.
multi-objective optimization tool requiring no informa-
tion about the relative importance (weight) allocated to
Data Availability All data generated or analyzed during this study are
the criteria (responses). included in this published article.
b) Among the considered machining processes, GRA has
found maximum applications for optimization of EDM Declarations
and turning processes due to their ability in generat-
ing intricate shape features on varying materials used Conflict of Interest The authors declare no competing interests.
in automobile, aviation, die making, and medical indus-
tries.
c) To prevail the drawback of Taguchi methodology (sin- References
gle objective optimization tool), its OA (mainly L27) is
selected as the input decision matrix in GRA to identify Abhang LB, Hameedullah M (2012) Determination of optimum param-
eters for multi-performance characteristics in turning by using
the optimal experimental trials leading to simultaneous
grey relational analysis. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 63:13–24
achievement of multiple quality characteristics. Abhilash PM, Chakradhar D (2022) Multi-response optimization of
d) In almost all the machining processes, MRR is con- wire EDM of Inconel 718 using a hybrid entropy weighted
sidered the most important response, followed by Ra, GRA-TOPSIS Method. Process Integration and Optimization
for Sustainability 6:61–72
dimensional deviations, and cutting force (cutting
Acherjee B, Prakash S, Kuar AS, Mitra S (2014) Grey relational anal-
energy). ysis based optimization of underwater Nd:YAG laser micro-
e) Although criteria weights have insignificant roles channeling on PMMA. Procedia Engineering 97:1406–1415
in machining processes optimization, PCA, entropy Adalarasan R, Santhanakumar M, Rajmohan M (2015) Optimization
of laser cutting parameters for Al6061/SiCp/Al2O3 composite
method, and AHP are occasionally integrated with GRA
13

using grey based response surface methodology (GRSM). Bobbili R, Madhu V, Gogia AK (2015) Multi response optimization
Measurement 73:596–606 of wire-EDM process parameters of ballistic grade aluminium
Akhil KT, Shunmugesh K, Aravind S, Pramodkumar M (2017) Opti- alloy. Eng Sci Technol Int J 18:720–726
mization of drilling characteristics using grey relational analy- Bose S, Nandi T (2020) A novel optimization algorithm on surface
sis (GRA) in glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP). Materials roughness of WEDM on titanium hybrid composite. Sadhana
Today: Proceedings 4:1812–1819 45:236
Al-Shafaie SH (2018) Multi-objective optimization to improve Çaydaş U, Hasçalık A (2008) Use of the grey relational analysis to
surface integrity in WEDM of AL/WC metal matrix com- determine optimum laser cutting parameters with multi-perfor-
posites using grey relational analysis. J Eng Appl Sci mance characteristics. Opt Laser Technol 40:987–994
13(24):10173–10181 Chakraborty S, Chakraborty S (2022) A scoping review on the appli-
Anand G, Alagumurthi N, Elansezhian R, Palanikumar K, Ven- cations of MCDM techniques for parametric optimization of
kateshwaran N (2018a) Investigation of drilling parameters machining processes. Arch Comput Methods Eng 29:4165–4186
on hybrid polymer composites using grey relational analysis, Chakraborty S, Das PP, Kumar V (2018) Application of grey-fuzzy
regression, fuzzy logic, and ANN models. J Braz Soc Mech logic technique for parametric optimization of non-traditional
Sci Eng 40:214 machining processes. Grey Syst: Theory and Application
Anand G, Alagumurthi N, Palanikumar L, Venkateshwaran N, 8(1):46–68
Elansezhain R (2018b) Influence of drilling process param- Chakradhar D, Venu Gopal A (2011) Multi-objective optimization
eters on hybrid vinyl ester composite. Mater Manuf Processes of electrochemical machining of EN31 steel by grey relational
33(12):1299–1305 analysis. Int J Model Optim 1(2):113–117
Antil P, Antil SK, Prakash C, Królczyk G, Pruncu C (2020) Multi- Chaudhari R, Vora J, Parikh DM, Wankhede V, Khanna S (2020)
objective optimization of drilling parameters for orthopaedic Multi-response optimization of WEDM parameters using an
implants. Measurement and Control 53(9–10):1902–1910 integrated approach of RSM-GRA analysis for pure titanium. J
Aravind S, Hiremath SS (2022) Design and development of IEG con- Inst Eng Series D 101(1):117–126
trol and characterization of micro-holes generated using in-house Chauhan NK, Das AK, Rajesh S (2018) Optimization of process
developed μ-ECM setup. Arab J Sci Eng 47:8877–8898 parameters using grey relational analysis and taguchi method
Aravindan N, Kumar AU, Laxminarayana P (2018) Multi response during micro-EDMing. Mater Today: Proc 5:27178–27184
optimisation of EDM parameters for micro channels machining Chen M-F, Ho Y-S, Hsiao W-T, Wu T-H, Tseng S-F, Huang K-C (2011)
of SS 316 with Taguchi-GRA. Materials Today: Proceedings Optimized laser cutting on light guide plates using grey relational
5:27028–27035 analysis. Opt Lasers Eng 49:222–228
Asadabadi MR, Chang E, Saberi M (2019) Are MCDM methods Chen Z, Qian L, Cui R, Liu J, Zhang Q (2022) Machining-induced
useful? A critical review of analytic hierarchy process (AHP) residual stress analysis and multi-objective optimization for mill-
and analytic network process (ANP). Cogent Engineering ing process of Mg-Li alloy. Measurement 204:112127
6(1):1623153 Chiang K-T, Chang F-P (2006) Optimization of the WEDM process of
Azhiri RB, Teimouri R, Baboly MG, Leseman Z (2014) Application particle-reinforced material with multiple performance charac-
of Taguchi, ANFIS and grey relational analysis for studying, teristics using grey relational analysis. J Mater Process Technol
modeling and optimization of wire EDM process while using 180:96–101
gaseous media. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 71:279–295 Cica D, Caliskan H, Panjan P, Kramar D (2020) Multi-objective opti-
Azmi AI (2012) Multi-objective optimisation of machining fibre rein- mization of hard milling using Taguchi based grey relational
forced composites. J Appl Sci 12(23):2360–2367 analysis. Tehnički Vjesnik 27(2):513–519
Barik T, Jena SK, Gahir S, Pal K, Pattnaik SK (2021) Process para- Dabade UA (2014) Multi-objective process optimization to improve
metric optimization in drilling of CFRP composites using GRA surface integrity on turned surface of Al/SiCp metal matrix com-
method. Materials Today: Proceedings 39:1281–1286 posites using grey relational analysis. Procedia CIRP 7:299–304
Behzadian M, Kazemzadeh RB, Albadvi A, Aghdasi M (2010) PRO- Das MK, Kumar K, Barman TK, Sahoo P (2014) Optimization of
METHEE: a comprehensive literature review on methodologies surface roughness and MRR in electrochemical machining of
and applications. Eur J Oper Res 200:198–215 EN31 tool steel using grey-Taguchi approach. Procedia Mater
Behzadian M, Otaghsara SK, Yazdani M, Ignatius J (2012) A state- Sci 6:729–740
of-the-art survey of TOPSIS applications. Expert Syst Appl Das B, Roy S, Rai RN, Saha SC (2016) Application of grey fuzzy
39:13051–13069 logic for the optimization of CNC milling parameters for Al-
Bhanu Prakash P, Raju KB, Subbaiah KV, Krishnamachary PC, Kan- 4.5%Cu-TiC MMCs with multi-performance characteristics. Eng
dane NM, Ramya V (2018) Application of Taguchi based grey Sci Technol Int J 19:857–865
method for multi aspects optimization on CNC turning of A lSi7 Das L, Nayak R, Saxena KK, Nanda J, Jena SP, Behera A, Sehgal
Mg. Materials Today: Proceedings 5:14292–14301 S, Prakash C, Dixit S, Abdul-Zahra DS (2022) Determination
Bhaumik M, Maity K, Das Mohapatra K (2021) Multi-objective opti- of optimum machining parameters for face milling process of
mization of EDM process parameters using RSM-based GRA Ti6A14V metal matrix composite. Materials 15:4765
and TOPSIS method for grade 6 titanium alloy. Surf Rev Lett Deng JL (1989) Introduction to grey system. J Grey Syst 1(1):1–24
28(7):1–14 Deshmukh SS, Zubair SA, Jadhav VS, Shrivastava R (2019) Optimiza-
Bhaumik M, Maity K (2021) Multi-response optimization of EDM tion of process parameters of wire electric discharge machining
parameters using grey relational analysis (GRA) for Ti-5Al- on AISI 4140 using Taguchi method and grey relational analysis.
2.5Sn titanium alloy. World J Eng 18(1): 50–57 Mater Today: Proc 18:4261–4270
Bhosale SB, Bhowmik S, Ray A (2021) Experimental analysis and Dhanalakshmi S, Rameshbabu T (2020) Multi-aspects optimization
parametric optimization of drilling process for ferrous clay com- of process parameters in CNC turning of LM 25 alloy using
posite using GRA-PCA approach. J Market Res 10:376–389 the Taguchi-grey approach. Metals 10:453
Bhosle RB, Dabade BM (2020) A novel tooling approach for micro Dhanalakshmi S, Rameshbabu T (2021) Comparative study of para-
electrical discharge machining of micro-slits on Inconel 600 metric influence on wet and dry machining of LM 25 alumin-
using foil tools. Adv Mater Proces Technol. https://doi.org/10. ium alloy. Mater Today: Proc 39:48–53
1080/2374068X.2020.1860495
13

Dharmalingam S, Marimuthu P, Raja K, Pandyrajan R, Surendar Ishfaq K, Ahmad N, Jawad M, Ali MA, Al-Ahmari AM (2019) Evaluat-
S (2014) Optimization of process parameters on MRR and ing material’s interaction in wire electrical discharge machining
overcut in electrochemical micro machining on metal matrix of stainless steel (304) for simultaneous optimization of conflict-
composites using grey relational analysis. Int J Eng Technol ing responses. Materials 12:1940
6(2):519–529 Jamil M, Haq E, Khan AM, Gupta MK, Li L, Song Q (2020) Machina-
Du S, Chen M, Xie L, Zhu Z, Wang X (2016) Optimization of process bility investigation and optimization of process parameters in
parameters in the high-speed milling of titanium alloy TB17 for cryogenic assisted sustainable turning of AISI-L6 tool steel.
surface integrity by the Taguchi-Grey relational analysis method. Trans Nanjing Univ Aeronaut Astronaut 37(3):403–415
Adv Mech Eng 8(10):1–12 Jangra K, Grover S, Aggarwal A (2012) Optimization of multi machin-
Dubey AK, Yadava V (2008) Multi-objective optimisation of laser ing characteristics in WEDM of WC-5.3%Co composite using
beam cutting process. Opt Laser Technol 40:562–570 integrated approach of Taguchi, GRA and entropy method. Front
Elango M, Annamalai K (2020) Machining parameter optimization of Mech Eng 7(3): 288–299
Al/SiC/Gr hybrid metal matrix composites using ANOVA and Jeet S, Barua A, Cherkia H, Bagal DK (2019a) Comparative investiga-
grey relational analysis. FME Transactions 48:173–179 tion based on MOORA, GRA and TOPSIS method of turning of
El-Hofy HAG (2005) Advanced machining processes: nontraditional nickel-chromium-molybdenum steel under the influence of low
and hybrid machining processes. McGraw Hill, USA cost oil mist lubrication system. Int J Appl Eng Res 14(13):1–12
Esme U (2014) Taguchi-based grey relation optimization of machining Jeet S, Barua A, Bagal DK, Pattanaik AK, Agrawal PK, Panda SN
parameters and cutting path strategies in CNC pocket milling (2019b) Multi-parametric optimization during drilling of aero-
operations. Materials Testing 56(9):741–747 space alloy (UNS A97068) using hybrid RSM-GRA, GA and SA.
Fedai Y, Basar G, Akin HK (2022) Multi-response optimization in Int J Manag Technol Eng IX(II): 2501–2509
drilling of MWCNTs reinforced GFRP using grey relational Jogi BF, Tarekar M, Dhajekar RM, Pawade R (2016) Multi objective
analysis. Tehnički Vjesnik 29:742–751 optimization using Taguchi grey relational analysis (GRA) for
Gauri SK, Chakraborty S (2010) A study on the performance of some CNC turning of poly-ether-ether-ketone (PEEK) polymer. Polym
multi-response optimisation methods for WEDM processes. Int Polym Compos 24(7):523–527
J Adv Manuf Technol 49:155–166 Johny SM, Sri Sai RC, Rao VR, Singh BG (2016) Multi-response opti-
Gautam GD, Mishra DR (2019) Evaluation of geometrical quality char- mization of aluminum alloy using GRA & PCA by employing
acteristics in pulsed Nd:YAG laser cutting of Kevlar-29/Basalt Taguchi method. Int Res J Eng Technol 3(1):680–686
fiber reinforced hybrid composite using grey relational analysis Joshi P, Sharma A (2018a) Simultaneous optimization of kerf taper
based on genetic algorithm. FME Transactions 47:560–575 and heat affected zone in Nd-YAG laser cutting of Al 6061–T6
Gholami H, Abu F, Lee JKY, Karganroudi SS, Sharif S (2021) Sustain- sheet using hybrid approach of grey relational analysis and fuzzy
able manufacturing 4.0 - pathways and practices. Sustainability logic. Precis Eng 54:302–313
13: 13956 Joshi P, Sharma A (2018b) Optimization of process parameters dur-
Gopal PM, Soorya Prakash K, Jayaraj S (2018) WEDM of Mg/CRT/ ing laser beam cutting of Ni-based superalloy thin sheet along
BN composites: effect of materials and machining parameters. curved profile using grey-fuzzy methodology. J Braz Soc Mech
Mater Manuf Processes 33:77–84 Sci Eng 40:389
Gopal R, Thirunavukkarasu K, Kavimani V, Gopal PM (2021) Meas- Juliyana SJ, Prakash JU (2020) Drilling parameter optimization of
urement and multi-response optimization of spark erosion metal matrix composites (LM5/ZrO2) using Taguchi technique.
machining parameters for titanium alloy using hybrid Taguchi- Mater Today: Proc 33:3046–3050
grey relational analysis-principal component analysis approach. Juliyana SJ, Prakash J, Sadhana AD, Rubi CS (2022) Multi-objective
J Mater Eng Perform 30:3129–3143 optimization of process parameters of wire EDM for machin-
Govindan K, Jepsen MB (2016) ELECTRE: a comprehensive litera- ing of AMCs (LM5/ZrO2) using grey relational analysis. Mater
ture review on methodologies and applications. Eur J Oper Res Today: Proc 52:1494–1498
250(1):1–29 Kacal A, Yıldırım F (2012) Application of grey relational analysis in
Guo Y, Wang L, Zhang G, Hou P (2016) Multi-response optimiza- high-speed machining of hardened AISI D6 steel. Proc IMechE
tion of the electrical discharge machining of insulating zirconia. Part c: J Mech Eng Sci 227(7):1566–1576
Mater Manuf Processes 32(3):294–301 Kalita K, Pal S, Haldar S, Chakraborty S (2022) Hybrid TOPSIS-
Gupta K (2020) A review on green machining techniques. Procedia PR-GWO approach for multi-objective process parameter opti-
Manufacturing 51:1730–1736 mization. Proc Integr Optim Sustain. https://doi.org/10.1007/
Gupta M, Kumar S (2013) Multi-objective optimization of cutting s41660-022-00256-0A
parameters in turning using grey relational analysis. Int J Ind Karatas MA (2022) Wire EDM cutting of Inconel 718 nickel-based
Eng Comput 4:547–558 superalloy: kerf and MRR analysis. Multidiscip Model Mater
Hanafi I, Khamlichi A, Cabrera FM, Almansa E, Jabbouri A (2012) Struct 18(4):653–672
Optimization of cutting conditions for sustainable machining of Karthikeyan R, Senthilkumar V, Thilak M, Nagadeepan A (2018)
PEEK-CF30 using TiN tools. J Clean Prod 33:1–9 Application of grey relational analysis for optimization of kerf
Haq AN, Marimuthu P, Jeyapaul R (2008) Multi response optimiza- quality during CO2 laser cutting of mild steel. Mater Today: Proc
tion of machining parameters of drilling Al/SiC metal matrix 5:19209–19215
composite using grey relational analysis in the Taguchi method. Kavimani V, Soorya Prakash K, Thankachan T (2019) Multi-objective opti-
Int J Adv Manuf Technol 37:250–255 mization in WEDM process of grapheme-SiC-magnesium composite
Hema P, Reddeiah M, Reddy BN (2020) Optimization of process through hybrid techniques. Measurement 145:335–349
parameters for the machining of microslot on copper workpiece Kazia FM, Waghmare CA, Sohani MS (2021) Multi-objective optimi-
using LBM by grey relational analysis and ANOVA. Int J Res zation of the aluminum powder-mixed EDM process using the
Rev 7(11):509–516 GRA and TOPSIS techniques based on the fuzzy AHP approach.
Ishfaq K, Mufti NA, Ahmed N, Mughal MP, Saleem MQ (2018) An J Appl Res Technol 19(5):437–447
investigation of surface roughness and parametric optimization Khandey U, Ghosh S, Hariharan K (2017) Optimization of machining
during wire electric discharge machining of cladded material. Int parameters for satisfying the multiple objectives in machining of
J Adv Manuf Technol 97:4065–4079 MMCs. Mater Manuf Processes 32(10):1082–1093
13

Kharwar PK, Verma RK (2019) Grey embedded in artificial neural net- Kuo Y, Yang T, Huang G-W (2008) The use of grey relational anal-
work (ANN) based on hybrid optimization approach in machin- ysis in solving multiple attribute decision-making problems.
ing of GFRP epoxy composites. FME Transactions 47:641–648 Comput Ind Eng 55:80–93
Kharwar PK, Verma RK (2020) Machining performance optimization Li M, Yu T, Yang L, Li H, Zhang R, Wang W (2019a) Parameter
in drilling of multiwall carbon nano tube/epoxy nanocomposites optimization during minimum quantity lubrication milling of
using GRA-PCA hybrid approach. Measurement 158:107701 TC4 alloy with graphene-dispersed vegetable-oil-based cutting
Kibria G, Doloi B, Bhattacharyya B (2013) Experimental investigation fluid. J Clean Prod 209:1508–1522
and multi-objective optimization of Nd:YAG laser micro-turning Li N, Chen Y-J, Kong D-D (2019b) Multi-response optimization
process of alumina ceramic using orthogonal array and grey rela- of Ti-6Al-4V turning operations using Taguchi-based grey
tional analysis. Opt Laser Technol 48:16–27 relational analysis coupled with kernel principal component
Kishawy HA, Hegab H, Saad E (2018) Design for sustainable manu- analysis. Adv Manuf 7:142–154
facturing: approach, implementation, and assessment. Sustain- Lin CL (2004) Use of the Taguchi method and grey relational analy-
ability 10:3604 sis to optimize turning operations with multiple performance
Kolahana F, Moghaddam MA (2015) The use of Taguchi method with characteristics. Mater Manuf Processes 19(2):209–220
grey relational analysis to optimize the EDM process param- Lin Y-C, Lee H-S (2009) Optimization of machining parameters
eters with multiple quality characteristics. Scientia Iranica B using magnetic-force-assisted EDM based on gray relational
22(2):530–538 analysis. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 42:1052–1064
Krishnasastry KV, Seshagirirao V (2014) Multi response optimization Lin JL, Lin CL (2002) The use of the orthogonal array with grey
of carbon-carbon(c/c) drilling parameters by using grey theory relational analysis to optimize the electrical discharge machin-
technique. Adv Mater Res 936:1801–1808 ing process with multiple performance characteristics. Int J
Kuar AS, Acherjee B, Ganguly D, Mitra S (2012) Optimization of Mach Tools Manuf 42:237–244
Nd:YAG laser parameters for microdrilling of alumina with mul- Lin CL, Lin JL, Ko TC (2002) Optimisation of the EDM process
tiquality characteristics via grey-Taguchi method. Mater Manuf based on the orthogonal array with fuzzy logic and grey rela-
Processes 27(3):329–336 tional analysis method. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 19:271–277
Kumar P, Yadav SKS (2020) Multi-objective optimization of electrical Lu HS, Chang CK, Hwang NC, Chung CT (2009) Grey relational
discharge drilling (EDD) process using PCA based grey rela- analysis coupled with principal component analysis for opti-
tional analysis. Mater Today: Proc 26:2013–2020 mization design of the cutting parameters in high-speed end
Kumar SS, Uthayakumar M, Kumaran ST, Parameswaran P, Mohandas milling. J Mater Process Technol 209:3808–3817
E, Kempulraj G, Ramesh Babu BS, Natarajan SA (2015) Para- Lusi N, Pamuji DR, Fiveriati A, Afandi A, Prayogo GS (2020) Appli-
metric optimization of wire electrical discharge machining on cation of Taguchi and grey relational analysis for parametric
aluminium based composites through grey relational analysis. J optimization of end milling process of ASSAB-XW 42. Adv
Manuf Process 20:33–39 Eng Res 198:514–517
Kumar U, Singh A, Kumar R (2016) Optimization of machining param- Machado CG, Winroth MP, da Silva EHDR (2020) Sustainable man-
eters for tool wear rate and material removal rate in CNC turning ufacturing in Industry 4.0: an emerging research agenda. Int J
by grey relational analysis. Int J Appl Eng Res 11(4):2771–2775 Prod Res 58:1462–1484
Kumar A, Soota T, Kumar J (2018) Optimisation of wire-cut EDM Madhankumar S, Manonmani K, Rajesh S, Balamurugan R,
process parameter by grey-based response surface methodology. Harikrishnan M (2018) Optimization of micro electrochemical
J Ind Eng Int 14:821–829 machining of Inconel 625 using Taguchi based grey relational
Kumar RC, Ganesh VJ, Malarvannan RRR (2019a) Optimization of analysis. Int J Appl Eng Res 13(9):6771–6779
drilling parameters in hybrid (Al6061/SiC/B4C/talc) composites Madhavi SK, Sreeramulu D, Venkatesh M (2015) Optimization of
by grey relational analysis. J Braz Soc Mech Sci Eng 41:155 turning process parameters by using grey-Taguchi. Int J Eng
Kumar S, Dhanabalan S, Narayanan CS (2019b) Application of ANFIS Sci Technol 7(4):1–8
for the selection of optimal wire-EDM parameters while machin- Madić M, Petković D, Radovanović M (2014) GRA approach for
ing Ti-6Al-4V alloy and multi-parametric optimization using multi-objective optimization of laser cutting. U.P.B. Scientific
GRA method. Int J Decision Support Syst Technol 11(4):96–115 Bulletin Series D 76(4): 79–90
Kumar S, Dhanabalan S, Narayanan CS (2019c) Application of ANFIS Makhesana MA, Patel KM (2021) Optimization of parameters
and GRA for multi-objective optimization of optimal wire-EDM and sustainability assessment under minimum quantity solid
parameters while machining Ti-6Al-4V alloy. SN Applied Sci- lubrication-assisted machining of Inconel 718. Process Integr
ences 1:298 Optim Sustain 5:625–644
Kumar S, Goud M, Sur NM (2021a) Grey relational analysis-based Manikandan N, Kumanan S, Sathiyanarayanan C (2015) Multi
multi-response optimization of magnetic-field-assisted powder- response optimization of electrochemical drilling of titanium
mixed electric discharge machining of Inconel 706. Arab J Sci Ti6Al4V alloy using Taguchi based grey relational analysis.
Eng 47:8315–8339 Indian J Eng Mater Sci 22(2):153–160
Kumar G, Wahid MA, Tanwar P, Kumar M (2022a) Multi performance Manikandan N, Kumanan S, Sathiyanarayanan C (2017) Multi-
characteristics optimization of end milling parameters on sur- ple performance optimization of electrochemical drilling of
face quality and micro-hardness of SS-304. Mater Today: Proc Inconel 625 using Taguchi based grey relational analysis. Eng
62:136–141 Sci Technol Int J 20:662–671
Kumar R, Katyal P, Kumar K, Sharma N (2022b) Investigating Manikandan N, Raju R, Palanisamy D, Binoj JS (2020) Optimisation
machining characteristics and degradation rate of biodegrad- of spark erosion machining process parameters using hybrid
able ZM21 magnesium alloy in end milling process. Int J grey relational analysis and artificial neural network model. Int
Lightweight Mater Manuf 5:102–112 J Mach Mach Mater 22(1):1–23
Kumar RS, Kumar SS, Murugan K, Hailegiorgis SM (2021b) Green Mardani A, Zavadskas EK, Govindan K, Senin AA, Jusoh A (2016)
machining characteristics study of Al-6063 in CNC milling VIKOR technique: a systematic review of the state of the art
using Taguchi method and grey relational analysis. Adv Mater literature on methodologies and applications. Sustainability
Sci Eng Article ID 4420250, 12 pages 8:37
13

Mian T, Mago J, Shaikh MBN, Ali M (2022) Near dry turning of Palanikumar K, Latha B, Senthilkumar VS, Davim JP (2012) Analy-
EN8 and EN31 steel: multi-objective optimization using grey sis on drilling of glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) com-
relational analysis. Eng Res Express 4:035053 posites using grey relational analysis. Mater Manuf Processes
Mishra L, Mishra D, Mahapatra TR (2022) Optimization of process 27(3):297–305
parameters in Nd:YAG laser micro-drilling of graphite/epoxy Panda DK (2010) Modelling and optimization of multiple process
based polymer matrix composite using Taguchi based grey attributes of electrodischarge machining process by using a new
relational analysis. Mater Today: Proc 62:7467–7472 hybrid approach of neuro-grey modeling. Mater Manuf Processes
Mohanty A, Talla G, Gangopadhyay S (2014) Experimental inves- 25(6):450–461
tigation and analysis of EDM characteristics of Inconel 825. Panda S, Mishra D, Biswal BB (2011) Determination of optimum
Mater Manuf Processes 29(5):540–549 parameters with multi-performance characteristics in laser drill-
Moharana BR, Patro SS (2019) Multi objective optimization of ing - a grey relational analysis approach. Int J Adv Manuf Tech-
machining parameters of EN-8 carbon steel in EDM process nol 54:957–967
using GRA method. Int J Modern Manuf Technol X I(2):50–56 Panda SK, Dhupal D, Nanda BK (2018) Experimental study on
Mohite NT, Patil GV, Kallol AN (2022) The use of entropy-based Ca3(PO4)2-Al2O3 bio-ceramic composite using DPSS laser.
GRA approach to analyze and optimize the wire electrical dis- Mater Today: Proc 5:24133–24140
charge machining process for Nitronic-30. Mater Today: Proc Panda SK, Rout S, Panigrahi D, Dhupal D (2021) Investigation on
49:1426–1430 surface morphology and dimensional characteristics of micro-
Moldavska A, Welo T (2017) The concept of sustainable manufac- channels fabricated on titanium-V alloy by DPSS Nd:YAG laser.
turing and its definitions: a content-analysis based literature Lasers Manuf Mater Proc 8:443–465
review. J Clean Prod 166:744–755 Pandey AK, Gautam GD (2018) Grey relational analysis-based
Muaz M, Choudhury SK (2019) Experimental investigations and genetic algorithm optimization of electrical discharge drilling
multi-objective optimization of MQL-assisted milling process of Nimonic-90 superalloy. J Braz Soc Mech Sci Eng 40:117
for finishing of AISI 4340 steel. Measurement 138:557–569 Pandey RK, Panda SS (2015) Optimization of multiple quality charac-
Munisamy S, Vijayakumar S (2016) Optimization of drilling param- teristics in bone drilling using grey relational analysis. J Orthop
eters for fiber metal mesh laminate composites using grey rela- 12:39–45
tional analysis. Materials Testing 58(7–8):622–631 Panigrahi RR, Panda A, Sahoo AK, Kumar R, Mishra RR (2022) Turn-
Murugan PT, Rajasekaran T (2015) Experimental and investigation ing performance analysis and optimization of processing param-
of micro electric discharge machining process of AISI 1040. eters using GRA-PSO approach in sustainable manufacturing.
ARPN J Eng Appl Sci 10(6):2749–2755 Proc Inst Mech Eng Part e: J Proc Mech Eng 236:2404–2419
Muthuramalingam T, Mohan B (2014) Application of Taguchi-grey Parida AK, Bhuyan RK, Routara BC (2014) Multiple characteristics
multi responses optimization on process parameters in electro optimization in machining of GFRP composites using grey rela-
erosion. Measurement 58:495–502 tional analysis. Int J Ind Eng Comput 5:511–520
Muthuraman P, Karunakaran K (2021) Optimization of face milling Parthiban A, Sathish T, Siva Chandran S, Venkatesh R, Vijayan V
process parameters by GRA with deep cryogenic treated mill- (2019) Optimization of C O2 laser cutting parameters on austen-
ing cutter. Mater Today: Proc 37:1613–1617 ite stainless steel using grey relational analysis. Int J Mech Eng
Muttamara A, Phimoolchat J (2018) Application of Taguchi and grey Technol 10(1):984–992
relational analysis with entropy measurement for multiobjec- Parvez W, Kumar V (2018) Multi response optimization using grey
tive optimization in EDM of Ti6Al4V. Int J Mech Eng Technol relation analysis for milling zirconia ceramic material. J Emerg-
9(13):978–988 ing Technol Innov Res 5(8):524–528
Naresh N, Rajasekhar K (2016) Multi-response optimization for mill- Patel MT (2015) Multi optimization of process parameters by using
ing AISI 304 stainless steel using GRA and DFA. Adv Mater grey relation analysis - a review. Int J Adv Res IT Eng 4(6):1–12
Res 5(2):67–80 Pathapalli VR, Reddigari MR, Anna EK, Rao PS, Reddy DVR (2021)
Nayak SK, Patro JK, Dewangan S, Gangopadhyay S (2014) Multi- Modeling of the machining parameters in turning of Al-5052/
objective optimization of machining parameters during dry TiC/SiC composites: a statistical modeling approach using grey
turning of AISI 304 austenitic stainless steel using grey rela- relational analysis (GRA) and response surface methodology
tional analysis. Procedia Mater Sci 6:701–708 (RSM). Multidiscip Model Mater Struct 17(5):990–1006
Nguyen T-T, Mia M, Dang X-P, Le C-H, Packianather MS (2020) Patnaik PK, Mishra SK, Swain PTR, Purohit A, Parija SK, Panda SS
Green machining for the dry milling process of stainless steel (2022) Multi-objective optimization and experimental analysis
304. Proc IMechE Part b: J Eng Manuf 234(5):881–899 of electro-discharge machining parameters via gray-Taguchi,
Nikam B, Shinde B, Pandey A, Pawade R, Brahmankar P, Jad- TOPSIS-Taguchi and PSI-Taguchi methods. Mater Today: Proc
hav P (2018) Fabrication of macro-arrayed structure using 62:6189–6198
reverse EDM: a multi-objective optimization. Procedia Manuf Paulson DM, Saif M, Zishan M (2022) Optimization of wire-EDM
20:160–167 process of titanium alloy-grade 5 using Taguchi’s method and
Nipanikar S, Sargade V, Guttedar R (2018) Optimization of process grey relational analysis. Mater Today: Proc https://doi.org/10.
parameters through GRA, TOPSIS and RSA models. Int J Ind 1016/j.matpr.2022.06.376
Eng Comput 9:137–154 Perumal A, Azhagurajan A, Prithivirajan R, Kumar SS (2021) Experi-
Padhi PC, Tripathy DK (2020) Multi-response optimisation of mental investigation and optimization of process parameters in
machining parameters in wire EDM process using grey rela- Ti-(6242) alpha-beta alloy using electrical discharge machining.
tional analysis. Int J Manuf Technol Manage 34(4):376–394 J Inorg Organomet Polym Mater 31:1787–1800
Padhy C, Singh P (2020) Use of multi-objective optimization technique Phate MR, Toney SB, Phate V (2022) Multi-response optimization
(Taguchi GRA approach) in dry hard turning of Inconel 625. and analysis of Al/B4Cp EDM using grey relational analysis.
INCAS Bulletin 12(2):133–142 J Mech Eng 19(1):39–55
Padhy C, Singh P (2021) Optimization of machining parameters using Prasat VS, Prasath VS, Radhakrishnan R, Pynthamizh SA (2015)
Taguchi coupled grey relational approach while turning Inconel Multi-response optimization of machining parameters for
625. J Mech Eng 18(2):161–176
13

hybrid aluminium matrix composites using grey relational Reddy CV, Keerthi T, Nishkala T, Yadav GMP (2021) Analysis and
analysis. Int J Appl Eng Res 10(10):25891–25908 optimization of laser drilling process during machining of AISI
Priyadarshini M, Vishwanatha HM, Biswas CK, Singhal P, Bud- 303 material using grey relational analysis approach. SN Appl
dhi D, Behera A (2022) Effect of grey relational optimiza- Sci 3:335
tion of process parameters on surface and tribological char- Rizvi SA, Ali W (2019) Integration of grey-based Taguchi technique
acteristics of annealed AISI P20 tool steel machined using for the optimization of process parameters during the turning
wire EDM. Int J Interact Des Manuf. https://doi.org/10.1007/ operation of 16MnCr5 steel. Int J Ind Eng Prod Res 30:245–254
s12008-022-00954-6 Routara BC, Sahoo AK, Rout AK, Parida AK, Behera JR (2013) Anal-
Puh F, Jurkovic Z, Perinic M, Brezocnik M, Buljan S (2016) Optimiza- ysis of machining characteristics in drilling of GFRP composite
tion of machining parameters for turning operation with multiple with application of fuzzy logic approach. Int J Ind Eng Comput
quality characteristics using grey relational analysis. Tehnički 4:447–456
Vjesnik 23(2):377–382 Roy N, Kuar AS, Mitra S (2019) Multi-objective optimization of nano-
Pujara JM, Kothari KD, Gohil AV (2018) An investigation of material second pulsed laser microgrooving of hydroxyapetite bioceramic.
removal rate and kerf on WEDM through grey relational analysis. Mater Today: Proc 18:5540–5549
J Mech Eng Sci 12(2):3633–3644 Rubi CS, Prakash JU, Čep R, Elangovan M (2022a) Optimization of
Raj S, Kumar K (2015) Application of grey-taguchi technique for process variables in the drilling of LM6/B4C composites through
optimization of overcut and surface roughness in die sinking grey relational analysis. Materials 15:4860
electro-discharge machining of EN45 material. Int J Appl Eng Rubi CS, Prakash U, Rajkumar C, Mohan A, Muthukumarasamy S
Res 10(55):3741–3745 (2022b) Optimization of process variables in drilling of LM6/
Raj Kumar D, Jeyaprakash N, Yang C-H, Ramkumar KR (2020) Inves- fly ash composites using grey-Taguchi method. Mater Today:
tigation on drilling behavior of CFRP composites using optimiza- Proc 62:5894–5898
tion technique. Arab J Sci Eng 45:8999–9014 Saha A, Mondal SC (2016) Multi-objective optimization in WEDM
Rajeswari B, Amirthagadeswaran KS (2017) Experimental investiga- process of nanostructured hardfacing materials through hybrid
tion of machinability characteristics and multiresponse optimiza- techniques. Measurement 94:46–59
tion of end milling in aluminium composites using RSM based Saini P, Singh PK, Kumar D, Maurya A (2021) Optimization of pro-
grey relational analysis. Measurement 105:78–86 cess parameters in end milling of Al-4032 based metal matrix
Rajiv SK (2020) Parametric optimization of process parameters for composite using TGRA. Adv Mater Proc Technol. https://doi.
electric discharge machining of tungsten carbide (93% WC and org/10.1080/2374068X.2021.1946750
7%Co). Prod Eng Arch 26(4):154–161 Saravanan S, Karthickeyan NK, Akash KS, Sudharsan B, Saravanavel
Rajmohan T (2019) Experimental investigation and optimization of M (2017) Multiple performance optimization of electric dis-
machining parameters in drilling of fly ash-filled carbon fiber charge drilling of inconel X750 using taguchi based grey rela-
reinforced composites. Part Sci Technol 37(1):21–30 tional analysis. Int J Mech Eng Technol 8(4):34–46
Rajmohan T, Palanikumar K, Prakash S (2013) Grey-fuzzy algorithm Saravanan KG, Thanigaivelan R, Soundarrajan M (2021) Comparison
to optimise machining parameters in drilling of hybrid metal of electrochemical micromachining performance using TOPSIS,
matrix composites. Composites: Part B 50: 297–308 VIKOR and GRA for magnetic field and UV rays heated electro-
Rakesh PR, Chakradhar D (2022) Investigation on the effect of gra- lyte. Bull Acad Pol Sci 69(5):1–10
phene nano-cutting fluid minimum quantity lubrication on Satsangi PS, Goyal P (2019) Multivariable optimization in micro
the machining performance of Inconel 625. Arab J Sci Eng WEDM of Al 7000 alloy using grey relational analysis. Int J
47:8469–8483 Mech Eng Robot Res 8(2):177–181
Ramana MV, Rao GKM, Rao DH (2018) Multi objective optimization Satyanarayana B, Ranga Janardhana G, Hanumantha Rao D (2013)
of process parameters in turning of Ti-6Al-4V alloy. Materials Optimized high speed turning on Inconel 718 using Taguchi
Today: Proceedings 5:18966–18974 method based grey relational analysis. Indian J Eng Mater Sci
Ramanan G, Neela Rajan RR, Jai Aultrin KS, Pradeep P (2018) Opti- 20(4):269–275
mization of machining characteristics of hybrid composites using Sehgal AK, Meenu, (2018) Grey relational analysis coupled with prin-
grey relational technique. Int J Eng Technol 7(3.1): 158–161 cipal component analysis to optimize the machining process of
Ramanathan T, Sithan K, Ramanathan S, Ramasamy P (2022) Para- ductile iron. Mater Today: Proc 5:1518–1529
metric optimization in drilling process parameters for machining Selvan TA, Sivaram Kotha MNVSA, Swamy Chinamilli NVS, Guru
of glass fibre reinforced composites using grey relational grade Dattatreya GS, Rajesh S, Akshey PB, Madhankumar S (2022)
analysis. Chiang Mai J Sci 49:1428–1443 Taguchi-based grey relational study for multiple criterion optimi-
Rao R, Yadava V (2009) Multi-objective optimization of Nd:YAG laser zation on process variables for micro electro-chemical machining
cutting of thin superalloy sheet using grey relational analysis of Inconel super-alloy. Mater Today: Proc 62:882–888
with entropy measurement. Opt Laser Technol 41:922–930 Selvarajan L, Sathiya Narayanan C, Jeyapaul R (2015) Optimization of
Rao LP, Kumar JA, Rao TB (2012) Modelling and multi-response process parameters to improve form and orientation tolerances
optimization of hard milling process based on RSM and GRA in EDM of MoSi2-SiC composites. Mater Manuf Processes
approach. Int J Eng Res Technol 1(9):1–6 30(8):954–960
Raza MH, Ali MA, Tahir W, Zhong RY, Mufti NA, Ahmad N (2021) Selvarajan L, Sathiya Narayanan C, Jeya Paul R (2016) Optimization of
Cryogenic treatment analysis of electrodes in wire electric dis- EDM parameters on machining S i3N4-TiN composite for improv-
charge machining of squeeze casted Al2024/Al2O3/W composite. ing circularity, cylindricity, and perpendicularity. Mater Manuf
Int J Adv Manuf Technol 116:1179–1198 Processes 31(4):405–412
Reddy S, Rao CS (2021) Optimization of drilling parameters during Shantharaman PP, Anandakrishnan V, Sathish S, Ravichandran M
machining of Al-Mg-Si alloys by Taguchi method coupled with (2022) Spark erosion behaviour of SiC and Yitria ceramic par-
grey relational analysis and validated by FEA based DEFORM- ticles reinforced aluminium hybrid nano-composites. J Ceram
3D. J Mech Eng 71(2):221–238 Process Res 23:589–594
Reddy CV, Gowd HG, Deva Kumar MLS (2018) Multi response opti- Sharma A, Yadava V (2011) Optimization of cut quality charac-
mization of laser beam micromilling using Taguchi based grey teristics during Nd:YAG laser straight cutting of Ni-based
relational analysis. Int J Mech Eng Technol 9(10):1043–1050
13

superalloy thin sheet using grey relational analysis with entropy Soni H, Narendranath S, Ramesh MR (2018) Experimental investiga-
measurement. Mater Manuf Processes 26(12):1522–1529 tion on effects of wire electro discharge machining of Ti50N-
Sharma A, Yadava V (2012) Modelling and optimization of cut qual- i45Co5 shape memory alloys. SILICON 10:2483–2490
ity during pulsed Nd:YAG laser cutting of thin Al-alloy sheet Srinivas VV, Ramanujam R, Rajyalakshmi G (2020) Application of
for straight profile. Opt Laser Technol 44:159–168 MQL for developing sustainable EDM and process parameter
Sharma A, Aggarwal ML, Singh L (2020) Investigation of GFRP optimisation using ANN and GRA method. Int J Bus Excell
gear accuracy and surface roughness using Taguchi and grey 22(4):431–450
relational analysis. J Adv Manuf Syst 19(1):147–165 Srinivasan VP, Sandeep C, Shanthi C, Bejaxhin ABH, Anandan R,
Sharma A, Kumar V, Babbar A, Dhawan V, Kotecha K, Prakash C Meji MA (2022) Comparative study on EDM parameter optimi-
(2021a) Experimental investigation and optimization of elec- zation for adsorbed S i3N4-TiN using TOPSIS and GRA coupled
tric discharge machining process parameters using grey-fuzzy- with TLBO algorithm. Adsorp Sci Technol Article ID 4112448,
based hybrid techniques. Materials 14:5820 19 pages
Sharma K, Kumar G, Kumar M (2021b) Essence of the Taguchi and Sristi NA, Zaman PB, Dhar NR (2022) Multi-response optimization
GRA method in optimization of cutting parameters: a review. of hard turning parameters: a comparison between different
Acta Mechanica Malaysia 4(1):19–21 hybrid Taguchi-based MCDM methods. Int J Interact Des Manuf
Sharma VK, Singh T, Rana M, Singh K (2022) Multi-output optimi- 16:1779–1795
zation during MQL based face milling of EN-31 steel employ- Sultana N, Dhar NR (2021) Hybrid GRA-PCA and modified weighted
ing Taguchi coupled grey relational analysis. Mater Today: TOPSIS coupled with Taguchi for multi-response process param-
Proc 65:3216–3223 eter optimization in turning AISI 1040 steel. Arch Mech Eng
Shetha S, George PM (2016) Experimental investigation, prediction 68(1):23–49
and optimization of cylindricity and perpendicularity during Sundara Murthy K, Rajendran I (2012) Optimization of end milling
drilling of WCB material using grey relational analysis. Precis parameters under minimum quantity lubrication using princi-
Eng 45:33–43 pal component analysis and grey relational analysis. J Braz Soc
Shi K, Zhang D, Ren J, Yao C, Yuan Y (2014) Multiobjective opti- Mech Sci Eng XXXIV(3): 253–261
mization of surface integrity in milling TB6 alloy based on Suneesh E, Sivapragash M (2019) Parameter optimisation to combine
Taguchi-Grey relational analysis. Adv Mech Eng Article ID low energy consumption with high surface integrity in turning
280313, 7 pages Mg/Al2O3 hybrid composites under dry and MQL conditions. J
Shivaperumal M, Thirumalai R, Kannan S, Rao YKSS (2022) Para- Braz Soc Mech Sci Eng 41:89
metric optimization in machining of GFRP composite by tagu- Surekha B, Sree Lakshmi T, Jena H, Samal P (2021) Response surface
chi grey relational analysis. J Ceram Process Res 23:404–408 modelling and application of fuzzy grey relational analysis to
Singh S (2012) Optimization of machining characteristics in elec- optimise the multi response characteristics of EN-19 machined
tric discharge machining of 6061Al/Al 2O 3p/20P compos- using powder mixed EDM. Aust J Mech Eng 19(1):19–29
ites by grey relational analysis. Int J Adv Manuf Technol Surya MS, Vepa KS, Karanam M (2019) Optimization of machin-
63:1191–1202 ing parameters using ANOVA and grey relational analy-
Singh KJ (2018) Optimization of process parameters of powder mixed sis while turning aluminium 7075. Int J Recent Technol Eng
EDM for high carbon high chromium alloy steel (D2 steel) 8(2):5682–5686
through GRA approach. Grey Systems: Theory and Application Talla G, Gangopadhyay S, Kona NB (2017) Experimental investiga-
8(4):388–398 tion and optimization during the fabrication of arrayed structures
Singh M, Singh S (2021) Multiple response optimization of ultra- using reverse EDM. Mater Manuf Processes 32(9):958–969
sonic assisted electric discharge machining of Nimonic 75: a Tamiloli N, Venkatesan J, Vijaya Ramnath B (2016) A grey-fuzzy mod-
Taguchi-grey relational analysis approach. Mater Today: Proc eling for evaluating surface roughness and material removal rate
45:4731–4736 of coated end milling insert. Measurement 84:68–82
Singh PN, Raghukandan K, Pai BC (2004) Optimization by grey rela- Tang L, Yang S (2013) Experimental investigation on the electro-
tional analysis of EDM parameters on machining Al-10%SiCP chemical machining of 00Cr12Ni9Mo4Cu2 material and multi-
composites. J Mater Process Technol 155–156:1658–1661 objective parameters optimization. Int J Adv Manuf Technol
Singh A, Anandita S, Gangopadhyay S (2015a) Microstructural analy- 67:2909–2916
sis and multiresponse optimization during ECM of Inconel 825 Tata N, Pacharu RK, Devarakonda SK (2021) Multi response optimi-
using hybrid approach. Mater Manuf Processes 30(7):842–851 zation of process parameters in wire-cut EDM on Inconel 625.
Singh BK, Kasdekar DK, Parashar V (2015b) Application of GRA for Mater Today: Proc 47:6960–6964
optimal machining parameter selection in EDM. Int J Hybrid Inf Thanigaivelam R, Arunachalam R (2013) Optimization of process
Technol 8(10):371–382 parameters on machining rate and overcut in electrochemical
Singh AK, Kumar MA, Kumar R, Chandrasekaran M (2021) Optimi- micromachining using grey relational analysis. J Sci Ind Res
zation of micro EDM parameters for fabrication of micro rod. 72:36–42
Mater Today: Proc 46:8968–8972 Thankachan T, Soorya Prakash K, Loganathan M (2018) WEDM pro-
Singh DP, Mishra S, Porwal RK (2022a) Parametric analysis through cess parameter optimization of FSPed copper-BN composites.
ANFIS modelling and optimization of micro-hole machining in Mater Manuf Processes 33:350–358
super duplex stainless steel by die-sinking EDM. Adv Mater Pro- Tharian BK, Jacob E, Johnson J, Vishnu Hari V (2019) Multi-objective
cess Technol. https://doi.org/10.1080/2374068X.2022.2135733 parametric optimization in EDM using grey relational analysis.
Singh SK, Prabhakar S, Rao DK, Khare SK (2022b) Optimization of Materials Today: Proceedings 16:1013–1019
machining parameters in EDM of Ti-6Al-4V alloy using Tagu- Tien DH, Bong PV, Hung LT (2022) Applying improved fuzzy grey
chi grey relational analysis methodology. Mater Today: Proc relation analysis algorithm in multi-objective optimization for
59:1231–1235 high-speed milling of 4Cr5MoSiV steel. Process Integr Optim
Somasundaram M, Kumar JP (2022) Multi response optimization of Sustain 6:587–601
EDM process parameters for biodegradable AZ31 magnesium Tosun N (2006) Determination of optimum parameters for multi-
alloy using TOPSIS and grey relational analysis. Sadhana 47:136 performance characteristics in drilling by using grey relational
analysis. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 28:450–455
13

Tripathy S, Tripathy DK (2016) Multi-attribute optimization of Viswanathan R, Ramesh S, Subburam V (2018) Measurement and opti-
machining process parameters in powder mixed electro-discharge mization of performance characteristics in turning of Mg alloy
machining using TOPSIS and grey relational analysis. Eng Sci under dry and MQL conditions. Measurement 120:107–113
Technol Int J 19:62–70 Wang F (2021) Research on the model and application progress based
Tripathy S, Tripathy DK (2017) Grey relational analysis and its appli- on grey relational analysis theory. Adv Educ Technol Psychol
cation on surface properties during EDM and powder mixed 5:30–35
EDM. J Eng Sci Technol 12(9):2374–2392 Wojciechowski S, Maruda RW, Krolczyk GM, Niesłon P (2018) Appli-
Tzeng C-J, Lin Y-H, Yang Y-K, Jeng K-C (2009) Optimization of turn- cation of signal to noise ratio and grey relational analysis to mini-
ing operations with multiple performance characteristics using mize forces and vibrations during precise ball end milling. Precis
the Taguchi method and grey relational analysis. J Mater Process Eng 51:582–596
Technol 209:2753–2759 Wu H-H (2002) A comparative study of using grey relational analy-
Udaya Prakash J, Sivaprakasam P, Juliyana SJ, Ananth S, Rubi CS, sis in multiple attribute decision making problems. Qual Eng
Sadhana AD (2022) Multi-objective optimization using grey 15(2):209–217
relational analysis for wire EDM of aluminium matrix compos- Yadav US, Yadava V (2015) Experimental modeling and multiob-
ites. Mater Today: Proc https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2022.09. jective optimization of electrical discharge drilling of aero-
415 space superalloy material. Proc IMechE Part b: J Eng Manuf
Umamaheswarrao P, Raju DR, Suman KNS, Ravi Sankar B (2018) 229(10):1764–1780
Multi objective optimization of process parameters for hard Yadav DK, Dixit NK, Agarwal D, Khare SK (2022) Optimization of
turning of AISI 52100 steel using hybrid GRA-PCA. Procedia machining parameters in CNC milling of Ti-6Al-4V alloy using
Comput Sci 133:703–710 multiple methodology. Mater Today: Proc 59:138–143
Unare AJ, Attar PR (2016) Optimization of process parameter of elec- Yan J, Li L (2013) Multi-objective optimization of milling parameters -
trochemical machining of aluminium alloy 7075 by using gray the trade-offs between energy, production rate and cutting quality.
Taguchi method. Int Res J Eng Technol 3(7):120–123 J Clean Prod 52:462–471
Varghese BM, Paul B, Shunmugesh K (2021) Optimization of process Youssef H, El-Hofy HAG (2020) Machining technology and opera-
parameters of machining in coir fiber reinforced epoxy compos- tions. CRC Press, USA
ites. Mater Today: Proc 43:3880–3886 Zaman PB, Saha S, Dhar NR (2020) Hybrid Taguchi-GRA-PCA
Vasudevan H, Rajguru RR, Shaikh M, Shaikh A (2019) Optimization approach for multi-response optimisation of turning process
of process parameters in the turning operation of Inconel 625. parameters under HPC condition. Int J Mach Mach Mater
Mater Sci Forum 969:756–761 22(3/4):281–308
Velmurgan KV, Venkatesan K (2016) Experimental investigation and
optimization of machining parameters using grey-relational anal- Publisher's Note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to
ysis approach and fuzzy based Taguchi loss function method. jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Indian J Sci Technol 9(44):1–7
Venu Gopal A, Chakradhar D (2012) Parametric optimization in elec- Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds
trochemical machining of EN-31 steel based on grey relation exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the
approach. Appl Mech Mater 110–116:1649–1656 author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted
Verma AS, Singh S, Singh A (2020a) An exploratory investigation manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of
and optimization of taper cutting operation with wire electro such publishing agreement and applicable law.
discharge machining. Mater Today: Proc 24:388–397
Verma S, Satsangi PS, Chattopadhyay KD (2020b) Enhancing pro-
cess capabilities of electric discharge machining for non-
conductive ceramics. Proc IMechE Part c: J Mech Eng Sci
234(12):2402–2416
13

Terms and Conditions
Springer Nature journal content, brought to you courtesy of Springer Nature Customer Service Center GmbH (“Springer Nature”).
Springer Nature supports a reasonable amount of sharing of research papers by authors, subscribers and authorised users (“Users”), for small-
scale personal, non-commercial use provided that all copyright, trade and service marks and other proprietary notices are maintained. By
accessing, sharing, receiving or otherwise using the Springer Nature journal content you agree to these terms of use (“Terms”). For these
purposes, Springer Nature considers academic use (by researchers and students) to be non-commercial.
These Terms are supplementary and will apply in addition to any applicable website terms and conditions, a relevant site licence or a personal
subscription. These Terms will prevail over any conflict or ambiguity with regards to the relevant terms, a site licence or a personal subscription
(to the extent of the conflict or ambiguity only). For Creative Commons-licensed articles, the terms of the Creative Commons license used will
apply.
We collect and use personal data to provide access to the Springer Nature journal content. We may also use these personal data internally within
ResearchGate and Springer Nature and as agreed share it, in an anonymised way, for purposes of tracking, analysis and reporting. We will not
otherwise disclose your personal data outside the ResearchGate or the Springer Nature group of companies unless we have your permission as
detailed in the Privacy Policy.
While Users may use the Springer Nature journal content for small scale, personal non-commercial use, it is important to note that Users may
not:
1. use such content for the purpose of providing other users with access on a regular or large scale basis or as a means to circumvent access
control;
2. use such content where to do so would be considered a criminal or statutory offence in any jurisdiction, or gives rise to civil liability, or is
otherwise unlawful;
3. falsely or misleadingly imply or suggest endorsement, approval , sponsorship, or association unless explicitly agreed to by Springer Nature in
writing;
4. use bots or other automated methods to access the content or redirect messages
5. override any security feature or exclusionary protocol; or
6. share the content in order to create substitute for Springer Nature products or services or a systematic database of Springer Nature journal
content.
In line with the restriction against commercial use, Springer Nature does not permit the creation of a product or service that creates revenue,
royalties, rent or income from our content or its inclusion as part of a paid for service or for other commercial gain. Springer Nature journal
content cannot be used for inter-library loans and librarians may not upload Springer Nature journal content on a large scale into their, or any
other, institutional repository.
These terms of use are reviewed regularly and may be amended at any time. Springer Nature is not obligated to publish any information or
content on this website and may remove it or features or functionality at our sole discretion, at any time with or without notice. Springer Nature
may revoke this licence to you at any time and remove access to any copies of the Springer Nature journal content which have been saved.
To the fullest extent permitted by law, Springer Nature makes no warranties, representations or guarantees to Users, either express or implied
with respect to the Springer nature journal content and all parties disclaim and waive any implied warranties or warranties imposed by law,
including merchantability or fitness for any particular purpose.
Please note that these rights do not automatically extend to content, data or other material published by Springer Nature that may be licensed
from third parties.
If you would like to use or distribute our Springer Nature journal content to a wider audience or on a regular basis or in any other manner not
expressly permitted by these Terms, please contact Springer Nature at
onlineservice@springernature.com

Grey - Relational - Analysis-Based - Optimization - of Mac

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Grey - Relational - Analysis-Based - Optimization - of Mac

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Process Integration and Optimization for Sustainability

Grey Relational Analysis‑Based Optimization of Machining Processes:

Received: 24 June 2022 / Revised: 19 December 2022 / Accepted: 18 January 2023

Keywords Review · Optimization · GRA​ · Machining · Process · Sustainability

Abbreviations LBM Laser beam machining

Content courtesy of Springer Nature, terms of use apply. Rights reserved.

Content courtesy of Springer Nature, terms of use apply. Rights reserved.

The GRA technique, based on the concept of grey theory

Content courtesy of Springer Nature, terms of use apply. Rights reserved.

Content courtesy of Springer Nature, terms of use apply. Rights reserved.

Content courtesy of Springer Nature, terms of use apply. Rights reserved.

Table 1 GRA-based optimization of turning processes

Content courtesy of Springer Nature, terms of use apply. Rights reserved.

Content courtesy of Springer Nature, terms of use apply. Rights reserved.

Table 2 Applications of GRA technique for optimization of milling processes

Content courtesy of Springer Nature, terms of use apply. Rights reserved.

Content courtesy of Springer Nature, terms of use apply. Rights reserved.

Table 3 GRA-based optimization of drilling processes

Content courtesy of Springer Nature, terms of use apply. Rights reserved.

Table 4 Applications of GRA for optimization of ECM processes

Author(s) Design plan Material Process parameters Response(s) Other tool(s)

Content courtesy of Springer Nature, terms of use apply. Rights reserved.

Content courtesy of Springer Nature, terms of use apply. Rights reserved.

Table 5 GRA-based optimization of EDM processes

Content courtesy of Springer Nature, terms of use apply. Rights reserved.

Content courtesy of Springer Nature, terms of use apply. Rights reserved.

Content courtesy of Springer Nature, terms of use apply. Rights reserved.

Table 6 GRA-based optimization of WEDM processes

Content courtesy of Springer Nature, terms of use apply. Rights reserved.

Thankachan et al. L27 OA Cu-boron nitride Pulse-on time, pulse- MRR, Ra

Content courtesy of Springer Nature, terms of use apply. Rights reserved.

Content courtesy of Springer Nature, terms of use apply. Rights reserved.

Table 7 Applications of GRA for optimization of LBM processes

Content courtesy of Springer Nature, terms of use apply. Rights reserved.

independent variables, helping in understanding the roles of

Content courtesy of Springer Nature, terms of use apply. Rights reserved.

Table 8 Other mathematical Technique Number Technique Number Technique Number

Table 9 Journal-wise Name of the journal No. of papers

Content courtesy of Springer Nature, terms of use apply. Rights reserved.

Content courtesy of Springer Nature, terms of use apply. Rights reserved.

Fig. 4 Use of other keywords

Content courtesy of Springer Nature, terms of use apply. Rights reserved.

Conclusions Thus, it can be concluded that GRA, being a simple

Content courtesy of Springer Nature, terms of use apply. Rights reserved.

Content courtesy of Springer Nature, terms of use apply. Rights reserved.

Content courtesy of Springer Nature, terms of use apply. Rights reserved.

Content courtesy of Springer Nature, terms of use apply. Rights reserved.

Content courtesy of Springer Nature, terms of use apply. Rights reserved.

Content courtesy of Springer Nature, terms of use apply. Rights reserved.

Content courtesy of Springer Nature, terms of use apply. Rights reserved.

Content courtesy of Springer Nature, terms of use apply. Rights reserved.

You might also like

Keywords Review · Optimization · GRA · Machining · Process · Sustainability

Abbreviations LBM Laser beam machining

Table 1 GRA-based optimization of turning processes

Table 2 Applications of GRA technique for optimization of milling processes

Table 3 GRA-based optimization of drilling processes

Table 4 Applications of GRA for optimization of ECM processes

Table 5 GRA-based optimization of EDM processes

Table 6 GRA-based optimization of WEDM processes

Table 7 Applications of GRA for optimization of LBM processes

Table 8 Other mathematical Technique Number Technique Number Technique Number

Table 9 Journal-wise Name of the journal No. of papers

Fig. 4 Use of other keywords