FUNDAMENTALS OF BOTANY

Lesson 1: Introduction to Plants and Botany ︱ BIO13 ︱ August 27, 2022

By Franchez Cassandra B. Escander

DID YOU KNOW? • Photosynthesis – originated 2.8 billion

years ago, where the amount of CO2
• 36, 000 YEARS – humans were weaving
decreased, and the Earth has cooled
fibers of flax plants intro rough
• Industrial revolution – period where
clothing
we began burning massive amounts of
• Examples of products that are made
fuel
from plants
• CO2 (Carbon Dioxide)
a. Vanilla
• added to the air when volcanoes
b. Chocolate
erupt and as magma (molten rock)
c. Tea
comes upward at mid-ocean ridges
d. Cinnamon
• Removed as certain algae build
e. Mint
shells of calcium carbonate
• Scientific method – simple set of
• Limestone rock – composed of vast
accepted rules about the ways in which
numbers of microscopic shells of
evidence can be gathered and
certain algae, clams, and other marine
processed.
animals
INTRODUCTION • A cycle of heating and cooling happens
• Carbon dioxide – one of the several • When Earth is warm, rains were
greenhouse gases that allow visible heavy making plants grow faster
sunlight to pass through the • Abundant growing of plants
atmosphere and strike Earth’s surface absorbs more CO2, Earth cools and
plant growth slow
• Warmer rocks, soil, and water give off
infrared radiation back towards space ICE AGE
• Greenhouse gases absorb the infrared
• Pleistocene Ice Age – we are currently
light and heat the atmosphere
in this as there is an unusually cool
• Therefore, the higher the
period in Earth’s history, but we are in
concentration of greenhouse gases
its warm period
the hotter the climate
• Holocene warm period – warm period
• More water evaporates, causing
of the Pleistocene Ice Age
heavy rains. Ultimately, causing
• Interglacial period – cold periods of ice
flooding.
ages are called glacials because
• Respiration - bodies “burn” our food
glaciers are common on almost all
through this process, producing
mountains
carbon dioxide in the process
CURRENT CLIMATE

• Plants that flourish under cool, dry

conditions (White Red Blood Cells)
a. Wheat
b. Rye
c. Barley
d. Corn
 FUNDAMENTALS OF BOTANY
Lesson 1: Introduction to Plants and Botany ︱ BIO13 ︱ August 27, 2022
By Franchez Cassandra B. Escander

• Non-seed plants
a. Ferns – have features in common
• Grasses grow on open, treeless plains
with flowering plants but they
and they do not grow in the shade
never produce seeds, have neither
• Last 30 million years – when humans
flowers nor wood
come down from the trees
• Agriculture – originated about 11,000
years ago in Europe, Asia, Africa, and
the Americas (except Oceania and
Antarctica)
• 14,000 years ago – where the current
interglacial period began

BOTANY
b. Mosses – have the least in common
• Is the specific study of plants
with flowering plants, have leaves
• Plants can be defined in different types
and stems but no roots.
and variations
• Fungi – are recently no longer
considered as plants, as they show
different biochemical and genetic
respects
• Seed plants
a. Oenothera (evening primrose) –
flowering plant with a short stem,
simple leaves, and extensive root
system • Fungi
• Are not considered as plants
• Mushrooms and brackets
• Never green and cannot obtain
energy from sunlight
• Break down dead material in the
soil for plants (e.g. fallen leaves and
rotting tree trunks)
• Rotting materials release minerals
b. Picea (ex. of Conifers) – produce
and enrich the soils
seeds in the cones
• Algae
• Similar to plants in biochemistry
and cell structure
• Some include them with plants,
others exclude them
a. Inclusion because of the
• similarities of green algae to
 FUNDAMENTALS OF BOTANY
Lesson 1: Introduction to Plants and Botany ︱ BIO13 ︱ August 27, 2022
By Franchez Cassandra B. Escander

seaweed than red and brown THREE DOMAINS OF ORGANISMS

algae
• Kelp, brown algae (Fucus), have
plant-like bodies as result of
evolution
a. Are not true plants
b. Biochemistry, genetics,
anatomy, and reproduction
differ

SCIENTIFIC NAMES

• Each scientific name consists of

two words: a genus name and • Within kingdom plantae, botanist
specific epithet recognize about 17 divisions, only
• King Philip Came Over For Good four were listed
Soup • Scientists conclude that algae
a. Kingdom should be included in kingdom
b. Phylum Plantae
c. Class • Division Magnoliophyta can also be
d. Order called Angiospermophyta
e. Family SCIENTIFIC METHOD
f. Genus
g. Species • 15th century – several methods for
• Closely related genera are grouped analyzing and explaining the universe
into families and its phenomena were used
a. Families in botany are always a. Religion – deities created the
capitalized and ends in -aceae universe, gods cannot be studied
(AY see ee) (either hidden or capricious)
b. Family names of animals end in b. Speculative philosophy – reached
-ae its greatest development with the
• Prurus is in the rose family ancient Greek philosophers
Roseaceae along with • Speculation – statement that cannot be
a. roses (Rosa) proved or disproved
b. apples (Malus) • Starting before the 1400s, the scientific
c. strawberries (Fragaria) method, slowly began to develop.
• Prurus has several species with • Several fundamental tenets were
edible fruits (AC, AP, AA) established:
a. Prurus avium (Cherries) 1. Source of information – all
b. Prurus persica (Peaches) accepted information can be
c. Prurus armeniaca (Apricots) derived only from carefully
documented observation or
experiments.
 FUNDAMENTALS OF BOTANY
Lesson 1: Introduction to Plants and Botany ︱ BIO13 ︱ August 27, 2022
By Franchez Cassandra B. Escander

2. Phenomena that can be studied.

Only tangible phenomena and
objects are studied.
3. Constancy and universality.
Physical forces that control the
world are constant through time
and are the same everywhere.
4.