PARTS OF A COMPETENCY-BASED

LEARNING MATERIAL

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COMPETENCY-BASED LEARNING MATERIAL

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Sector
HEALTH, SECURITY AND OTHER COMMUNITY
DEVELOPMENT SERVICES SECTOR

Qualification
CAREGIVING NC II
Unit of Competency
PROVIDE CARE AND SUPPORT
TO INFANTS / TODDLERS
Module Title
PROVIDING CARE AND SUPPORT
TO INFANTS / TODDLERS
Developer :
CHAYSEE JAN D. SIBUG RN,LPT, MAN PHD

Institution
ILEAD MEDIC SCHOOL FOR HEALTH CARE SCIENCES INC.

HOW TO USE THIS LEARNER’S GUIDE

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 Welcome to the module: PROVIDING CARE AND SUPPORT TO INFANTS /
TODDLERS. This module contains training materials and activities for you to complete.

The unit of competency CAREGIVING NC II contains the knowledge, skills and

attitudes required for a Household Worker Services. It is one of the CORE Modules at National
Certificate Level (NCII).

You are required to go through a series of learning activities in order to complete each
learning outcomes of the module. In each learning outcome there are Information Sheets,
Resource Sheets and Reference Materials for further reading to help you better
understand the required activities. Follow these activities on your own and answer self-check
at the end of each learning outcome. Get the answer key from your instructor and check your
work honestly. If you have questions please don’t hesitate to ask your facilitator for
assistance.

Recognition for Prior Learning (RPL)

You may already have some or most of the knowledge and skills covered in this
learner’s guide because you have:

Been working for some time.

Already completed training in this area.

If you can demonstrate to your trainer that you are competent in a particular
knowledge or skills, talk to him/her about having them formally recognize so you won’t have
to do the same training again. If you have qualification or Certificate of Competency from

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previous training, show them to your trainer. If the skills you acquired are still relevant to the
module, they may become the part of the evidence you can present for RPL.

At the end of this learning material is a learner’s Diary. Use this diary to record
important dates, jobs undertaken and to other workplace events that will assist you in further
details to your trainer or assessors. A Record of Achievement is also provided for your
trainer to complete once you complete this module.

This learning material was prepared to help you achieve the required competency, in
PROVIDING CARE AND SUPPORT TO INFANTS AND TODDLERS. This will be the source
of information for you to acquire knowledge and skills in this particular trade, with minimum
supervision or help from your instructor.

In doing the activities to complete the requirements of this module, please be guided by
the following:

1. Talk to you trainer and agree on how you will both organize the training of this unit. Read
through the learning guide carefully. It is divided into sections which cover all the skill and
knowledge you need to successfully complete in this module.

2. Work through all the information and complete the activities in each section. Read
information sheets and complete the self- check. Suggested references are included to
supplement the materials provided in this module.

3. Most probably your trainer will also be your supervisor or manager. He/she is there to
support you and show you the correct way to do things. Ask for help.

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4. Your trainer will tell you about the important things you need to consider when you are
completing activities and it is important that you listen and take notes.

5. You will be given plenty of opportunity to ask questions and practice on the job. Make
sure you practice your new skills during regular work shifts. This way you will improve
both your speed and memory and also your confidence. Talk to more experience
workmates and ask for their guidance.

6. Use the self-check questions at the end of each section to test your own progress.

7. When you are ready, ask your trainer to watch you perform the activities outline in this
module.

8. As you work through the activities, ask for written feedback on your progress. Your trainer
keeps feedback/pre-assessment reports for this reason. When you have this learning
material and feel confident that you have sufficient knowledge and skills your trainer will
arrange and appointment with a registered assessor to assess you. The results of the
assessment will be recorded in you competency Achievement Record.

MODULES OF INSTRUCTION

QUALIFICATION CAREGIVING NC II

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 PROVIDE CARE AND SUPPORT TO INFANTS AND
UNIT OF COMPETENCY
TODDLERS

PROVIDE CARE AND SUPPORT

MODULE TITLE TO INFANTS / TODDLERS

THIS UNIT COVERS THE KNOWLEDGE, SKILLS AND

ATTITUDES REQUIRED TO PROVIDE CARE AND
MODULE DESCRIPTOR
SUPPORT TO INFANTS AND TODDLERS AGES FROM
BIRTH TO THREE YEARS.

NOMINAL DURATION 50 Hours

LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of this module you must be able to:

 Comfort infants and toddlers
 Bath and dress infants and toddlers
 Feed infants and toddlers
 Put infants and toddlers to sleep
 Enhance social, physical, intellectual, creative and emotional activities of

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 infants and toddlers.

LIST OF COMPETENCIES

Unit of Competency Module Title Code

Provide care and support Providing care and support to HCS323301

1.
to infants/toddlers infants/toddlers

Provide care and support to Providing care and support to HCS323302

2.
children children

Foster social, intellectual, Fostering social, intellectual, HCS323303

3. creative and emotional creative and emotional
development of children development of children

Foster the physical Fostering the physical HCS323304

4.
development of children development of children

5.

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 Provide care and support to Providing care and support to HCS323305
elderly elderly

Provide care and support to Providing care and support to HCS323306

6.
people with special needs people with special needs

Maintain healthy and safe Maintaining healthy and safe HCS323307

7.
environment environment

8.
Respond to emergency Responding to emergency HCS323308

Clean living room, dining Cleaning living room, dining HCS323309

9. room, bedrooms, toilet and room, bedrooms, toilet and
bathroom bathroom

Wash and iron clothes, linen Washing and ironing clothes, HCS323310
10.
and fabric linen and fabric

11. Prepare hot and cold meals Preparing hot and cold meals HCS323311

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 LEARNING OUTCOME SUMMARY

LEARNING OUTCOME 2 :
BATHE AND DRESS INFANTS AND TODDLERS

CONTENTS:

1. Procedures in taking vital signs

2. Specifications of different types of thermometer
3. Procedures in bathing and dressing/ undressing of infants
4. Bathing paraphernalia and types, uses, specification
5. Specifications and uses of non-slip rubber mat

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6. Baby/ baby dummy

ASSESSMENT CRITERIA:

1. Checked the infants and toddlers’ vital signs based on procedure

2. Checked the water quantity and temperature as per requirement.
3. Bathed infants and toddlers according to procedure.
4. Made comforters available to infants and toddlers when needed

CONDITION:
Students/trainees must be provided with the following:
1. Bathing paraphernalia (baby bath tub, baby toiletries, towel, etc.)
2. Thermometer/ tray
3. Bathing toys
4. Baby’s layette
5. Baby dummy

METHODOLOGY:
1. Lecture/ discussion
2. Demonstration and return demonstration
3. Self-paced instruction
4. Group discussion

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1.

ASSESSMENT METHOD:
1. Oral and written evaluation

LEARNING EXPERIENCES

LEARNING OUTCOME 2 :
BATHE AND DRESS INFANTS AND TODDLERS

Learning Activity/Guide Special Instruction

Read Information Sheet 1.2-1 on Procedures in Perform all activities required.

taking vital signs
Answer Self-Check 1.2-1
Compare Answers to Answer Key
Listen to Lecture on Learning
Content 1.2-1
Answer trainers follow up questions
View video clip on 1.2-1 on
You must get a rating of 80 to 100%. If
you get below 80% rating, go over the
same activities.
If you get the required rating, proceed to
the next activities.

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Procedures in taking vital signs
Perform return demonstration based on video clip
1.2-1
Evaluate Performance using
Performance Criteria Checklist

Read Information Sheet 1.2-2 on Specifications Perform all activities required.

of different types of thermometer
Answer Self-Check 1.2-2
Compare Answers to Answer Key
Listen to Lecture on Learning
Content 1.2-2
Answer trainers follow up questions to assess
understanding
Have the trainer evaluate the answers
You must get a rating of 80 to 100%. If
you get below 80% rating, go over the
same activities.
If you get the required rating, proceed to
the next activities.

Read Information Sheet 1.2-3 on Procedures in Perform all activities required.

bathing and dressing/undressing of infants
Answer Self-Check 1.2-3
Compare Answers to Answer Key
Listen to the lecture and observe performance
on Procedures in bathing and
dressing/undressing of infants
You must get a rating of 80 to 100%. If
you get below 80% rating, go over the
same activities.
If you get the required rating,
proceed to the next activities

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Answer questions to assess understanding and
perform return demonstration
Evaluate the demonstration using the
Performance Criteria Checklist

Answer questions to assess understanding and

perform return demonstration
Evaluate the demonstration using the
Performance Criteria Check list

Re Perform all activities required.

ad Information Sheet 1.2-4 on Bathing You must get a rating of 80 to 100%. If
Paraphernalia and types, uses, specification you get below 80% rating, go over the
Answer Self-Check 1.2-4 same activities.
Compare Answers to Answer Key If you get the required rating, proceed
Listen to Lecture on Learning to the next activities
Content 1.2-4
Answer trainers follow up questions to assess
understanding Have the trainer evaluate the
answers

Read Information Sheet 1.2-5 on Specifications Perform all activities required.

and uses of non-slip rubber mat You must get a rating of 80 to 100%. If
Answer Self-Check 1.2-5 you get below 80% rating, go over the
Compare Answers to Answer Key same activities.
Listen to Lecture on Learning If you get the required rating, proceed

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Content 1.2-5 to the next activities
Answer trainers follow up questions to assess
understanding Have the trainer evaluate the
answers

Read Information Sheet 1.2-6 on Perform all activities required.

Baby/baby dummy
Answer Self-Check 1.2-6
Compare Answers to Answer Key
Listen to Lecture on Learning
Content 1.2-6
Answer trainers follow up questions to assess
understanding Have the trainer evaluate the
answers
You must get a rating of 80 to 100%. If
you get below 80% rating, go over the
same activities.
If you get the required rating, proceed
to the next activities

If you miss some items go over this activity After doing all activities of this LO, you
again are ready to proceed to another LO.

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 Information Sheet No. 1.2.1

PROCEDURES IN TAKING VITAL SIGNS

Learning Objectives:

After reading this INFORMATION SHEET, YOU MUST be able to:

1. assess the infants / toddlers’ body temperature;

2. determine the baseline values for comparison after bathing and;
3. evaluate changes and abnormalities in the condition of the infants/toddlers once bathing
have been implemented
4.To continue appraisal of the newborn by observing and recording vital signs, daily weight
loss or gain, bowel and bladder function, activity or sleep.

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Introduction

Vital signs are measurements of the body’s most basic

functions. The four main vital signs routinely monitored by medical professionals and
health care providers include the following; Body temperature, Pulse rate, Respiratory rate,
and Blood pressure.

Vital signs are useful in detecting or monitoring medical problems. It can be measured
in a medical setting, at home, at the site of a medical emergency or elsewhere. If any
abnormality occurs in the body, vital signs change immediately.

Among the vital signs, the body temperature of infants and toddlers can change quickly
particularly after bathing. Measuring/monitoring the body temperature uses a clinical digital
thermometer.

Pediatric Vital Signs Reference Chart

Heart Rate:

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 Normal Heart Rate by Age (beats/minute)
Reference: PALS Guidelines, 2015
Age Awake Rate Sleeping Rate
Neonate (<28 d) 100-205 90-160
Infant (1 mo-1 y) 100-190 90-160
Toddler (1-2 y) 98-140 80-120
Preschool (3-5 y) 80-120 65-100
School-age (6-11 y) 75-118 58-90
Adolescent (12-15 y) 60-100 50-90

Respiratory Rate:

Normal Respiratory Rate by Age (breaths/minute)

Reference: PALS Guidelines, 2015
Age Normal Respiratory Rate
Infants (<1 y) 30-53
Toddler (1-2 y) 22-37
Preschool (3-5 y) 20-28
School-age (6-11 y) 18-25
Adolescent (12-15 y) 12-20

Temperature:

Normal Temperature Range by Method

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 Reference: CPS Position Statement on Temperature Measurement
in Pediatrics, 2015
Method Normal Range (oC)
Rectal 36.6-38
Ear 35.8-38
Oral 35.5-37.5
Axillary 36.5-37.5

Blood Pressure:           

Normal Blood Pressure by Age (mm Hg)

Reference: PALS Guidelines, 2015
Diastolic
Systolic
Age Pressur Systolic Hypotension
Pressure
e
Birth (12 h, <1000 g) 39-59 16-36 <40-50
Birth (12 h, 3 kg) 60-76 31-45 <50
Neonate (96 h) 67-84 35-53 <60
Infant (1-12 mo) 72-104 37-56 <70
Toddler (1-2 y) 86-106 42-63 <70 + (age in yrs x 2)
Preschooler (3-5 y) 89-112 46-72 <70 + (age in yrs x 2)
School-age (6-9 y) 97-115 57-76 <70 + (age in yrs x 2)
Preadolescent (10-11 y) 102-120 61-80 <90
Adolescent (12-15 y) 110-131 64-83 <90

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 Temperature ranges do not vary with age. Axillary, tympanic and temporal temps for
screening (less accurate). Rectal and oral temps for definitive measurement (unless
contraindication).

Pulse Oximetry
Normal pediatric pulse oximetry (SPO2) values have not yet been firmly established.
SPO2 is lower in the immediate newborn period. Beyond this period, normal levels are stable
with age. Generally, a SPO2 of <92% should be a cause of concern and may suggest a
respiratory disease or cyanotic heart disease.

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Page 21
 ASSESSING BODY TEMPERATURE THROUGH RECTAL WITH
THE USE OF DIGITAL THERMOMETER

CARE ACTION RATIONALE

1. Wash hands Handwashing prevents the spread of

infection

2. Prepared all needed materials Organization facilitates accurate skill

• Digital thermometer performance
• Alcohol swab
• Waste receptacle Lubricants should be used to avoid
• Lubricant trauma to the anal are or rectum

3. Check infant/toddler’s identification To confirm the identity of the patient

4. Explain the purpose and the procedure Providing information fasters cooperation
to the client’s relatives. and understanding

5. Provide privacy and move gown to Maintains client’s privacy and proper

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 expose anal or rectal area.
6. Push the "On" button and wait for the
"Ready" signal on unit.
7. Wipe the digital thermometer from
neck up to the probe
8. Lubricate the end of the probe with a
small amount of lubricating jelly.
9. Selects appropriate site. Place your
child on his stomach across a firm
surface or your lap before taking his
temperature (Figure 5-6)
10. Gently slide the probe of the
thermometer into the rectum about
an 1/2 inch. Stop inserting the
thermometer if it becomes difficult
to insert. Never force the
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draping
Setting up the unit to get the
temperature
Wipe from the area where few
organisms are present to the area
where more organisms are present to
limit spread of infection
Lubricating the thermometer prevents
trauma to the rectum or anal area
To maintain proper position of bulb
against blood vessels in the rectum or
anal area.
Close contact of the bulb of the
thermometer with the superficial blood
vessels in the rectum or anal area
ensures a more accurate temperature
registration
 thermometer into the rectum.
Always stay with your child while
taking the temperature

11. Continue to hold probe until you Obtain an accurate temperature reading
hear a beep to let you know the
reading is completed

12. Remove the thermometer and read. Ensure an accurate reading and prevent
Dispose of probe cover in the the spread of infection
appropriate receptacle. Wash the
probe of the thermometer with soap,
water and rubbing alcohol when you
are done. Return the thermometer
probe to the storage place within the
unit

13. Wash hands Prevent spread of infection

14. Record the temperature on flow Documentation provides ongoing data

sheet and report any significant collection
findings to appropriate person.

RECTAL THERMOMETER

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 Rectal Thermometer - is an umbrella
term covering the practice, widely used in
modern medicine and science, of taking a
mammal's temperature by inserting a
thermometer into the aforementioned
mammal's rectum via the anus. This is
generally regarded as the most accurate
means of temperature-taking, but some
may consider it to be an invasive or humiliating procedure. Thus, it is often used sparingly
and primarily on infants, children or adults for whom taking an oral temperature would risk
injury (e.g. an unconscious patient, a post-oral surgery patient, or a person suffering
a seizure) or be inaccurate (due to recently ingested liquids or breathing through the
mouth)

The precise history of rectal thermometry is largely unknown, but medical thermometers have

long been made in a tube shape that fits into the anus. Medical literature shows the practice
dating back to at least the 18th century, and it is probable that rectal thermometry was
thought to be a safer alternative to oral temperature-taking, due to the use of mercury and
other toxic chemicals in early thermometers. As thermometry-related technology improves in
the 21st century, rectal thermometry is becoming less and less pervasive, but it is still the
preferred method for taking the temperature of infants and pets.

USE & PROCEDURE

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 Rectal thermometry is widely used in veterinary medicine and pediatrics as well as by
adults at home who want the most accurate possible temperature reading and overlook the
invasive nature associated with the painless procedure. It is accomplished by inserting the tip
of a thermometer, usually lubricated with either petroleum jelly (Vaseline) or more recently
water-based lubricants such as K-Y Jelly to eliminate friction and aid in insertion passed the
tightly retentive sphincter of the anus, about 1–2 inches into the anus. The thermometer tip
must then be left in place until a reading can be derived, usually about 3 minutes for mercury
thermometers and 1 minute for newer electronic types. It is important to remember that the
normal human core temperature range measured with a rectal thermometer spans from 98.6
to 100.4 degrees Fahrenheit (37.0 to 38.0 degrees Celsius).
Rectal thermometers are often colored cherry red to differentiate them from oral or
axillary thermometers, as well as having a shorter, squat, pear, or stubby bulb shape. They
are not meant to be used interchangeably with other types of thermometers.

Figure 5 Figure 6

TASK SHEET 1.2.1

Title:
Assessing Body Temperature through Rectal with use of Digital Thermometer

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 Performance Objective: Given the necessary materials, tools, equipment, the
candidate must be able to perform assessment of body temperature prior to bathing of
infants and toddlers.

Supplies / Materials:

Tray
Alcohol swab
Waste receptacle
Lubricant

Equipment

Digital thermometer

Steps/Procedure:

1. Wash hands Handwashing prevents the spread of

infection

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2. Prepared all needed materials Organization facilitates accurate skill
 Digital thermometer performance
 Alcohol swab Lubricants should be used to avoid
 Waste receptacle trauma to the anal are or rectum
 Lubricant

3. Wash hands Handwashing prevents the spread of

infection

4. Explain the purpose and the Providing information fasters cooperation

procedure to the client’s relatives. and understanding

5. Provide privacy and move gown to Maintains client’s privacy and proper
expose anal or rectal area. draping

6. Push the "On" button and wait for Setting up the unit to get the temperature
the "Ready" signal on unit.

7. Wipe the digital thermometer from Wipe from the area where few organisms
neck up to the probe are present to the area where more
organisms are present to limit spread of
infection

8. Lubricate the end of the probe with Lubricating the thermometer prevents
a small amount of lubricating jelly. trauma to the rectum or anal area

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9. Selects appropriate site. Place your To maintain proper position of bulb
child on his stomach across a firm against blood vessels in the rectum or
surface or your lap before taking his anal area.
temperature.

10. Gently slide the probe of the
thermometer into the rectum about
an 1/2 inch. Stop inserting the
thermometer if it becomes difficult
to insert. Never force the
thermometer into the rectum.
Always stay with your child while
taking the temperature
Close contact of the bulb of the
thermometer with the superficial blood
vessels in the rectum or anal area
ensures a more accurate temperature
registration

11. Continue to hold probe until you Obtain an accurate temperature reading
hear a beep to let you know the
reading is completed

12. Remove the thermometer and Ensure an accurate reading and prevent
read. Dispose of probe cover in the spread of infection
the appropriate receptacle. Wash
the probe of the thermometer
with soap, water and rubbing

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 alcohol when you are done.
Return the thermometer probe to
the storage place within the unit

13. Wash hands Prevent spread of infection

14. Record the temperature on flow Documentation provides ongoing data

sheet and report any significant collection
findings to appropriate person.

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 PERFORMANCE CRITERIA CHECKLIST NO. 1.2.1

CRITERIA
YES NO
Did you…

1. Wash hands


2. Prepared all needed materials
• Digital thermometer
• Alcohol swab
• Waste receptacle  Lubricant

3. Check infant/toddler’s identification

4. Explain the purpose and the procedure to the client’s relatives.

5. Provide privacy and move gown to expose anal or rectal area.

6. Push the "On" button and wait for the "Ready" signal on unit.

7. Wipe the digital thermometer from neck up to the probe

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8. Lubricate the end of the probe with a small amount of lubricating
jelly.

9. Selects appropriate site. Place your child on his stomach across a

firm surface or your lap before taking his temperature


10. Gently slide the probe of the thermometer into the rectum about
a 1/2 inch. Stop inserting the thermometer if it becomes difficult to
insert. Never force the thermometer into the rectum. Always stay
with your child while taking the temperature

11. Continue to hold probe until you hear a beep to let you know the
reading is completed

12. Remove the thermometer and read. Dispose of probe cover in

the appropriate receptacle. Wash the probe of the thermometer
with soap, water and rubbing alcohol when you are done. Return
the thermometer probe to the storage place within the unit

13. Wash hands

14. Record the temperature on flow sheet and report any significant
findings to appropriate person.

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 SELF CHECK 1.2.1

Instructions:

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Read the questions carefully. On your answer sheet, write the letter of the correct
answer.

1. An infant’s temperature is assessed prior to bathing. The most accurate method in

taking body temperature is through

A. Rectal
B. Oral
C. Axilla
D. Tympanic

2. To ensure close contact of the bulb of the thermometer with the superficial blood
vessels in the axilla, the caregiver should:

A. place the infant/toddler’s forearm on a pillow

B. place the infant/toddler’s forearm over his or her chest
C. position arm abducted
D. position arm adducted

3. The purpose of taking the body temperature is/are:

A. To establish baseline data for subsequent evaluation.

B. To identify whether the core temperature is within normal range.
C. To monitor client’s at risk for imbalanced temperature
D. All of the above

4. When is the best time to wash hand when doing a procedure:

A. Before
B. After
C. Before and after
D. Not needed

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5. To prevent the spread of infection form patient to patient, care giver must

A. Wear medical mask

B. Clean every patient with alcohol
C. Ask patient to take a bath
D. Clean equipment before and after use

ANSWER KEY 1.2.1

1. A
2. B
3. D
4. C

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5. D

Information Sheet No. 1.2.2

SPECIFICATIONS OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF THERMOMETER

Learning Objectives:

After reading this INFORMATION SHEET, YOU MUST be able to:

1. identify the different types of thermometer

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 2. measure the body temperature with the use of different types of thermometer

Introduction

Thermometer is a device that measures

temperature or a temperature gradient. A thermometer has two important elements: (1)
a temperature sensor (e.g. the bulb of a mercury-in-glass thermometer or the digital
sensor in an infrared thermometer) in which some change occurs with a change in
temperature, and (2) some means of converting this change into a numerical value (e.g.
the visible scale that is marked on a mercury-in-glass thermometer or the digital readout
on an infrared model). Thermometers are widely used in industry to monitor processes,
in meteorology, in medicine, and in scientific research.
Thermometers are used to see if you have a fever or tell you how cold it is outside.
Thermo means heat and meter means a measuring device, thus thermometer.
Thermometers measure temperatures in degrees, according to either the Celsius or
Fahrenheit system.

Digital thermometers are temperature-sensing instruments that are easily portable,

have permanent probes, and a convenient digital display.

Some of the principles of the thermometer were known to Greek philosophers of

two thousand years ago. The modern thermometer gradually evolved from
the thermoscope with the addition of a scale in the early 17th century and standardization
through the 17th and 18th centuries

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 A medical thermometer is used for measuring human or animal body
temperature. The tip of the thermometer is inserted into the mouth under the
tongue (oral or sub-lingual temperature), under the armpit (axillary temperature), or into
the rectum via the anus (rectal temperature).

A medical/clinical mercury
thermometer showing the
temperature of 37.7 °C
Classification by Location of
Medical Thermometer

The temperature can be measured in various locations on the body which maintain
a fairly stable temperature (mainly sub-lingual, axillary, rectal, vaginal, forehead, or
temporal artery). The normal temperature varies slightly with the location; an oral
reading of 37 °C does not correspond to rectal, temporal, etc. readings of the same
value.

When a temperature is quoted the location should also be specified. If a

temperature is stated without qualification (e.g., typical body temperature) it is usually
assumed to be sub-lingual.

The differences between core temperature and measurements at different

locations, known as clinical bias, is discussed in the article on normal human body
temperature. Measurements are subject to both site-dependent clinical bias and variability
between a series of measurements (standard deviations of the differences). For example,
one study found that the clinical bias of rectal temperatures was greater than for ear
temperature measured by a selection of thermometers under test, but variability was less.

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 Oral - Oral temperature may
only be taken from a patient
who is capable of holding the
thermometer securely under
the tongue, which generally
excludes small children or
people who are unconscious
or overcome by coughing,
weakness, or vomiting. (This
is less of a problem with fast-
reacting digital
thermometers, but is certainly an issue with mercury thermometers, which take several
minutes to stabilize their reading.) If the patient has drunk a hot or cold liquid beforehand
time must be allowed for the mouth
temperature to return to its normal value.

The typical range of a sub-lingual thermometer

for use in humans is from about 35 °C to 42 °C
or 90 °F to 110 °F.

Armpit
The armpit (axilla) temperature is measured by holding the thermometer tightly under
the armpit. One needs to hold the thermometer for several minutes to get an accurate
measurement. The axillary temperature plus 1 °C is a good guide to the rectal
temperature in patients older than 1
month. The accuracy from the axilla is
known to be inferior to the rectal
temperature.

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Normal Thermometer - Normal Thermometer temperature-taking, especially if
performed by a person other than the patient, should be facilitated with the use of
a water-based personal lubricant. Although Normal temperature is the most accurate, this
method may be considered unpleasant, or embarrassing in some countries or cultures,
especially if used on patients older than young children; also, if not taken the correct
way, Normal temperature-taking can be uncomfortable and in some cases painful for the
patient. Normal temperature-taking is considered the method of choice for infants.

Ear
The ear thermometer was invented by Dr. Theodor H. Benzinger in 1964. At the time, he
was seeking a way to get a reading as close to the brain's temperature as possible, since
the hypothalamus at the brain's base regulates the core body temperature. He
accomplished this by using the ear canal's ear drum's blood vessels, which are shared
with the hypothalamus. Before the ear thermometer's invention, easy temperature
readings could only be taken from the mouth, rectum or underarm. Previously, if doctors
wanted to record an accurate brain temperature, electrodes needed to be attached to the
patient's hypothalamus.

This tympanic thermometer has a projection (protected by a one-time hygienic

sheath) that contains the infrared probe; the projection is gently placed in the ear canal
and a button pressed; the temperature is read and displayed within about a second.
These thermometers are used both in the home and in medical facilities.

There are factors that make readings of this thermometer to some extent
unreliable, for example faulty placement in the external ear canal by the operator, and

Page 40
wax blocking the canal. Such error-producing factors usually cause readings to be below
the true value, so that a fever can fail to be detected.

Temporal artery
A temporal artery thermometer, which uses the infrared principle report temperature,
were not very accurate and therefore caution should be used

Forehead
The band thermometer is applied to the
patient's brow. It is typically a band coated
with different temperature-sensitive markings
using plastic strip thermometer or similar technology; at a given temperature the
markings (numerals indicating the temperature) in one region are at the right
temperature to become visible. This type may give an indication of fever, but is not
considered accurate.

Classification by Technology of Medical Thermometer

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 Liquid-filled
The traditional thermometer is a glass
tube with a bulb at one end containing
a liquid which expands in a uniform
manner with temperature. The tube
itself is narrow (capillary) and has
calibration markings along it. The liquid
is often mercury, but alcohol
thermometers use a colored alcohol.
Medically, a maximum thermometer is
often used, which indicates the
maximum temperature reached even
after it is removed from the body.

To use the thermometer, the bulb is placed in the location where the temperature
is to be measured and left long enough to be certain to reach thermal equilibrium—
typically three minutes. Maximum-reading is achieved by means of a constriction in the
neck close to the bulb. As the temperature of the bulb rises, the liquid expands up the
tube through the constriction. When the temperature falls, the column of liquid breaks at
the constriction and cannot return to the bulb, thus remaining stationary in the tube.
After reading the value, the thermometer must be reset by repeatedly swinging it sharply
to shake the liquid back through the constriction.

Mercury

Mercury-in-glass thermometers have been considered the most accurate liquid-

filled types. However, mercury is a toxic heavy metal, and mercury has only been used in
clinical thermometers if protected from breakage of the tube.

The tube must be very narrow to minimize the amount of mercury in it—the
temperature of the tube is not controlled, so it must contain very much less mercury than

Page 42
the bulb to minimize the effect of the temperature of the tube—and this makes the
reading rather difficult as the narrow mercury column is not very visible. Visibility is less
of a problem with a colored liquid.

In the 1990s it was decided that mercury-based thermometers were too risky to
handle; the vigorous swinging needed to "reset" a mercury maximum thermometer
makes it easy to accidentally break it and spill the moderately poisonous mercury.
Mercury thermometers have largely been replaced by electronic digital thermometers, or,
more rarely, thermometers based on liquids other than mercury (such as galinstan,
coloured alcohols and heat-sensitive liquid crystals).

Phase-change (dot matrix) thermometers

Phase-change thermometers use samples of inert chemicals which melt at

progressively higher temperatures from 35.5 °C to 40.5 °C in steps of 0.1 °C. They are
mounted as small dots in a matrix on a thin plastic spatula with a protective transparent
cover.

This is placed under the patient’s tongue. After a short time the spatula is removed
and it can be seen which dots have melted and which have not: the temperature is taken
as the melting temperature of the last dot to melt. These are cheap disposable devices
and avoid the need for sterilizing for re-use.

Page 43
Liquid crystal
A liquid crystal thermometer contains heat-sensitive (thermochromic) liquid crystals in a
plastic strip that change color to indicate different temperatures.

Page 44
Electronic

Since compact and inexpensive methods of

measuring and displaying temperature became
available, electronic thermometers (often
called digital, because they display numeric values)
have been used. Many display readings to
great precision (0.1 °C or 0.2 °F, sometimes half
that), but this should not be taken as a guarantee of accuracy: specified accuracy must
be checked in documentation and maintained by periodical

recalibration. A typical inexpensive electronic ear thermometer for home use has a
displayed resolution of 0.1 °C, but a stated accuracy within ±0.2 °C (±0.35 °F) when
new. The first electronic clinical thermometer, invented in 1954, used a flexible probe that
contained a Carboloy thermistor.

TYPES OF DIGITAL THERMOMETERS

Page 45
 Resistance temperature detectors (RTDs)
RTDs are wire windings or other thin film serpentines that exhibit changes in resistance
with changes in temperature. They measure temperature using the positive temperature
coefficient of electrical resistance of metals. The hotter they become, the higher the value
of their electrical resistance. Platinum is the most commonly used material because it is
nearly linear over a wide range of temperatures, is very accurate, and has a fast response
time. RTDs can also be made of copper or nickel. Advantages of RTDs include their
stable output for long periods of time. They are also easy to calibrate and provide very
accurate readings. Disadvantages include a smaller overall temperature range, higher
initial cost, and a less rugged design.

Thermocouples

Page 46
 Thermocouples are accurate, highly
sensitive to small temperature changes, and
quickly respond to changes to the
environment. They consist of a pair of
dissimilar metal wires joined at one end.
The metal pair generates a net
thermoelectric voltage between their
opening and according to the size of the
temperature difference between the ends.
Advantages of thermocouples include their high accuracy and reliable operation over an
extremely wide range of temperatures. They are also well-suited for making automated
measurements both inexpensive and durable. Disadvantages include errors caused by
their use over an extended period of time, and that two temperatures are required to
make measurements. Thermocouple materials are subject to corrosion, which can affect
the thermoelectric voltage.
Thermistor

Thermistor elements are the most sensitive temperature sensors available. A

thermistor is a semiconductor device with an electrical resistance that is proportional to
temperature. There are two types of products. Negative temperature coefficient (NTC)
devices are used in temperature sensing and are the most common type of thermistor.
NTCs have temperatures that vary inversely with their resistance, so that when the
temperature increases, the resistance decreases, and vice versa. NTCs are constructed
from oxides of materials such as nickel, copper, and iron. Positive temperature
coefficient (PTC) devices are used in electric current control. They function in an opposite
manner than NTC in that the resistance increases as temperature increases. PTCs are
constructed from thermally sensitive silicons or polycrystalline ceramic materials. There
are several advantage and disadvantages to using an NTC thermistor thermometer.
Advantages include their small size and high degree of stability. NTCs are also long
lasting and very accurate. Disadvantages include their non-linearity, and unsuitability
for use in extreme temperatures

Page 47
 TYPES OF THERMOMETERS

ELECTRONIC THERMOMETERS

1. Digital heat sensor: these are standard electronic thermometers, and use electronic
heat sensors to detect body temperature. These thermometers can be used in the mouth,
armpit or rectum. Sometimes, it can come in the form of a pacifier for infants who cannot
keep still when having their temperature measured. When in doubt, invest in a digital
heat sensor thermometer, as it is appropriate for all ages and is very accurate.

Oral/Axillary Thermometer
Rectal Thermometer

2. Infrared wave sensor: these thermometers use infrared rays to measure the body’s
temperature. The most common form is the ear thermometer, also referred to as the
tympanic thermometer. A new and developing thermometer that measures the temporal
artery in the forehead also uses infrared waves to measure temperature.

Page 48
 Digital Ear Thermometer/ Temporal Artery Thermometer/
Tympanic Thermometer Infrared Thermometer

3. Basal thermometers: these thermometers are a

form of digital thermometer that is highly sensitive and
tracks precise, minute, temperature changes within the
body. They are most often used for female fertility
purposes and ovulation tracking rather than general,
body temperature measuring purposes. A normal
thermometer usually measures temperature in two-
tenths of a degree increment, while a basal
thermometer measures by tenths of a degree.
A thermometer used to take the basal (base) body
temperature, the temperature upon waking. Basal body
temperature is much less affected than daytime
temperature by environmental factors such as exercise
and food intake. This allows small changes in body temperature to be detected.

Glass oral thermometers typically have markings every 0.1 °C or 0.2 °F. Basal
temperature is stable enough to require accuracy of at least 0.05 °C or 0.1 °F, so special
glass basal thermometers are distinct from glass oral thermometers. Digital thermometers
which have sufficient resolution (0.05 °C or
0.1 °F is sufficient) may be suitable for
monitoring basal body temperatures; the
specification should be checked to ensure
absolute accuracy, and thermometers (like
most digital instruments) should be calibrated at specified intervals. If only the variation
of basal temperature is required, absolute accuracy is not so important so long as the
readings do not have large variability (e.g., if real temperature varies from 37.00 °C to
37.28 °C, a thermometer which inaccurately but consistently reads a change from
37.17 °C to 37.45 °C will indicate the magnitude of the change). Some digital

Page 49
 thermometers are marketed as "basal thermometers" and have extra features such as a
larger display, expanded memory functions, or beeping to confirm the thermometer is
placed properly.

LIQUID-FILLED GLASS THERMOMETERS

1. Mercury filled: mercury thermometers used to be

the household item for measuring body
temperatures, but according to US News, it has been
phased out for commercial use. If the thermometer
is accidentally broken, the liquid and the fumes it
emits are extremely toxic to both humans and the
environment. If you still have mercury thermometers
at home, be sure to contact your local recycling
center for safe and proper ways to dispose the
thermometer.

2. Alcohol filled:
for those who wish to
keep using liquid filled
thermometers over
electronic ones, alcohol-
filled thermometers are
the standard replacement for mercury ones. The alcohol is infused with a dye, so it can
be easily read and is not toxic to the environment if accidentally broken. This
thermometer measures temperature via thermal expansion of the ethanol, and should be
held in place for several minutes until the expansion stops. To reset the thermometer, be
sure to shake it until the alcohol level resumes to room temperature before using it again.
TIPS ON USING THERMOMETERS

Using a thermometer to check your temperature can help you manage an illness. A
rise in your temperature is usually caused by an infection. When using any kind of

Page 50
thermometer, make sure you read and follow the instructions that come with the
thermometer.

1. The most accurate way to measure an infant’s temperature is rectally with a digital
thermometer.
2. Measuring body temperature through the armpit is probably the most inaccurate,
in comparison to oral or rectal measurements.
3. Invest in two thermometers, one for oral measurement and one for rectal
measurements. Do not use one thermometer only for both purposes.
4. Ear thermometers are not recommended for infants, as earwax buildup or a
curved, tiny ear canal may yield inconsistent temperature readings.
5. If taking the temperature orally, do not move the mouth around and make sure
the thermometer is in one place, under the tongue. Also, do not open the mouth
until the temperature is verified.
6. If taking the temperature orally, wait at least 15 minutes after food or beverage
consumption before measuring for accuracy.
7. If body temperature needs to be recorded over a period of time, it is best to take
the temperature at the same time every day with the same thermometer for
optimal comparison. This is especially important when using basal thermometers
for female fertility purposes.
8. Before using the thermometer, make sure the contact tip of the mechanism, as
well as the intended contact surface, are clean and debris free. It doesn’t hurt to
wipe both with some rubbing alcohol, just in case, before use.

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 How to Take Care of Your Thermometer
Regardless of the type of thermometer you choose to use, it is important to follow
the instructions enclosed with the packet upon purchase for optimal results and product
longevity. For regular digital thermometers and alcohol-filled thermometers, be sure to
sterilize the tip with rubbing alcohol, or wash well with warm water and soap after each
use. For ear or tympanic thermometers, it may be helpful to invest in some disposable
caps that can be tossed after each use. Store all thermometers with the rest of your first
aid supply, and keep away from children and infants for their safety as thermometers are
not toys.
Using a digital thermometer
You can get fast and accurate readings with digital thermometers. They are available in
many shapes and sizes at grocery stores, department stores, and drug stores.

You can use a digital thermometer in 3 ways:

 Oral (in the mouth).
 Rectal (in the bottom).
 Axillary (under the arm).
Do not use the same thermometer for both oral and rectal readings. Be sure to label your
thermometer either “oral” or “rectal” to know the difference.

Taking your temperature orally with a digital thermometer

1. Wash your hands with soap and warm water.
2. Use a clean thermometer, one that has been washed in cold water, cleaned with
rubbing alcohol, and then rinsed to remove the alcohol.
3. Do not eat or drink anything for at least 5 minutes before you take your
temperature. You should keep your mouth closed during this time.
4. Place the thermometer tip under the tongue.
5. Hold the thermometer in the same spot for about 40 seconds.

Page 52
6. Readings will continue to increase and the F (or C) symbol will flash during
measurement.
7. Usually, the thermometer will make a beeping noise when the final reading is
done. If you are keeping track, record the temperature and the time.
8. Rinse thermometer in cold water, clean it with alcohol, and rinse again.

SELF CHECK 1.2.2

Instructions:

Page 53
 Read the questions carefully. On your answer sheet, write the letter of the correct
answer.

1. A standard electronic thermometer with the use of electronic heat sensors to detect body
temperature A. Basal thermometer
B. Infrared heat wave
C. Digital heat sensor
D. Alcohol filled thermometer

2-3. Give 2 types of liquid filled glass thermometers

4. This thermometer has been phased out for commercial use since if this is accidentally
broken, the liquid and the fumes it emits are extremely toxic to both humans and the
environment
A. Infrared heat wave
B. Temperature strips
C. Mercury filled
D. Alcohol filled

5. This thermometer measures temperature via thermal expansion of the ethanol, and
should be held in place for several minutes until the expansion stops
A. Alcohol-filled
B. Basal thermometer
C. Mercury filled
D. Infrared heat wave

ANSWER KEY 1.2.2

Page 54
1. B
2. Mercury-filled
3. Alcohol-filled
4. C
5. A

Information Sheet No. 1.2.3

Page 55
 PROCEDURES IN BATHING AND DRESSING/ UNDRESSING OF
INFANTS

Learning Objectives:

After reading this INFORMATION SHEET, YOU MUST be able to:

1. perform infant bath
2. observe the safety procedure in bathing
3. provide exercise to the infant

Introduction

Hygiene is having better

health. Keeping the body clean helps
prevent illness and infection from
bacteria or viruses.
Giving a bath to a newborn,
may find a little scary at first.
Handling a wiggling, wet, and soapy
little creature takes practice and
confidence, so stay calm and
maintain a good grip on the baby.

INFANT BATH

Page 56
 It is a procedure done to infant for hygienic and
therapeutic purposes. It includes washing and cleaning the entire body to facilitate
personal hygiene and allow thorough assessment of skin integrity. It minimizes changes
in body temperature and provides pleasant tactile stimulation.
Bathing 2-3 times a week is enough using a mild soap. This provides a wonderful
opportunity for parent-infant social interaction; while bathing their body, parents can talk
to and caress and cuddle the infant and engage in arousal and imitation of facial
expressions and smiling.

PURPOSES OF BATHING

1. To promote proper hygiene and cleanliness.

2. To remove bacteria, body wastes and environment contaminants from body.
3. To prevent seborrheic dermatitis (through shampooing).
4. To prevent stimulation, promote circulation and provide exercise for the infant.
5. To provide good opportunity for parent to touch and communicate with the child.

THINGS TO CONSIDER BEFORE BATHING AN INFANT

Page 57
1. Assess the family’s preference
2. Wear gloves
3. Check infant’s body temperature prior to bathing.
4. Check temperature of bath water to prevent chilling.
5. Provide a comfortable room environment, warm room, adequate lighting.
6. Bathing should be done prior to feeding to prevent vomiting
7. Take opportunity to note any problems such as altered skin integrity.
8. Observe safety principles when bathing an infant
9. Never leave an infant unattended.
10. To prevent chilling, be sure to keep the infant covered with a cotton blanket.
11. Give a tub only after the infant has shed umbilical cord stump.
12. Dry the infant thoroughly, paying attention to creases.
13. Use mild soap to prevent skin irritation.

Page 58
 BATHING AND DRESSING/ UNDRESSING OF INFANTS

Performance Objective: Given the necessary materials, tools, equipment, the

candidate must be able to perform INFANT BATH.

Supplies / Materials:
Personal hygiene articles
Basin or sink or bath tub with warm water
Soap and soap dish
Cotton balls/buds
Linens
 Bath blanket
 Hand towels
 Washcloths
 Clean gown or pajamas
Gloves, if appropriate
Laundry hamper

Equipment
Table for bathing equipment

Care Rationale

1. Prepare all needed materials Organization facilitates accurate skill

performance

Page 59
2. Place towel, laid out in diamond
fashion on table top next to basin.
Remove all clothing except shirt and
diaper. Wipe the eyes using a cotton
ball moistened with water, starting
from inner to outer canthus. Use a
new cotton ball for each eye (Figure
1)
3. Dip wash cloth. Make a mitt and
wash the face, ears and neck. Dry all
areas thoroughly (Figure 2 – 3)
4. Hold infant on one arm (football hold)
over the tub and wet hair. Soap own
hands and lather to hair and scalp
using gentle, circular motion. Splash
water against head to rinse off. Place
infant on towel and dry the head
using the corners of the towel (Figure
5).
5. Undress the infant. Wet upper
extremities, front, back, buttocks and
legs using washcloth. Apply soap and
lather.
Page 60
Keeping the total body area from
being exposed to air helps reduce
heat loss. Using plain water will
prevent soap from irritating the eyes.
There are no loose ends, ensure that
all areas of the body are bathed as
efficiently as possible. Drying
prevents loss of body heat.
With the football hold, the infant will
be securely held in place, allowing a
caregiver a free hand to wash the
infant’s hair. Gentle washing helps
reduce seborrhea, a scaly condition
commonly called a cradle cap. Soap
or shampoo residue may irritate the
scalp if either is left at the site.
This is done to prepare the infant for
bath. The folds of the infant’s skin
need to be cleansed and dried to
prevent skin irritation.
6. Pick up infant and slowly lower him Rinse well so soap will not irritate
into the bathtub to rinse off. (Fig. 5) the infant’s skin

7. Support the baby while lifting him
from the tub, by placing hand and
arm around the infant, cradling his
head and neck in your elbow. Grasp
his thigh with the other hand.
infant’s body gently but thoroughly.
An infant is unable to support his /
her head. Drying the infant prevents
cooling by evaporation
Dry

8. Delicate area must be cleaned carefully to

a. For a female client – separate
labia, and with a cotton ball
moistened with soap and water,
cleanse downward one on each
side. Use a new piece of cotton
ball on each side.
avoid trauma to the infant. Using different
cotton balls will prevent the spread of
bacteria.
Female and male sex organ has
different way of cleaning.

b. For a male client – retract foreskin

and gently cleanse penis with a
cotton ball moistened with soap
and water.

9. Redress infant and hold infant for a Putting the dress of the baby as fast
period of time following the bath as possible to prevent chilling
procedure.

Page 61
 Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Page 62
 Figure 4

Figure 5

TASK SHEET 1.2.3

BATHING AND DRESSING/ UNDRESSING OF INFANTS

Performance Objective: Given the necessary materials, tools, equipment, the

Page 63
 candidate must be able to perform INFANT BATH.

Supplies / Materials:
Personal hygiene articles
Basin or sink or bath tub with warm water
Soap and soap dish
Cotton balls
Linens
 Bath blanket
 Hand towels
 Washcloths
 Clean gown or pajamas
Gloves, if appropriate
Laundry hamper

Equipment
Table for bathing equipment

Steps/Procedure

1. Prepare all needed materials Organization facilitates accurate skill

performance

2. Place towel, laid out in diamond Keeping the total body area from
fashion on table top next to basin. being exposed to air helps reduce
Remove all clothing except shirt and heat loss. Using plain water will
diaper. Wipe the eyes using a cotton

Page 64
 ball moistened with water, starting
from inner to outer canthus. Use a
new cotton ball for each eye.
3. Dip wash cloth. Make a mitt and
wash the face, ears and neck. Dry all
areas thoroughly (Figure 2 – 3)
4. Hold infant on one arm (football hold)
over the tub and wet hair. Soap own
hands and lather to hair and scalp
using gentle, circular motion. Splash
water against head to rinse off. Place
infant on towel and dry the head
using the corners of the towel (Figure
5).
5. Undress the infant. Wet upper
extremities, front, back, buttocks and
legs using washcloth. Apply soap and
lather.
6. Pick up infant and slowly lower him
into the bathtub to rinse off. (Fig. 5)
7. Support the baby while lifting him
from the tub, by placing hand and
arm around the infant, cradling his
head and neck in your elbow. Grasp
his thigh with the other hand. Dry
Page 65
prevent soap from irritating the eyes.
There are no loose ends, ensure that
all areas of the body are bathed as
efficiently as possible. Drying
prevents loss of body heat.
With the football hold, the infant will
be securely held in place, allowing a
caregiver a free hand to wash the
infant’s hair. Gentle washing helps
reduce seborrhea, a scaly condition
commonly called a cradle cap. Soap
or shampoo residue may irritate the
scalp if either is left at the site.
This is done to prepare the infant for
bath. The folds of the infant’s skin
need to be cleansed and dried to
prevent skin irritation.
Rinse well so soap will not irritate
the infant’s skin
An infant is unable to support his /
her head. Drying the infant prevents
cooling by evaporation
 infant’s body gently but thoroughly.

8. Delicate area must be cleaned

a. For a female client – separate
labia, and with a cotton ball
moistened with soap and water,
cleanse downward one on each
side. Use a new piece of cotton
ball on each side.
carefully to avoid trauma to the
infant. Using different cotton balls
will prevent the spread of bacteria.
Female and male sex organ has
different way of cleaning.

b. For a male client – retract foreskin

and gently cleanse penis with a
cotton ball moistened with soap
and water.

9. Redress infant and hold infant for a Putting the dress of the baby as fast
period of time following the bath as possible to prevent chilling
procedure.

Assessment Method:
 Hands-on
 Direct Observation
 Practical Demonstration

Page 66
 PERFORMANCE CRITERIA CHECKLIST NO. 1.2.3

CRITERIA YES NO
Did you…

1. Prepare all needed materials

2. Place towel, laid out in diamond fashion on table top next

to basin. Remove all clothing except shirt and diaper.

Page 67
 Wipe the eyes using a cotton ball moistened with water,
starting from inner to outer canthus. Use a new cotton
ball for each eye

3. Dip wash cloth. Make a mitt and wash the face, ears and
neck. Dry all areas thoroughly

4. Hold infant on one arm (football hold) over the tub and wet
hair. Soap own hands and lather to hair and scalp
using gentle, circular motion. Splash water against
head to rinse off. Place infant on towel and dry the
head using the corners of the towel.

5. Undress the infant. Wet upper extremities, front, back,

buttocks and legs using washcloth. Apply soap and
lather.

6. Pick up infant and slowly lower him into the bathtub to

rinse off.

7. Support the baby while lifting him from the tub, by placing
hand and arm around the infant, cradling his head and
neck in your elbow. Grasp his thigh with the other
hand. Dry infant’s body gently but thoroughly.

8.
A. For a female client – separate labia, and with a cotton ball
moistened with soap and water, cleanse downward one

Page 68
 on each side. Use a new piece of cotton ball on each
side.

B. For a male client – retract foreskin and gently cleanse

penis with a cotton ball moistened with soap and
water.

9. Redress infant and hold infant for a period of time following

the bath procedure.

SELF CHECK 1.2.1

Instructions
Read the questions carefully. On your answer sheet, write the letter of the correct
answer.

1. When bathing an infant, what part of the face should be cleaned from inner to
outer
canthus
A. Nose

Page 69
 B. Eyes
C. Ears
D. cheeks

2. Before bathing an infant, what part of the body to be used when checking the
Temperature of the water:
A. Hands
B. Arm
C. Elbow
D. Any part of the body that is not in use

3. The purpose of checking the water temperature is/are:

A. To prevent the infant from chilling.
B. To prevent the infant from burn.
C. To monitor client’s at risk for imbalanced temperature
D. All of the above

4. Give a full bath only after the infant has shed umbilical cord stump
A. Yes
B. No
C. Maybe
D. It does not matter

5. Bathing should be done prior to feeding to prevent vomiting

A. Yes
B. No
C. Either way
D. It does not matter

Page 70
 ANSWER KEY 1.2.1

1. C
2. C
3. D
4. A
5. A

Page 71
 Information Sheet No. 1.2-4

BATHING PARAPHERNALIA AND TYPES, USES, SPECIFICATION

Learning Objectives:

After reading this INFORMATION SHEET, YOU MUST be able to:

1. Know the different equipment/materials to be used when bathing an infant

2. Prepare the needed materials before giving a bath to an infant

Introduction

Page 72
 A newborn's skin is soft
and delicate. Proper skin care and bathing can help maintain the health and texture of
your baby's skin while providing a pleasant experience for mother and her baby.
Baby's soft and delicate skin needs special care. Generally it is best to use products
made especially for babies, but your baby's doctor can advise you about other products
available and safe for your baby. Products for adults may be too harsh for a baby and
may contain irritants or allergens.

BATHING PARAPHERNALIA

Materials

A. Table for bathing equipment – all

materials to be used can be
accessed easily

Page 73
B. Personal hygiene articles -
hygienic products used while
bathing and after bathing
a. soap
b. shampoo
c. cotton balls/buds

C. Basin or sink with warm water -

wide, round open container used
for bathing an infant

D. Linens – garments used by infants

while bathing and after bathing

A. Bath blanket
B. Two hand towels
C. Washcloths
D. Clean gown or pajamas

E. Other baby’s clothes – used by

infants after bath

F. Gloves, if appropriate - used

during procedures that help
prevent cross contamination

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 between caregivers and patients

G. Laundry hamper - holds dirty

clothes to be washed

SELF CHECK 1.2.1

Instructions
Read the questions carefully. On your answer sheet, write the letter of the correct
answer.

1. Hygienic products used while bathing and after bathing

A. Shampoo
B. Soap
C. Cotton balls/buds
D. All of the above

2. Holds dirty clothes to be washed

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 A. Hands
B. Arm
C. Hamper
D. Any part of the body that is not in use

3. Wide, round open container used for bathing an infant

A. Bath tub
B. Basin
C. Pail
D. Dipper

4. Garments used by infants while bathing and after bathing

A. Bath blanket
B. Washcloths/hand towels
C. Clean gown or pajamas
D. All of the above

5. Gloves is used during procedures that help prevent cross-contamination between

caregivers and patients
A. Yes
B. No
C. Maybe
D. I do not know

Page 76
 ANSWER KEY 1.2.1

A. D
B. C
C. B
D. D
E. A

Page 77
 Information Sheet No. 1.2.5
SPECIFICATIONS AND USES OF NON-SLIP RUBBER MAT

Learning Objectives:

After reading this INFORMATION SHEET, YOU MUST be able to:

1. provide a safety measures while bathing an infant
2. know the importance of a rubber mat

Introduction

Child proofing (also called Baby Proofing) is the act of making an environment or object
safer for children. The act of childproofing reduces accidents.

NON-SLIP RUBBER MAT

MATERIALS

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 Non-slip rubber mat – used at the top
of a basin to protect infant from
sliding

Information Sheet No. 1.2.6

BABY / BABY DUMMY

Learning Objectives:

After reading this INFORMATION SHEET, YOU MUST be able to:

1. Know the advantage/disadvantage of a baby dummy

Introduction
Love them or hate them, parents have used dummies: pacifiers, comforters, or
soothers for centuries. As the names suggest, parents use them to calm and settle infants
and, sometimes, toddlers too.

Babies are soothed by the action of sucking. You may find your baby needs to
suck on something for comfort when he's awake and not feeding.

ADVANTAGES:
1. A dummy may soothe your baby or help him settle to sleep.

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2. The act of sucking can relieve pain.
3. Premature babies who are given a dummy also have shorter hospital stays. If
he's given a dummy to suck on before feeds, he may adapt more quickly from
tube-feeding to bottle-feeding. He may also be calmer and settle more easily
before and after his feeds.

DISADVANTAGES:
1. Sucking may channel bacteria from your baby's mouth into the narrow tubes
between his ears and throat
2. The longer your baby uses a dummy, the more likely it is to change the way his
teeth grow.
3. Using a dummy for long periods can make it harder for the baby to try to talk or
make sounds.

MATERIALS

1. Pacifier - an artificial nipple designed

for babies to suck on for comfort.

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References:
1. www.hopkinsmedicine.org
2. www.nationwidechildren.org
3. www.google.com.ph
4. www.drugs.com
5. www.dictionary.com
6. www.globalspec.com
7. www.babycenter.com
8. www.livestrong.com
9. www.safety.com

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