Construction Safety

Management
 Scope of Health and Safety in Construction Industry

• The Indian construction industry forms

an integral part of the economy and
substantial part of countries
development
• Construction industry – Second largest
industry in India after agriculture, 11%
of India’s GDP
• Statistics and work related accidents
are needed for prevention, National
level statistics on construction
accidents are either unavailable or
highly underreported and this leads to
a situation where due attention to
safety is not paid
 Scope of Health and Safety in Construction Industry

• Dynamic & Wide

• Common activity – General building

works (domestic, commercial or
industrial)

• New building work such as building

extension or refurbishment,
maintenance or repair of existing
buildings.
 Scope of Health and Safety in Construction Industry

• Maintenance or repair of Existing

buildings - Occupied/Unoccupied
• Partial/Total demolition of a
structure - Hazardous operation
• General Construction projects –
Site clearance, Demolition or
dismantling of building structures or
plant and equipment, felling of
trees and the safe disposal of
waste materials
• Highly hazardous operations –
Roof work or contact with
hazardous materials such as
asbestos or lead
Scope of Health and Safety in Construction Industry

• Site Activities – Loading, Unloading

and Storage of Materials, and site
movement of vehicles and pedestrians

• Construction Processes – Fabrication,

Decoration, Cleaning and Installation,
Removal, Maintenance of services
(Electricity, Water, Gas and
Telecommunications)
 Scope of Health and Safety in Construction Industry
• Construction also includes the use of
woodworking workshops together with
woodworking machines and their
associated hazards, painting and
decorating and the use of heavy
machinery

• Also work happens in confined spaces –

excavations and underground chambers

• End of the project – Landscaping will

introduce new set of hazards
 Scope of Health and Safety in Construction Industry

• Biggest challenge – temporary in

nature, constantly changing

• Compromise on H&S issues –

Provision of adequate welfare
facilities or the safe re-routing of site
traffic

• Work Activities – involve young

people – Continuous supervision is
required
 Health and Safety Law

• 28 million skilled and unskilled workers engaged in

the construction sector in India

• Government of India enacted the Building and

Other Constructions Workers (Regulation of
Employment and Conditions of Service) Act, 1996
(hereinafter referred to as the "BOCW Act"). The
BOCW Act is a social welfare legislation that aims
to benefit workers engaged in building and
construction activities across the country
 Health and Safety Law
BOCW Act
• "An act to regulate the employment and conditions
of service of building and other construction
workers and to provide for their safety, health and
welfare measures and for other matters connected
therewith or incidental thereto."
Health and Safety Law
 Health and Safety Law - As per Section 2(d) of the BOCW Act

• “building or other construction work”- means the construction, alteration, repairs, maintenance or
demolition- of or, in relation to, buildings, streets, roads, railways, tramways, airfields, irrigation,
drainage, embankment and navigation works, flood control works (including storm water drainage
works), generation, transmission and distribution of power, water works (including channels for
distribution of water)

• Oil and gas installations, electric lines, wireless, radio; television, telephone, telegraph and overseas
communication dams, canals, reservoirs, watercourses, tunnels, bridges, viaducts, aqueducts,
pipelines, towers, cooling towers, transmission towers and such other work as may be specified in this
behalf by the appropriate Government, by notification but does not include any building or other
construction work to which the provisions of the Factories Act, 1948 (63 of 1948), or the Mines Act, 1952
(35 of 1952), apply
 Health and Safety Law – BOCW Act, 1996

• CHAPTER IX:

Responsibility of employers.- An employer shall

be responsible for providing constant and
adequate supervision of any building or other
construction work in his establishment as to
ensure compliance with the provisions of this Act
relating to safety and for taking all practical steps
necessary to prevent accidents.
 Health and Safety Law – BOCW Act, 1996

• Sec.28- Fixing hours for normal working day, etc.

(with one or more specified intervals, day of rest in
every period of seven days)

• Sec. 29- Wages for overtime work

• Sec. 30- Maintenance of registers and records

• Sec. 31- Prohibition of employment of certain

persons in certain building or other construction
work.- deaf, defective vision, has a tendency to
giddiness
 Health and Safety Law – BOCW Act, 1996

• Sec. 32- Drinking water- sufficient supply of wholesome drinking water at suitable points
• Sec. 33- Latrines and urinals
• Sec. 34- Accommodation
• Sec. 35- Creches
• Sec. 36- First-aid
• Sec. 37- Canteens
• Sec. 44- Responsibility of employers.- An employer shall be responsible for providing constant
and adequate supervision of any building or other construction work in his establishment as to
ensure compliance with the provisions of this Act relating to safety and for taking all practical
steps necessary to prevent accidents
 Model 1 for HSE Clauses in GCC OF TENDERS

• CONTRACTORS – provision of all laws including Labor Laws, rules, regulations and notifications
issued thereunder from time to time

• All safety and labor laws enforced by statutory agencies and by the client shall be applicable in the
performance of this CONTRACT and CONTRACTOR shall abide by these laws.

• CONTRACTOR – measures necessary or proper to protect the personnel, work and facilities and
shall observe all reasonable safety rules and instructions.

• Client’s employees also shall comply with safety procedures/policy. The CONTRACTOR shall report
as soon as possible any evidence – abnormal or dangerous situation and shall take all necessary
emergency control steps to avoid such abnormal situations.
 Model 2 for HSE Clauses in GCC OF TENDERS

The Contractor shall, throughout the execution of the Works:

• The CONTRACTOR shall establish document and maintain an effective Health, Safety and
Environment (HSE) management system. In case, CONTRACTOR fails to follow the instructions of
Engineer-in-charge with respect to below clauses, next payment due to him shall not be released
unless until he complies with the instructions to the full satisfaction of Engineer-in-charge

• Take full responsibility for the adequacy, stability, safety and security of the Works, goods, materials,
Contractor’s equipment, Temporary Works, operations on the Site and methods of manufacture,
construction and transportation thereof;

• The contractor shall comply with the and Applicable Laws, all relevant safety regulations, standards
and codes, including provision of safety gear.
 Model 2 for HSE Clauses in GCC OF TENDERS

The Contractor shall, throughout the execution of the Works:

• Contractor shall keep the Site and shall keep client indemnified against all costs, charges, losses and
damages that may be suffered by Client in any manner whatsoever, as a result of any injury or
accident to any person on or in the vicinity of the Site in connection with the execution of the Works

• Provide and maintain all lights, guards, fences and warning signs and watchmen when and where
necessary or as required by the Engineer-in-Charge or by any Applicable Laws or by any relevant
Authority for the protection of the Works and for the safety and convenience of the public and all
persons on or in the vicinity of the Site
 Model for HSE Clauses in SCC OF TENDERS

• All the contractor's men, who would be deployed inside the office, should strictly follow all safety rules,
discipline and regulations. They should be conversant with the safety precautions to be followed inside
premises. The contractor shall abide by the advice and guidance of the safety officer in the plant. In
addition, the bidder shall follow the safety codes framed from time to time

• Smoking and tobacco/pan chewing inside the premises is strictly prohibited. No contractor's men are
allowed to possess match boxes, lighters, cigarettes, beedies, transistors or any other material which
may cause fire hazard

• The Client is not responsible for any accident/damage caused to the men and materials of the
contractor during the course of attending the job.
Health and Safety Law – Inadequacy of OHS legislations in India

✓Most of these labor laws work good

only on paper

✓Workers and their representative unions

– poor awareness about their
implications nor do they take advantage
of them

✓Lack of enforcement – inadequate

health and safety inspectors (scarcity of
staff) – No active monitoring
Health and Safety Law – Inadequacy of OHS legislations in India

✓Unsuitability of the centrally drafted

regulations to local situations

✓Levied penalties are insignificant –

Inspectors – too lenient or bankrupt
the firms

✓Time constraint – formulate legislation

– constantly changing technologies –
reactive method followed in framing
legal standards
 Responsibilities of Various Groups

• ‘Everyone is responsible for health

and safety’ but management has
more responsibilities

• Construction Organizations – Clear

responsibilities and lines of
communication for everyone in the
Enterprise

• Employer in terms of HSW act have

more substantially more responsibility
than employees
 Responsibilities of Various Groups
Employer’s duties
• Undertake suitable and sufficient risk assessments when there are more than 4
employees

• Put in place effective arrangements for the planning, organization, control,

monitoring and review of health and safety measures in the workplace (including
health and safety surveillance). Such arrangements should be recorded if there
are more than 4 employees

• Employ or contract competent persons to comply with health and safety duties

• Develop suitable emergency procedures, create awareness for all the employees
 Responsibilities of Various Groups
Employer’s duties
• Provide all the employees about the information about risk assessment and also
the emergency evacuation procedures

• Co-operate with other employers in matters of health and safety who share the
same workplace

• Provide non employees working on the work site with relevant health and safety
information

• Provide employees with adequate and relevant health and safety training

• Provide temporary workers with appropriate health and safety information.

 Responsibilities of Various Groups
• Designer’s Responsibilities – key role under
CDM,2015 Regulations

✓Alert clients to their duties under CDM

regulations

✓Consider the hazards and risks which may

arise to those constructing or maintaining the
premises or structure

✓Design in such a way that risks are avoided

so far as is reasonably practicable

✓Reduce risks at source if avoidance is not

practicable
 Responsibilities of Various Groups
• Designer’s Responsibilities – key role under
CDM,2015 Regulations

✓Consider measures to protect all workers

if avoidance or reduction is not possible

✓Ensure that the design provides adequate

information on health and safety

✓Pass health and safety information to the

planning supervisor for inclusion in the
safety file

✓Co-operate with the planning supervisor

and other designers, if necessary.
 Responsibilities of Various Groups
• Site Engineer’s Responsibilities: Site engineers tend to
have more specific, technical knowledge than site
managers

✓checking technical designs and drawings to ensure that

they are followed correctly

✓supervising contracted staff

✓ensuring project packages meet agreed specifications,

budgets and/or timescales

✓liaising with clients, subcontractors and other

professional staff, especially quantity surveyors and the
overall project manager
 Responsibilities of Various Groups
• Site Engineer’s Responsibilities: Site engineers tend to
have more specific, technical knowledge than site managers

✓providing technical advice and solving problems on site

✓preparing site reports and filling in other paperwork

✓liaising with quantity surveyors about the ordering and

the pricing of materials

✓ensuring that health and safety and sustainability

policies and legislation are adhered to.
 Responsibilities of Various Groups

• Contractors/Sub Contractor’s responsibilities

✓A contractor is anyone who is brought in to

work who is not an employee

✓Assessing the risks which affect employees and

anyone who might be affected by the site occupier’s
work

✓Setting up emergency procedures

 Responsibilities of Various Groups

• Contractors/Sub Contractor’s responsibilities

✓Providing training

✓Cooperating with others on health and safety

matters, for example, contractors who share the
site with an occupier

✓Providing temporary workers, such as

contractors, with health and safety information
 Pre-Contract Activities
• Companies want to ensure that they
engage safe contractors.

• This involves a close attention to detail

from the pre-contract stage to the end
of the project

• Qualify to be a approved contractor –

necessary policies and procedures in
place and has a good health and
safety track record
 Pre-Contract Activities

• Maintain data's of own approved list of

contractors and suppliers

• Failure to meet the clients requirements

due to accidents or legal action means you
are excluded from the approved list and
loss of business

• Clients – audit the contractors to check

compliance
 Pre-Contract Activities – Initiative by Clients

Main initiative of Clients in all the construction projects

include –

✓Ensure that suitable management arrangements are made for the

project

✓Select & appoint a competent and resourced Principal Designer

and Principal contractor

✓Ensure sufficient time and resources are allowed for all stages of
the project

✓Provide the pre-construction information (PCI) and construction

phase plan (CPP) prior to construction commencement.
 Pre-Contract Activities – Initiative by Clients

✓Verify that suitable welfare facilities are in place prior to

construction commencement

✓Contractor training - Ensure the necessary information,

instruction and training is received and appropriate
supervision is provided to comply with the regulations

✓Ensure co-operation and co-ordination between the client's

employees and client contractors

✓Maintain the information up to date and provide access to any

person who needs to see it for health and safety purposes.
 Pre-Contract Activities – Selection of Contractors

Technical Criteria for pre-qualification of a contractor on the basis of Safety

Competency:

✓experience in providing services for a minimum of 3 years in respective field

✓ organization structure, list of manpower with the CVs of key personnel, plant and machinery
list mentioning year of manufacturing, support agencies, other facilities and resources

✓completion of similar type of projects within last three years indicating their brief scope of
work, value of work, contractual duration, actual completion of project, client’s name, contact
details of that client, safety appreciation or compliance certification or inspection of plant and
machineries, HSE statistics, LTI graph etc
 Pre-Contract Activities – Selection of Contractors

Technical Criteria for pre-qualification of a contractor on the basis of Safety

Competency:

✓past track record of similar works executed with list of work orders, P.O copies or LOI copies
and client completion certificates

✓current commitments – List of all the jobs under execution with the value of the job and
percentage completion

✓HSE policy, safety manual, safety plan and implementation procedures in-line with
internationally accepted practices along with the statistics for last four years.
 Pre-Contract Activities – Selection of Contractors
Technical Criteria for pre-qualification of a
contractor on the basis of Safety Competency:

✓Details of contractor’s financial performance

documents (audited balance sheets with profit and
loss statements) and audit reports for last 3 preceding
years

✓Details of company’s registration, PAN card, service

tax and GST

✓Details of documents in support of Health, Safety,

Environment and Quality [HSEQ] performance.
 Pre-Contract Activities – Selection of Contractors
Technical Criteria for pre-qualification of a contractor on the
basis of Safety Competency:

✓Details of insurance of employee policy, medical evaluation

including drug testing policy

✓Details of managing and monitoring subcontractor

performance

✓Details of safety and security evaluation policy

✓Copies of ISO 9001, 14001, OHSAS 18001 or any other

accreditations and certification as applicable.
 Pre-Contract Activities – Contract Documents

• GST Certification, HSN Code and PAN no., PF registration no., Labor
License, Service Tax Registration No.

• Copies of audited Balance Sheet and Profit & Loss Account for the last
three financial year’s

• Documents related to BOQ, Technical Specifications, Tender drawings

• List of minimum plants and equipment's proposed to be deployed for

executing the project

• Copies Of Award Letter/ Loa, Completion Certificates From Client

Mentioning The Nature Of Work, Value Of Work And Time Period. The
Certificates Shall Be Considered Valid Only If It Is Issued / Counter Signed
By An Officer Not Below The Rank Of Executive Engineer Or Equivalent
 Pre-Contract Activities – Special Requirements
Lets look at a Sample of special requirements:

✓Special Conditions of Contract (SCC) shall be read in conjunction with the General
Conditions of Contract (GCC). Schedule of Rates, specifications of work, drawings and any
other document forming part of this Contract wherever the context so requires

✓Where any portion of the GCC is repugnant to or at variance with any provisions of the
Special Conditions of Contract, then unless a different intention appears, the provision(s) of
the Special Conditions of Contract shall be deemed to override the provision(s) of GCC only
to the extent that such repugnancies of variations in the Special Conditions of Contract are
not possible of being reconciled with the provisions of GCC
 Pre-Contract Activities – Special Requirements
i)Detailed Letter of Acceptance (along with Statement of Agreed Variations, if
any) and its enclosures such as Schedule of Rates, Labor Rates, etc.

ii) Letter/Fax of Acceptance

iii) Special Conditions of Contract

iv) General Conditions of Contract

v) Job/Particular Specification

vi) Drawings / Technical/Material Specifications

vii) Indian Standards

 How to implement control of contractors
Bring contractors into your health and safety procedures. They may be strangers
to your site and won’t know:

• About the hazards on your site

• Your site rules and safety procedures
• What to wear
• About special equipment they need to use
• What to do in an emergency
• The sound of the alarm, and how and when to raise it

You may know all these but remember subcontractors are new to site and they
need reminding.
 How to implement control of contractors
Before the start of the job a kickoff meeting has to be conducted with the team
members.

Ensure that a safety officer is assigned by the contractor for the job.

Subcontractors' safety officer has also to be involved on the daily production

meeting.

All the unsafe acts have to be highlighted on the report and send to all concerned

Contractor Project Manager / Supervisor has to take the responsibility of safety

concerns raised.
 How to implement control of contractors
All necessary in-house trainings have to be provided to contractors also.

A daily joint on site inspection has to be conducted on a daily basis by the

contractor and the client representative.

Contractors has to be involved in incident investigations if happened on site.

An incentive programme for the subcontractor’s safe way of working could be

established and encouraged.

Regular monitoring of the work activities has to be conducted and reported.

Health and Safety Culture

❑ The Health and Safety Executive (HSE) defines

an organization's safety culture as: “the product of
individual and group values, attitudes,
perceptions, competencies and patterns of
behavior that determine the commitment to, and
the style and proficiency of, an organization's
health and safety management”.

❑ Instilling a positive health and safety culture is

important. It protects your staff from illness and
injury, reduces the number of absences,
decreases injury and illness costs and allows you
to remain competitive in an overflowing
marketplace.
 Health and Safety Culture - Comparison
Positive safety culture
• Health and safety is important to
everyone
• There is strong policy and leadership
• Managers and directors lead on safety
and workers believe in it
• Health and safety performance is good:
▪ People work safely
▪ There are fewer accidents and ill
health events.
Negative safety culture
• Most feel safety is not important
• There is a lack of competence
• Safety is low priority
• Safety conscious workers are in
minority
• Health and safety performance is poor
▪ There is a lack of attention to
detail and procedure
▪ Lack of care and poor behaviour
results in accidents
Health and Safety Culture – H&S Culture Indicators
Two Types of Indicators
❑Leading Indicators
✓Safety Audits
✓ Behavior
✓ Attitude surveys
✓ Inspections

❑Lagging Indicators (H&S Culture Indicators)

✓Lost time Incidents
✓Minor Accidents
✓Days Lost
✓Absenteeism records
✓Property damage
✓Staff Turn over
✓Worker complaints
Health and Safety Culture – Developing a positive H&S Culture
✓Nothing Takes Precedent Over Safe Work Under Any
Circumstances

✓All Personnel, From The Front Line To The Senior

Leadership, Share The Same Responsibility For Safe Work

✓The Safety System Is Informed By The Workforce, Not

Designed And Enforced Only By Management

✓Existing Safety Systems Are Constantly Developed And

Improved

✓Communication Occurs Openly Between Departments,

Members Of The Workforce, And Management.
Communication Is Not Just One-way And Is Always Open
And Encouraged.
Influence of Peers
Workmates can ‘pressure’ an individual to conform to their
standards. The pressure of peers could be positive or negative

Peer group pressure can result in:

• “good people” breaking rules to fit in
• Can make training ineffective
• Workmates performing a task in a different way from approved
training methods
Information, Instruction, Training, And Supervision
With Effective Communication
 Effective Communication
Barriers to effective communication Distortions
• Personality • Inappropriate environment
• Distortion • Restrictions
• Lack of attention • Sensory impairment
The Function of Communication • Ambiguity
• To inform or to exchange • Linguistic problems
information i.e. Consultation • Inappropriate communication
path
Informing
• Poor communication skills
• Provision of data Attention
• One-way process • Boredom
• The intention is not to seek • Distraction
feedback or comment
• Deliberate Actions
Consultation • Complex Information
• Is a two-way process • Inappropriate Timing
• Aimed at providing data or information and
seeking feedback
Forms of Communication

• Verbal communication
• Written communication
• Graphic communication
 Forms of Communication
Verbal Communication

Instructions, interviews, meetings, lectures, briefings, informal talks,etc.

Advantages Disadvantages
• Direct • No record
• Two-way • No reference
• Quick • Unstructured
• Instant feedback • Inconsistent message
• Easy to do • Too much for memory
• Flexible • Limited audience
 Forms of Communication
Written Communication
Letters, memos, reports, course handouts, notices, procedures, safety policy,
forms, rules, and books
Advantages Disadvantages
• Permanent record • May not be read
• Reference • One way
• Consistent message • Often no feedback
• Accurate detail • Time consuming
• Broad audience • Cost
• Authoritative • Misinterpretation
 Forms of Communication
Visual (Graphic) Communication
Video, computer, posters, and visual aids

Advantages Disadvantages
• Consistent message • Boring
• Large groups • No feedback
• Interesting & stimulating • Too much for memory
 Means of Providing Information
• Verbal and audio information provision
• Signs and notices
• Posters
• Notice boards
• Electronic displays
• Computer-based information provision
• Newsletters and publications
• Static displays
 Means of Providing Information

Types of Information posted on notice boards

• Health and safety policy

• Evacuation procedures
• First aid arrangements
• Contact details for safety representatives
• Targets set for reduction of accidents
• Safety campaigns
To maximize the effectiveness of notice boards

• Located in prominent areas

• Upto date information
• Tidily arranged
• Make boards eye-catching by use of color and graphics
 Day 3 - Learning Outcomes

❑ Risk Assessment
❑ SSOW
❑ Permit To Work
Risk Assessment
Meaning and Definitions of Terms
Hazard
• Potential of something to cause harm, i.e. to injure people or to
damage property
Risk
• Likelihood or possibility of that hazard causing damage
coupled with the severity of injury.

Types of Risk assessment

• Quantitative
• Qualitative

Residual Risk
• The level of risk remaining after controls have been
adopted
 Objectives of Risk Assessments
• To quantify and characterize the risks
• Prevent /minimize injuries and ill-health
• To fulfill legal requirements
• Valuable information can be obtained to assist planning and the
formation of procedures, policies, and strategies
Distinctions Between Different Types of Incidents

Occupational Ill-Health

Health problems or mental and physical conditions that are either

caused or set off by workplace conditions and activities.
The exposure and onset of symptoms of diseases could be short
(e.g. asthma attacks) or long (e.g. deafness or cancer)

Incident

Any unexpected events that leads to injury or ill-health of people, or

damage or loss to residential or commercial property, plant,
products or the environment or a loss of a company reputation
Distinctions Between Different Types of Incidents

Dangerous Occurrence
Readily identifiable event as defined under national laws and
regulations, with potential to cause an injury or disease to persons
at work or the public
Examples include the collapse of a scaffold or a crane or the failure
of any passenger-carrying equipment
Distinctions Between Different Types of Incidents

Near Miss
A near miss is an unwanted, unforeseen, unplanned event that
had the potential to result in a loss, but ended up in no
apparent loss.
▪ Examples include spillage on a tile floor causing a
person to slip but not injury

Damage Only
Where the unplanned, unwanted event leads to equipment or
property damage but not personal injury
▪ e.g. a wall is demolished
Distinctions Between Different Types of Incidents
 Steps of Risk Assessment
1. Identify the hazards
2. Decide the people who may be harmed and how they will be
harmed
3. Evaluate the risks and existing control measures, and select
additional controls
4. Record the findings
5. Review assessment and revise if necessary
Identification of Hazards
Common workplace hazards
• Slips, trips, and falls
• Working in extremes of temperature - inside and outside

Hazard identification methods (LIMITIR)-(T-SREDIM)

• Legislation
• Inspection of the work area
• Checking the Manufacturers and suppliers manuals
• Interacting with the operatives and supervisors
• Task Analysis
• Incident data
• Reviewing documentations
Identification of Population at Risk
Who might be harmed?
• Employees
• Shared workplace staff
• Delivery vehicles
• Visitors
• Members of the public
• Emergency Services
How might they be harmed?
• Slips, trips, and falls
• Cuts, abrasions, and punctures from sharp objects, etc
• Falling objects
• Noise, and Vibration
• Handling heavy objects
 Evaluating Risk and Adequacy of Control

Risk = Likelihood X Severity

Likelihood (Probability)
This is a subjective assessment of the likelihood (probability) that the hazard can be
realized.
Severity (Consequence)
This is the assessment of potential outcomes.

Likelihood Severity
1 = Very unlikely 1 = minor injury
2 = unlikely ( May happen) 2 = first-aid injury (offsite treatment)
3 = likely 3 = non disabling injury (7Days
treatment)
4 = very likely 4 = disabling injury
5 = Certain 5 = Fatality
Risk Rating
Risk Rating
 Lets try to assess the risk now…
Two Workers have been found
working at the height of 25m
without safety harness and
anchorage point. This may lead
to the fall of workers and fatality

Control Measures:
• Provide safety harness
• Arrange for work at height
training
• Arrange for close supervision
Root Cause: Risk Rating = 4 X 5 = 20 (High Risk)
• Lack of training
• Poor Safety Management
Evaluating Risk and Adequacy of Control

Additional Control Measures

If existing control measures aren’t adequate, recommendations to be made for

changes based on the following hierarchy,

Can it be eliminated altogether?

Can it be replaced (substitute) with something less hazardous?
Can the hazard be isolated or separated from those it may harm?
Can controls be introduced to the work or can it be reorganized to reduce the risk?
Can personal protective equipment be used?
Evaluating Risk and Adequacy of Control

Application of Hierarchy of Controls against the Hazards related to

Driving at Work, While using Cars
Safety Signs and Signals
• Signboards - provides instruction or information by a combination of shape, color, symbol
or pictogram

❖ Prohibition Signs - indicate that certain behaviors or actions are prohibited

❖ Warning Signs - used to alert people about a hazard/threat at the workplace
❖ Mandatory Signs - describe actions or behaviors that must be undertaken
❖ Safe Condition Signs - provide information about safety conditions
❖ Fire Related Signs - indicate equipment and provisions for fire emergency use
• Acoustic Signals
• Hand and Arm Signals
 Personal Protective Equipment
All equipment (including clothing protecting from weather) which is meant to be worn or
held by a person at work, and which protects them against different hazards to their health
and safety
▪ Examples: Aprons, Gloves, Safety footwear, Safety helmets, High visibility
waistcoats , Eye protectors, Life jackets, Respirators, Underwater breathing
apparatus, Safety harnesses
Record the Findings

Record of Significant Findings

• The area or work activity being assessed

• Date of evaluation and the assessor’s name
• What the hazards are
• Who is exposed (staff, contractors, visitors)
• Risk rating (numerical and high, medium, low)
• What control measures are in place (and their adequacy)
• Any recommendations for changes
• When the action is required by
• Who is responsible for the action
• Date the work is completed
• Further measures or next review
Review Assessment and Revise if Necessary

When should reviews be carried out?

• After an agreed set period – stated on RA form

• Following a change of working practices
• After the delivery or commissioning of new plant or equipment
• After any adverse event, accident, equipment failure, etc.
• After it is deemed that the original risk assessment is no longer valid, etc.
Safe System of Work
Definition
1. Systematic
‘Sequence of actions and tasks that collaborate to Examination of work
achieve some end result, without exposing those
doing it to danger’

The planning process should be based on risk 2. Hazards

Identified
assessment

Safe Systems required where, 3. Safe methods

Defined
• It is not possible to entirely protect people by
engineering measures
4. Formal
• Measures are only partially effective Recorded
• Risks cannot be eliminated by other means
 Safe System of Work
Roles and Responsibilities

▪ Employer
To ensure SSoW are available for activities that create significant risk e.g. Maintenance
▪ Competent Person
• Help managers to develop guidance for SSOW with proper forms
• Advise management on the adequacy of the safe systems produced
▪ Worker Involvement
• Gains commitment, Helps culture
• Practical understanding of the work, High level of
ownership
▪ Written Procedures
• Ensures consistency, Provides a basis for training
Technical, Procedural and Behavioural Control

Hierarchies of risk control measures- Consideration

• The number of people protected by the risk control measure

• The extent to which the continuing effectiveness of the risk
control measure relies on human behavior
• The degree to which the risk controls measure requires
testing, maintenance, cleaning, and replacement and so on
• The cost of the risk control measure
 Technical, Procedural and Behavioural Control
Technical Controls
• Engineering controls or hardware controls
• Hazard controlled through design, hardware and/or technological improvement
Examples
• Machinery guarding,
• Various forms of fencing, and
• Different types of ventilation

Procedural Controls
• Soft controls-Risk managed through system or procedure

Behavioral Controls
• Aimed at improving people perception, understanding and changing
their attitude to behave safely
• Training and Supervision
 Developing Safe System of Work
Steps

• Identification of the tasks and activities to be carried out

• Identification of all hazards
• Development of a plan
 Job Safety Analysis (JSA)
This process begins with an overview of the job in terms of:
• The job description
• Location
• Materials to be used
• Equipment and machinery involved
• The hazards and The risks
• Personal protective equipment
• Organization of the work
• Listing the tasks required
Introducing Controls and Formulating Procedures

Documentation

• Establishes a standard to be checked

• Provides a basis for development of training
• Should be clear, easy to follow and practical

Document Control

• Documentation to be monitored to ensure they aren’t clumsy

• Up-to-date, concise and relevant
 Monitoring the System
Monitor to ensure that
• The safe working method is correctly followed and applied
• The method is, in fact, safe

Review
• At regular intervals
• Introduction of new machinery
• Changes in materials
• Changes in working patterns
• Modifications in process or equipment
• After incident
 Reasons for failure of SSoW

• Poorly written procedures

• The inadequate scope of procedures
• Inadequate training
• Abuse of procedures
• Poor recording, i.e. incorrect documentation of activities
• Management failures i.e. lack of commitment, not supplying
funds, etc
• Lack of appropriate equipment, e.g. no guards on machines
Permit-To-Work Systems
 Permit-to-Work Systems

Meaning

▪ A permit to work is a formal documented control process which takes

account of all the foreseeable interactions between the worker, the
environment, and the associated hazards

Required for all high risk activities such as

• Hot work
• Confined space
• Working at height
• Pressurised systems
• Maintenance work on plant and machinery
Purpose of Permit
• Gives permission for the work to be undertaken
 Permit-to-Work Systems
Elements of a Permit (IRCCE)

• Issue
• Receipt
• Clearance
• Cancellation
• Extension
 Operation and Application
Pre job checks

• The exact nature of the work

• Where the work can take place
• The names of each of the workers authorized to
carry out the work
• The date and time that work can start
• The period of time the permit is valid for
• The control measures that must be in place before, during and
after the work
• Any restrictions
• Any other permits that may be relevant
 Permit-to-Work Systems
To work effectively

• Only authorized persons should issue permits

• Permit issuers must be familiar with the hazards and the
job to be carried out
• Precautions must be checked before permits are authorised
(no issuing of permits from the office!).
• Permits must never be amended
• All permit conditions must be adhered to
• Staff must be trained and competent
• Monitoring of system
• Sufficient time must be allowed to ensure permits
are issued correctly
 Permit-to-Work Systems – Implementation
Site Implementation

• Before the start of the job all the employees have to be defined on
the permit to work and its conditions

• A copy of the permit has to be displayed on the work site.

• It is always a good idea to have the applicable risk assessment

attached with the permit copy

• You should encourage the employees to take the ownership of the

work permit.

• A regular audit of the permit to work on site implementation to be

conducted and recorded.
Any Questions?

Thank you