2021 Paper

5. Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) is an architectural approach that enables the

development of applications by creating reusable, modular services that are loosely
coupled and can be combined to create complex business processes. In SOA, services
are self-contained, platform-independent, and can be accessed by other services and
applications through well-defined interfaces.

A Library Management System (LMS) is an application that manages the resources,

services, and operations of a library. A SOA Architecture for an LMS can be designed
as follows:

1. Service Layer: The service layer provides the functional services required by
the LMS. This layer can be further divided into the following services:
 Catalog Service: This service manages the catalog of resources available
in the library, including books, journals, and other materials.
 Circulation Service: This service manages the circulation of resources,
including checkouts, returns, and renewals.
 User Service: This service manages the users of the library, including
their profiles, privileges, and borrowing history.
 Reservation Service: This service manages the reservation of resources,
including hold requests and cancellations.
2. Integration Layer: The integration layer provides the infrastructure required to
integrate the services with external systems and applications. This layer can be
further divided into the following services:
 Message Service: This service provides a messaging infrastructure to
enable communication between the services.
 Security Service: This service provides security and access control for
the services.
 Transaction Service: This service provides transaction management for
the services.
3. Presentation Layer: The presentation layer provides the user interface for the
LMS. This layer can be further divided into the following services:
 Search Service: This service provides the search functionality for the
LMS, allowing users to search for resources based on various criteria.
 Display Service: This service provides the display functionality for the
LMS, allowing users to view the details of resources and their
availability.
 Account Service: This service provides the account management
functionality for the LMS, allowing users to manage their profiles,
privileges, and borrowing history.
The key stakeholders for SOA governance in a Library Management System are as
follows:

1. Business Owners: The business owners are responsible for defining the
requirements and goals of the LMS. They are the primary stakeholders and are
responsible for ensuring that the LMS meets the business needs.
2. IT Department: The IT department is responsible for the development and
maintenance of the LMS. They are responsible for ensuring that the LMS is
secure, reliable, and scalable.
3. Service Providers: The service providers are responsible for developing and
maintaining the services that make up the LMS. They are responsible for
ensuring that the services are interoperable, reusable, and adhere to
standards.
4. Service Consumers: The service consumers are the applications and systems
that consume the services provided by the LMS. They are responsible for
ensuring that the services are used correctly and that the data exchanged is
accurate and secure.

In summary, SOA is an architectural approach that enables the development of

modular and reusable services. A SOA Architecture for a Library Management System
can be designed by identifying the functional services required, creating an
integration layer to enable communication between the services, and developing a
presentation layer to provide a user interface for the LMS. Key stakeholders for SOA
governance in a Library Management System include business owners, the IT
department, service providers, and service consumers.

Explain the following: a. With emerging technologies, even the organization culture
undergoes a change. Elaborate

Emerging technologies are technologies that are newly developed or are in the
process of development and have the potential to significantly impact the way
organizations operate. Examples of emerging technologies include artificial
intelligence, blockchain, cloud computing, Internet of Things (IoT), and virtual reality.

When organizations adopt emerging technologies, it often leads to a change in the

organization culture. This is because emerging technologies not only impact the
processes and systems of the organization but also the attitudes, beliefs, and
behaviors of its employees. Here are some ways in which emerging technologies can
lead to a change in organization culture:

1. Innovation and Creativity: Emerging technologies provide opportunities for

innovation and creativity in the workplace. Employees are encouraged to think
 outside the box and develop new solutions that can improve processes and
operations.
2. Collaboration and Communication: Emerging technologies can facilitate
collaboration and communication between employees and departments. For
example, cloud computing and collaboration tools like Slack or Microsoft
Teams can improve communication and collaboration by providing a platform
for sharing information and ideas.
3. Learning and Development: Emerging technologies require employees to
learn new skills and technologies. This encourages a culture of continuous
learning and development in the organization.
4. Agility and Flexibility: Emerging technologies can enable organizations to be
more agile and flexible in responding to changes in the market and business
environment. This requires a culture that values agility and flexibility.
5. Customer Focus: Emerging technologies can help organizations to be more
customer-focused by providing insights into customer behavior and
preferences. This requires a culture that values customer feedback and
insights.

Overall, emerging technologies can impact the organization culture by promoting

innovation, collaboration, learning, agility, and customer focus. Organizations that
embrace these changes and create a culture that supports them are more likely to
succeed in today's fast-paced and ever-changing business environment.

The information systems requirements vary with level of managerial activity Explain and
elaborate

Information systems (IS) are essential tools for managers to gather, process, and
analyze information for making informed decisions. The information needs of
managers vary depending on their level in the organization and the scope of their
responsibilities. Here are the different levels of managerial activity and their
respective information systems requirements:

1. Operational level managers: These managers are responsible for the day-to-
day operations of the organization. They require information systems that
support their routine and repetitive decision-making activities. For example,
they need systems for inventory management, order processing, and quality
control.
2. Tactical level managers: These managers are responsible for implementing the
strategies and policies formulated by senior management. They require
information systems that support their planning and monitoring activities. For
example, they need systems for budgeting, resource allocation, and
performance monitoring.
 3. Strategic level managers: These managers are responsible for formulating the
long-term goals and strategies of the organization. They require information
systems that support their strategic decision-making activities. For example,
they need systems for market research, competitive analysis, and forecasting.

The information systems requirements at each level of managerial activity can be

further elaborated as follows:

1. Operational level managers:

 Transaction processing systems: These systems support the collection,
processing, and storage of data related to routine and repetitive transactions,
such as sales and inventory.
 Decision support systems: These systems provide information and analysis to
support the operational-level managers in making decisions about day-to-day
operations.
 Office automation systems: These systems support the routine administrative
tasks of operational-level managers, such as email, scheduling, and document
management.
2. Tactical level managers:
 Management information systems: These systems provide reports and
summaries of operational data to support the tactical-level managers in
planning and monitoring activities.
 Decision support systems: These systems provide data analysis and modeling
tools to support the tactical-level managers in making decisions about
resource allocation and performance monitoring.
 Knowledge management systems: These systems support the sharing and
reuse of knowledge within the organization to support the tactical-level
managers in decision-making.
3. Strategic level managers:
 Executive information systems: These systems provide a customized and
summarized view of relevant data to support the strategic-level managers in
decision-making.
 Decision support systems: These systems provide advanced data analysis and
modeling tools to support the strategic-level managers in making long-term
decisions.
 Business intelligence systems: These systems provide data mining and
visualization tools to support the strategic-level managers in identifying
patterns and trends in large amounts of data.

In summary, the information systems requirements of managers vary with the level of
managerial activity. Operational-level managers require information systems that
support routine and repetitive decision-making, tactical-level managers require
information systems that support planning and monitoring activities, and strategic-
level managers require information systems that support long-term decision-making.

Developing IT Architecture necessarily means involvement of various stakeholders.

Developing an IT architecture is a complex and multifaceted process that involves

multiple stakeholders from different areas of the organization. The IT architecture
defines the overall structure and design of an organization's IT systems, including
hardware, software, network infrastructure, and data management.

The following are some of the stakeholders involved in the development of IT

architecture:

1. Business stakeholders: These are the people who define the business
objectives and requirements for the IT architecture. They provide input on the
business processes that the IT systems need to support, and they help to
identify the critical data and information that needs to be managed by the IT
systems.
2. IT stakeholders: These are the people responsible for the design,
implementation, and maintenance of the IT systems. They provide technical
expertise on the various hardware and software components that will be used
in the architecture.
3. Security stakeholders: These are the people responsible for ensuring the
security of the IT systems. They provide input on the security requirements
and constraints that need to be considered in the design of the IT architecture.
4. Compliance stakeholders: These are the people responsible for ensuring that
the IT systems comply with legal and regulatory requirements. They provide
input on the regulatory and compliance issues that need to be considered in
the design of the IT architecture.
5. End-users stakeholders: These are the people who will use the IT systems on a
day-to-day basis. They provide input on the usability and user experience of
the IT systems, including the design of the user interfaces and the
functionality of the systems.
6. Vendors stakeholders: These are the external parties that provide hardware,
software, and other IT services to the organization. They provide input on the
capabilities of their products and services, as well as the compatibility of their
products with the organization's existing IT systems.
7. Executive stakeholders: These are the senior leaders of the organization who
provide input on the strategic direction and vision for the IT architecture. They
help to ensure that the IT architecture aligns with the organization's overall
goals and objectives.
In summary, developing IT architecture requires the involvement of multiple
stakeholders from different areas of the organization. The involvement of these
stakeholders is critical to ensure that the IT architecture meets the needs of the
organization and is aligned with its strategic goals and objectives.

Explain five common AI technologies with examples. Pick any one of the AI

technologies to explain its usage in a typical use case in Health Care Industry or

Manufacturing Industry.

Five common AI technologies are:

1. Machine learning: It is a subset of AI that enables machines to learn

from data and make decisions without being explicitly programmed.
Examples of machine learning in action include image recognition,
speech recognition, and natural language processing.
2. Natural language processing: It is a subset of AI that enables
machines to understand and interpret human language. Examples of
natural language processing in action include chatbots and virtual
assistants that can respond to voice commands.
3. Computer vision: It is a subset of AI that enables machines to
interpret visual data from the world around them. Examples of
computer vision in action include facial recognition and object
detection.
4. Robotics: It is a branch of engineering and science that involves the
design, construction, and operation of robots. Examples of robotics in
action include industrial robots used in manufacturing and service
robots used in healthcare.
5. Expert systems: They are computer programs that use AI to mimic the
decision-making ability of a human expert in a particular domain.
Examples of expert systems in action include medical diagnosis
systems and financial planning systems.

Let's take machine learning as an example and explore its usage in the
healthcare industry.

One typical use case of machine learning in the healthcare industry is

medical image analysis. Medical imaging produces vast amounts of data,
and machine learning algorithms can be used to analyze this data to detect
abnormalities or diagnose diseases.
For example, in radiology, machine learning algorithms can be used to
analyze medical images such as X-rays, MRIs, and CT scans to detect
abnormalities and diagnose diseases such as cancer. Machine learning
algorithms can also be used to analyze medical images to predict patient
outcomes, such as the likelihood of a patient developing a particular
condition or responding to a particular treatment.

In manufacturing, machine learning algorithms can be used to analyze

sensor data from machinery and predict when maintenance is required,
optimizing the maintenance schedule and reducing downtime.

In summary, machine learning is a powerful AI technology that can be used

in many industries, including healthcare and manufacturing, to analyze
data, detect abnormalities, predict outcomes, and optimize processes.