DIPLOMA IN OFFSHORE

ENGINEERING

SUBJECT : ENGINEERING MATHEMATHICS (EGM213)

TOPIC : INTEGRATION

LECTURE : MADAM NURUL AZWA BINTI OTHMAN

PREPARE BY :
MOHAMMAD HAIKAL BIN MAZALAN
(OE20210711235)

1
INTRODUCTION

Integration is a way of adding slices to find the whole.

Integration can be used to find areas, volumes, central points and many
useful things. But it is easiest to start with finding the area between a
function and the x-axis like this:

Diagram 1.1 , integration area

SLICES

We could calculate the function at a few points

and add up slices of width Δx like this (but  
the answer won't be very accurate):

    Diagram 1.2

We can make Δx a lot smaller and add up

many small slices (answer is getting better):  
 

    Diagram 1.3

2
And as the slices approach zero in width, the
answer approaches the true answer.
 
We now write dx to mean the Δx slices are
approaching zero in width.

Diagram 1.4

NOTATION

The symbol for "Integral" is a

stylish "S"
 
(for "Sum", the idea of summing
slices):

Diagram 1.5

After the Integral Symbol we put the function we want to find the integral
of (called the Integrand),

and then finish with dx to mean the slices go in the x direction (and
approach zero in width).

And here is how we write the answer:

Diagram 1.6

3
Plus C
We wrote the answer as x2 but why +C ?

It is the "Constant of Integration". It is

there because of all the functions
whose derivative is 2x:

 the derivative of x2 is 2x, Diagram 1.7

 and the derivative of x2+4 is also 2x,
 and the derivative of x2+99 is also 2x,
 and so on!

Because the derivative of a constant is zero.

So when we reverse the operation (to find the integral) we only know 2x,

but there could have been a constant of any value.

So we wrap up the idea by just writing + C at the end.

Diagram 1.8 , formula of differentiation

and integration

4
OBJECTIVE

 The process of finding integrals is called integration. Along

with differentiation , integration is a fundamental, essential operation
of calculus ,[a] and serves as a tool to solve problems in mathematics
and physics involving the area of an arbitrary shape, the length of a
curve, and the volume of a solid, among others

5
CONTENT
QUESTION

The curve y=(3x−x2) cuts the x-axis at point O and A and meets the line y=(−3x) at the point
B as in the figure 1

i. Calculate the coordinate of A and B.

ii. Find the area of the shaded region.

A
O x

y = 3x – x2
B
y =- 3x

Figure 1
A = ∫60 ((3x−x^2) − (−3x)) ⋅ dx = 108 – 72 = 36
Explanation:
i)
to calculate the point A ,O and B
3x – x^2 = −3x
X^2−6x = 0 ⇒ (x^2 − 6x + 9) −9 = 0
(x−3) ^2 = 9 ⇒ (x−3) = 3
"when" x = 6 ⇒ y = −18
B = (6, −18)
O = (0 , 0) and A = (3,0)

ii)
Now lets calculate the area of the shaded region.
The Area due to x-axis given by:
A = ∫ba (y2 – y1) ⋅ dx
A = ∫60 ((3x−x^2) − (−3x)) ⋅ dx
A = ∫60 (6x−x^2) ⋅ dx = [3x^2 – 13 ⋅ x3] 60
= 108 – 72 = 36
CONCLUSION

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With integration and differentiation as mathematical techniques, I have
been able to reach the solution of the different methods used. Each of
the methods brings a simple and clear way thus can be used for practical
data. Furthermore, with tables and figures I have been able and compare
the actual data with the predicted data. The analyzing of the different
countries that are less developed has given an overview of how
overpopulation will cause severe problems for example instability,
showing the country’s development, the viscous poverty circle, pollution
and environmental degradation.Using the techniques above I have been
able to predict population sizes with and without family planning. For
example I analyzed the family planning policy in china and evaluated
how it has advantageously helped china in its development and poverty
reduction.Therefore, it will be true if I say that other developing and
underdeveloped countries deserve to emphasize on the implementation
of the family planning rule in order to reduce the negative impacts of
massive population that has affected our world. This project can
therefore be viewed as a scientific effort to measure and manage
population growth in the current world setup. It can also help struggling
or developing nations adopt some of the method displayed above to
improve their social and economic status