1

Pathways
Listening, Speaking, and Critical Thinking

Answer Key

Australia • Brazil • Mexico • Singapore • United Kingdom • United States

Pathways Listening, Speaking, and Critical Thinking 1
Answer Key

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 ANSWER KEY
UNIT 1  LIVING FOR WORK A Listening  An Interview with Photographer
Annie Griffiths
THINK AND DISCUSS (page 1)
1. Possible answer: An artist needs specialized training in art, as BEFORE LISTENING
well as creativity and organizational skills.
A  Critical Thinking: Predicting (page 6)
2. Answers will vary.
3. Possible answer: The title could be a reference to achieving a Answers will vary.
balance between personal life and work.
WHILE LISTENING
EXPLORE THE THEME (pages 2–3) B  Listening for Main Ideas (page 6)
1. Possible answers: Millennials are people between 20 and
34 years old. They are usually progressive and interested in  Annie Griffiths travels around the world as a photographer.
technology.
C  Note Taking (page 7)
2. They work the most in India and the least in Australia and
the U.K. Wording and abbreviations will vary. Notes should include only
3. Answers will vary. key words and phrases.
4. Possible answer: This office looks like it would be a comfortable 1. S. Africa, Galápagos Isl., Mex.
place to work because it has a couch and a relaxed environment; 2. learn diff cultures, diff views, take pictures of wildlife/
however, it doesn’t look like the employees have any privacy. landscapes
3. long assgnmnts, wanted them see world, didn’t want be away
LESSON A  Vocabulary from them
4. smiles, gestures, is silly
A  (page 4) 5. curiosity, creativity, see things in new ways
1. c
2. a AFTER LISTENING
3. d
D  Critical Thinking: Making Inferences (page 7)
4. e
5. b 1. T
2. T
C  (page 4) 3. T
1. creative 4. F
2. explore
E  Critical Thinking: Reflecting (page 7)
3. adventure
4. communicate Answers will vary.
5. favorite
A  SPEAKING
D  Recognizing Word Families (page 5)
A  (page 8)
Noun Verb Adjective
1. work
communication, communicate communicative, 2. am cooking
communicator communicable
3. am writing
experience experience experienced, experiential 4. show (or sell)
creation, creativity create creative 5. sell (or show)
E  (page 5) 6. am showing (or am selling)
7. help
1. adventure
2. favorite
3. experiences
4. ordinary
5. skills
  3
B  (page 9) WHILE VIEWING
Possible answers: C  Understanding Main Ideas (page 13)
Police officers, teachers, and nurses help people.
1. many
Photographers and journalists explore different places.
2. few
Managers and lawyers need good communication skills.
3. many countries
Pilots and flight attendants travel a lot.
4. difficult
Computer programmers and web designers need special skills.
D  Understanding Details (page 13)
C  (page 9)
 graduate from the school
Possible answers: Travelers are waiting for their trains, looking at
the train schedules, buying tickets, waiting for passengers to arrive,  iron newspapers
carrying their baggage, etc.  learn to walk correctly
 practice saying things
D  (page 9)
Possible answers: AFTER VIEWING
1. Students are reading. The teacher is writing on the board. The
computer is warming up. E  Critical Thinking: Evaluating (page 13)
2. My sister is probably making breakfast, feeding her baby, and Answers will vary.
getting ready for work.
3. A manager organizes projects, has meetings, and solves LESSON B  Vocabulary
problems every day.
B  (page 15)
E  (page 10)
1. pollution
1. She works at the hotel from Tuesday to Saturday. She doesn’t
work on Sunday or Monday. 2. search
2. Her longest day is Thursday. Her shortest day is Saturday. 3. presentations
3. Erica cleans the guest bathrooms, makes the beds, removes 4. physical
the trash, gets clean sheets and towels, cleans the dining room, 5. effect
and puts out menus and information cards.
C  (page 15)
F–H  (page 10) 1. manager
Answers will vary. 2. organized
3. in charge of
LESSON TASK  Taking a Career Aptitude Test 4. Although
A–C  (page 11) 5. initiative

Answers will vary. E  Critical Thinking: Reflecting (page 15)

1. Possible answers: A nurse has a positive effect on his or her
VIDEO  Becoming a Butler patients’ health by giving them physical care and medicine.
A volunteer working with the environment helps clean up the
planet and decreases pollution. An industrial engineer creates
BEFORE VIEWING new solutions and systems to help people save time and
A  Prior Knowledge (page 12) money.
2. Possible answers: She says pollution is still a problem. Yes, she
1. T is right because our oceans still have trash, and many cities
2. T have air pollution.
3. F 3. Possible answers: Housekeepers, firefighters, and construction
4. T workers have physical jobs. They are good jobs, but they are
tiring and can be dangerous.
B  (page 12) 4. Answers will vary.
1. d
2. a
3. b
4. c

4  Pathways Listening, Speaking, and Critical Thinking 1

B  L istening  A Conversation about C  (page 18)
Dr. Sylvia Earle Answers will vary.

BEFORE LISTENING D Critical Thinking: Interpreting an Infographic

(page 19)
A  (page 16) 1. 2 million people, or 1 in 10 residents
1. study 2. A shark attracting scuba divers is more valuable at $1.9 million.
2. nurse A shark as food is worth $108.
3. travel 3. Possible answer: Because the global seafood industry relies on
4. remember healthy fish habitats
5. reporter 4. Possible answer: To show how much money the ocean
represents for communities and industries
6. creative
5. Answers will vary.
7. receive
8. skills E  Critical Thinking: Analyzing (page 19)
B  (page 16) Possible answers: Cooks, marine biologists, tour guides, hotel
workers, and photographers
One syllable Two syllables Three syllables
cook money adventure FINAL TASK  Speaking about Yourself
know travel officer A  Organizing Ideas (page 20)
fly teacher amazing
Answers will vary.
yesterday
B  (page 20)
C  (page 16)
1. Hi, everyone. My name is Alejandro, but please call me Alex. I’m
1. billion (2), marine (2) biologist (4), ocean (2), pollution from Bogotá.
(3), tuna (2)
2. I want to travel the world, and I want to help people, too, so I
2. billion, marine biologist, ocean, pollution, tuna think this is a good job for me.
3. Answers will vary.
WHILE LISTENING
D  (page 17)
 one that Becca missed

E  Listening for Main Ideas (page 17)

 People are having a bad effect on the oceans, but we can
change that.

F  Listening for Details (page 17)

 Dr. Earle earns a high salary.
 Dr. Earle doesn’t eat fish.

AFTER LISTENING
G  Personalizing (page 17)
Answers will vary.

H  (page 17)
Answers will vary.

B  SPEAKING
A  (page 18)
The following should be underlined:
I’m sorry?; Do you mean …?; I’m not sure what you mean.; What
are those?

Answer Key  5
UNIT 2 GOOD TIMES, GOOD A Listening  A Lecture about Laughter
FEELINGS BEFORE LISTENING
THINK AND DISCUSS (page 21) A  Critical Thinking: Predicting (page 26)
Possible answers: Answers will vary.
1. They are doing yoga there because there is a lot of space. They
probably feel good and relaxed.
WHILE LISTENING
2. exercise, listen to music, talk with friends
B  (page 26)
EXPLORE THE THEME (pages 22–23) 1. b
1. HPI is the Happy Planet Index. It is measured by life expectancy, 2. b
wellbeing, environmental footprint, and inequality.
2. Costa Rica ranks as the happiest country. C  Checking Predictions (page 26)
3. South America has the most “happy” countries. Answers will vary. The following are in the lecture:
4. A low environmental footprint is better. A low percentage of  facts about laughter
inequality is better.  research results
5. Answers will vary.
D  Listening for Main Ideas (page 27)
LESSON A  Vocabulary 1. c
2. c
C  (page 24)
1. amusing
E  Listening for Details (page 27)
2. comedy 1. Bowling Green
3. sound 2. high
4. researcher 3. 80
5. happiness 4. laugh
6. led
7. joke AFTER LISTENING
8. recorded F  Critical Thinking: Reflecting (page 27)
9. laughter
Answers will vary.
10. situations

D  (page 25) A  SPEAKING

1. situations A  (page 28)
2. happiness 1. Are
3. led 2. Do, do (or like)
4. researcher 3. Do, have
5. joke, amusing 4. Do, take
6. laughter, comedy 5. Do, get
7. recorded 6. Do, like
8. sound
B  (page 28)
E  (page 25)
Answers will vary.
1. researcher
2. happiness C  (page 29)
3. leaders, followers 1. When do you get up in the morning?
4. laughter, laugh 2. What is your favorite food?
3. Who do you send a lot of text messages or emails to?
F  Personalizing (page 25)
4. How do you relax on the weekends?
Answers will vary. 5. Where is the closest park in this city?
6. Why are trees good for the environment?

6  Pathways Listening, Speaking, and Critical Thinking 1

E  (page 29) 3. You can burn up to 40 calories.
Answers will vary. 4. They start laughing at just 3 to 4 months.
5. They use it to communicate with their mothers before they can
H  (page 30) talk.

Conversation 1 E  Understanding Details (page 33)

A: What’s the name of the park? 1. F
B: It’s called the High Line. 2. T
A: Is it in New York City? 3. F
B: Yes, it is. 4. T
A: Why do people go there?
B: It’s a good place to relax. AFTER VIEWING
Conversation 2 F  (page 33)
A: Do you like to go to the park? 1. a. to tell us about the benefits of laughter
B: Yes, I do. I go there to run. 2.–5. Answers will vary.
A: Why do you do that?
B: It’s good exercise, and I enjoy being outdoors. LESSON B  Vocabulary
A: Are you going again tomorrow? B  (page 34)
B: Yes. Do you want to come?
1. d
I–J  (page 30) 2. g
Answers will vary. 3. e
4. b
LESSON TASK  Discussing Fun Activities 5. c
6. j
A–C  (page 31) 7. i
Answers will vary. 8. a
9. f
VIDEO  Laughter Yoga 10. h

BEFORE VIEWING C  (page 35)

1. free time
A  Prior Knowledge (page 32)
2. enjoy
Answers will vary. 3. disadvantage
B  Meaning from Context (page 32) 4. benefits
Possible answers: 5. relax
instinctive = natural 6. exercise
contagious = spreads from person to person 7. outdoors
ease = to make something less difficult 8. healthy
behavior = a way of acting 9. Crime
bottom line = the most important point 10. common

C  (page 33) D  (page 35)

1. Other people will start laughing, too.
2. It eases awkward situations, helps certain diseases, and brings
people together.
WHILE VIEWING
D  Understanding Main Ideas (page 33)
Possible answers:
1. They laugh to improve their health and feel good.
2. It can ease pain and depression and improve heart health.
Possible answers:
1. It gives them a green space in which to spend their free time. It
is a good place to exercise outdoors.
2. Then the money cannot be spent on other things such as
education or infrastructure. It takes up space that businesses
could use.

Answer Key  7
B Listening  A Talk about City Parks UNIT 3  THE MARKETING MACHINE
BEFORE LISTENING THINK AND DISCUSS (page 41)
A  Critical Thinking: Predicting (page 36) 1. Possible answer: It shows one interesting and unique way to
market a product.
Answers will vary.
2. Answers will vary.
WHILE LISTENING 3. Possible answer: Different ways to market common products.

B  Listening for Main Ideas (page 36) EXPLORE THE THEME (pages 42–43)
1. benefits 1. Possible answer: Companies that cut your hair at your house
2. health or deliver precooked meals. Answers to the second question
will vary.
3. crime
2. Delivery is the largest industry. Subscription, pet care, and
4. problems family care are just starting out.
C  Listening for Details (page 37) 3. Possible answers: People don’t have time to shop for things
in a store because they are too busy. People want things
1. b immediately.
2. a
3. b LESSON A  Vocabulary
4. c
B  (page 44)
D  Note Taking (page 37)
1. encourage
Possible answers: 2. quality
What are the health benefits of parks? 3. customers
What are the social benefits of parks? 4. product
What are the disadvantages of parks? 5. aim
6. characters
AFTER LISTENING 7. section
E  Critical Thinking: Ranking (page 37) 8. popular
Answers will vary. 9. advertise
10. recognize
B  SPEAKING C  (page 45)
A  (page 38) 1. advertise
1. Oh, why not? 2. recognize
2. Really? / How funny! 3. situate
3. Good for you! / Really? 4. educate
4. How funny! / Really? 5. soften
5. Oh, that’s too bad. / Really? 6. communicate
7. create
B  (page 38)
8. organize
Answers will vary.
D  (page 45)
C  (page 39)
1. popular
Answers will vary. Possible answers:
2. aim
There are a lot of people here today.
3. customers
It’s a beautiful day to be outdoors.
4. section
Do you know if it’s going to last?
It’s great that the kids can play here. E  Personalizing (page 45)
1. Answers will vary.
FINAL TASK  Presenting on a Celebration or 2. Possible answer: In TV commercials or on billboards in the
Holiday street; on popular websites
3. Possible answer: They use bright colors and famous people.
A–C  (page 40)
4. Possible answers: Coca-Cola, Apple, Nike, etc.
Answers will vary.

8  Pathways Listening, Speaking, and Critical Thinking 1

A Listening  A Newscast about Marketing D  (page 49)
Answers will vary.
BEFORE LISTENING
F  (page 50)
A  (page 46)
1. sold
Possible answers: 2. made
1. The Japanese company Sanrio uses Hello Kitty to advertise 3. bought
many products including handbags, clothing, and stationery.
4. found
2. Mascots can help people identify and remember a company
and its products. 5. aimed
6. attracted
WHILE LISTENING G  (page 50)
B  Listening for Main Ideas (page 47) Possible questions are as follows. Answers will vary.
Possible answers: 1. Did you eat cereal for breakfast this morning?
1. ID, rmbr, undrstnd prod. 2. Did you watch television last weekend?
2. not do smthng bad, not age, not sick, no vac., no sal., be 3. What commercials were on television last night?
imprvd, good toys 4. What did you learn from the newscast about mascots?
3. encour. ppl to comm., shr 5. How did customers order products before the Internet?
4. prom. pblc serv., consrvtn. & environ. 6. Did that company send you marketing information in the mail?

C  Listening for Examples (page 47)

LESSON TASK  Discussing a Timeline
1. b
2. d A  (page 51)
3. a Possible answers:
4. e In 1951, Tony was one of four mascots designed for Kellogg’s Sugar
5. c Frosted Flakes cereal.
In 1952, Tony beat Katy the Kangaroo and three others to get
D  Listening for Details (page 47) the job.
1. F (They are inexpensive.) In 1952, Tony’s son, Tony Junior, was added to the family.
2. T Tony’s daughter, Antoinette, was added to the family in 1974.
3. F (It is 91% more.) In 1999, Tony was listed as number 9 on Ad Age’s list: Top 10
Advertising Icons of the Century.
4. T
Tony turned 65 in 2016.
5. T
B–C  (page 51) Answers will vary.
AFTER LISTENING
E  Critical Thinking: Analyzing (page 47) VIDEO  Mascots: Fun for Everyone!
Answers will vary.
BEFORE VIEWING
A  SPEAKING A  (page 52)
A  (page 48) 1. c
2. a
The following expressions are used to clarify: No, I mean that; In
other words,; Yes, that’s what I’m saying. 3. a

B  (page 49) B  (page 52)

Possible answers: 1. e
1. Let me explain. 2. c
2. Yes, I mean 3. d
3. other words 4. h
5. b
C  (page 49)
6. i
1. b 7. g
2. a 8. a
3. c 9. f
4. d
Answer Key  9
WHILE VIEWING 6. visual
7. design
C  Understanding Main Ideas (page 53)
8. achieve, energy
c. entertainment and marketing
E  (page 55)
D  Understanding Details (page 53)
Vocabulary words include: results, achieve, attract, figure out,
1. 47 visuals, design
2. bear Possible answers:
3. 30 billion 1. You need to know what your story or message is and how to
4. books measure results. 
5. elderly 2. Your customers—the people who you want to attract and
sell to.
6. police force, shops
3. You can use digital channels, such as email and social media,
7. marketing and talk to people in person at stores. 
4. When you have reached your financial goals and have made an
AFTER VIEWING impact with your audience.
E  (page 53)
B  L istening  An Interview with a Graphic
2. Mascots are an excellent way for places in Japan to advertise
because everyone likes them. Designer
F  Critical Thinking: Synthesizing (page 53) BEFORE LISTENING
1. Possible answer: The newscast had more specific reasons for
using mascots. The video was fun but not as informative. A  (page 56)
2. Possible answers: In the video, the mascots are used to make 1. /əd/
an impression on people. They are cute, colorful, and easy to 2. /t/ or /d/
recognize. The newscast also included this information. The 3. /əd/
video also mentions that the mascots help the police force,
shops, and public relations (PR) campaigns for the prefectures. 4. /t/ or /d/
3. Possible answer: The Japanese mascots are similar to the 5. /t/ or /d/
mascots in Lesson A because they are colorful and attractive, 6. /t/ or /d/
and they are used for public service, too. They are different 7. /əd/
because they represent locations in Japan, not specific
commercial products. 8. /əd/
4. Answers will vary. B  (page 56)
Answers will vary. The actual words in the listening are:
LESSON B  Vocabulary 1. studied
C  (page 54) 2. got
1. stand out 3. helped
2. achieve
3. energy
WHILE LISTENING
4. figure out C  Listening for Main Ideas (page 56)
5. result 1. b
6. design 2. a
7. complicated 3. c
8. join
9. attract D  Listening for Details (page 57)
10. visual 1. graphic design
2. marketing and publicity
D  (page 55)
3. the results
1. stand out 4. to get more people to join
2. attract 5. poster, T-shirts
3. result 6. share information, information about what they like
4. join
5. complicated, figure, out

10  Pathways Listening, Speaking, and Critical Thinking 1

AFTER LISTENING UNIT 4  WILD WEATHER
E  Critical Thinking: Applying (page 57)
THINK AND DISCUSS (page 61)
Answers will vary.
Possible answers:
1. The image is from China. You would typically expect this
B  SPEAKING extremely cold weather in places farther north, the Arctic, parts
A  (page 58) of Eastern Europe, etc.
2. Wild Weather probably refers to examples of extreme weather,
Answers will vary. or unusual weather.
B Critical Thinking: Interpreting an Infographic
(page 58) EXPLORE THE THEME (pages 62–63)
1. Possible answer: It looks like a huge storm cloud before a
1. 10 tornado. It looks threatening and frightening. Answers to the
2. 90, visual second question will vary.
3. 35 2. Answers will vary.
4. see and do 3. Possible answer: Hurricanes might be the most dangerous
5. color because they also cause other problems such as flooding.
4. Answers will vary.
C  (page 59)
Possible answers: LESSON A  Vocabulary
1. We take in information visually, verbally, auditorily, and through
touch. A  Meaning from Context (page 64)
2. More of our brains are devoted to processing visual 1. rainfall
information. 2. amount
3. Things we see and do are easiest to remember. 3. storms
D  Personalizing (page 59) 4. flooding
5. drought
Answers will vary.
6. destroyed
E  Critical Thinking: Applying (page 59) 7. temperature
Answers will vary. 8. predict
9. measure
FINAL TASK  Presenting a Marketing Plan 10. forecasts
A–E  (pages 59–60) B  (page 65)
Answers will vary. 1. drought
2. destroy
3. forecast
4. amount
5. storm, storms
6. rainfall, flooding
7. temperature
8. predict
9. measure

C  (page 65)
1. b
2. a
3. d
4. e
5. c

D  Personalizing (page 65)

Answers will vary.

Answer Key  11
A Listening  A Podcast about Strange Weather 4. some, a lot of
5. a
BEFORE LISTENING 6. a
7. a lot of
A  Prior Knowledge (page 66)
8. an
Answers will vary.
E  (page 70)
B  (page 66)
Possible answers:
Possible answer: This photo may show fish that have been thrown 1. Does the photo show a drought or some flooding?
onto land as a result of strange weather. This strange weather is
probably described in the listening. It shows a drought.
2. Are there a lot of plants growing here?
WHILE LISTENING No, not a lot. There are some trees growing.
3. What might be some problems caused by this situation?
C  Listening for Main Ideas (page 66)
People and animals might go hungry because they can’t grow
1. b food and don’t have fresh water to drink.
2. a 4. Are there any places in the world having a drought or a flood
3. c right now? If so, where?
Answers will vary.
D  Listening for Details (page 67) 5. Are there some places that are having other extreme weather?
1. b If so, where and what kind of weather?
2. e Answers will vary.
3. d 6. Do you see any animals in the photo?
4. a No.
5. c 7. Do any people live here?
There are no people in the photo. It would be a hard place for
AFTER LISTENING people to live.
8. Does this location get a lot of sunshine?
E  Critical Thinking: Analyzing (page 67) Yes, it seems to get a lot of sunshine.
Possible answer:
A fire tornado would be difficult to study because it is too LESSON TASK  Discussing Travel Plans
dangerous to get close to. A waterspout might be difficult to
study, since it forms over the water and loses power when it gets Steps 1–4  (page 71)
to land. Answers will vary.

A  SPEAKING VIDEO  Tornado Chase

A  (page 68)
BEFORE VIEWING
Count Noncount Both Count and Noncount
cloud sand food
B  (page 73)
drought flooding wind Possible answers:
person lightning 1. Tornadoes occur on every continent except Antarctica.
street snow 2. A good tornado shelter would be some place underground
away from the storm, such as a basement.
thunder
3. Some people feel scared, but other people might feel excited.
water

B  (page 69) C  Prior Knowledge (page 73)

1. Possible answers:
Possible answers:
Very cold temperatures can cause frostbite.
I see some snow in the mountains. I see a lot of ice in the water. I
don’t see any animals. A person is in a kayak. There aren’t any other Icy conditions can make walking or driving dangerous.
people nearby. A lot of snow can trap people in an area.
C  (page 69) A lot of rain can cause flooding.
2. Answers will vary.
1. a
2. any
3. Some

12  Pathways Listening, Speaking, and Critical Thinking 1

WHILE VIEWING E  Critical Thinking: Applying (page 75)
D  Understanding Main Ideas (page 73) Possible answers:
1. Life is changing dramatically for people in Greenland.
 find a road that takes them close to the tornado
2. Most people settled on the coast. This was probably because
 deploy Tim Samaras’s probes the middle of the country was covered with ice. This is
 escape from the tornado probably still true, even though the temperatures are rising.
E  Understanding Details (page 73) 3. Greenland will have more land for growing food, but in other
parts of the world this might increase temperatures, raise sea
1. b levels, and/or cause droughts.
2. c
3. a B Listening  A Conversation about Greenland
4. b
BEFORE LISTENING
AFTER VIEWING A  Prior Knowledge (page 76)
F  Critical Thinking: Analyzing (page 73) Possible answers:
1. Possible answers: To get their data, they have to be as close The summers in Greenland are becoming longer and warmer.
to the tornado as possible. They understand that their work Some of the ice is melting.
is important because if they can learn more about tornadoes,
People are growing more food.
they may be able to predict them sooner and save lives.
2. Answers will vary. B  Critical Thinking: Predicting (page 76)
3. Possible answer: Earthquakes might be the most dangerous Answers will vary.
because they can also cause tsunamis (huge waves).
4. Possible answer: Some dangerous jobs include firefighter,
police officer, construction worker, and pilot.
WHILE LISTENING
C  Listening for Main Ideas (page 76)
LESSON B  Vocabulary 1. friends
B  (page 74) 2. Greenland
1. coast 3. Canada
2. melting 4. having dinner, talking
3. average D  Note Taking (page 77)
4. slightly Possible answers:
5. rise
Climate Change in Greenland
6. pattern
7. heat Benefits Drawbacks
8. grow shorter winters temperatures rising twice as fast
9. instead more trees as in other places
10. exist grow vegetables ice is melting
grow grass for animals sea levels could rise 24 ft.
C  (page 75)
minerals env. probs w/mining
1. beach
less rain
2. melting
3. rising E  Listening for Details (page 77)
4. average 1. a
2. a
D  (page 75)
3. c
1. rising
2. pattern AFTER LISTENING
3. growing
4. instead F  Critical Thinking: Reflecting (page 77)
5. melting Answers will vary.
6. heat

Answer Key  13
B  SPEAKING UNIT 5  FOCUS ON FOOD
B  (page 78)
THINK AND DISCUSS (page 81)
The following should be underlined: 1. Possible answer: The photo might make you think of family
I really like it. I’ve always liked science. parties and meals.
Even I can’t stand it when I want to do something outdoors 2. Possible answers: the school cafeteria, at home, sometimes at a
and it rains! restaurant; with family, with friends, by myself
I loved it! I did a lot of research. 3. Answers will vary. 
I really don’t like the cold! But Antarctica is very interesting.

C–D  (pages 78–79) EXPLORE THE THEME (pages 82–83)

1. Possible answer: Students can list any foods in the photo,
Answers will vary. including grapes, cherries, bananas, coconuts, pineapples,
watermelon, kiwi, strawberries, lemons, limes, pomegranates,
FINAL TASK  Discussing Ways to Reduce peppers, asparagus, mushrooms, artichokes, avocados, etc.
Answers to the second question will vary.
Greenhouse Gases
2. Foods by truck: red grapes, chili peppers; Foods by plane:
A  Note Taking (page 79) apricots, white asparagus, mushrooms; Foods by boat: red
bananas, pineapples, orange peppers
Possible answers:
3. Possible answer: The New York City markets have food from
global warming = result of greenhouse gases + Earth’s temp. other countries when some of the same food is also grown in
prod. CO2 when burn oil, coal, gas, and breathe the U.S.
prod. methane when mine coal, raise cattle, grow rice 4. Possible answer: Costs to the environment include pollution
CFCs in fridges + spray cans from transportation and consumption of natural resources,
such as oil.
gases collect in atmsphr; keep heat in

B–D  (page 80) LESSON A  Vocabulary

Answers will vary. B  (page 84)
1. The seven senses are memory, movement, sight, smell, sound,
touch, and taste.
2. Flavor begins in the brain.
3. Answers will vary.

C  (page 84)
Answers will vary.

D  (page 85)
1. brain
2. taste
3. nervous
4. waste
5. memory
6. senses
7. expect
8. nutrition
9. texture
10. smell

E  (page 85)
1. V
2. N
3. N
4. V
5. V
6. V

F  Personalizing (page 85)

Answers will vary.
14  Pathways Listening, Speaking, and Critical Thinking 1
A  LISTENING  A Radio Show About Ugly Food LESSON TASK  Conducting a Survey about Food
A–C  (page 91)
BEFORE LISTENING
Answers will vary.
A  (page 86)
Answers will vary. VIDEO  Food-Waste Rebel

WHILE LISTENING BEFORE VIEWING

B  Listening for Main Ideas (page 87) A  (page 92)
Possible answers: 1. b
1. At a farmers’ market/Kings Road Market 2. c
2. People like food that looks good because they expect it to 3. a
taste good, too.
3. The nutritionist thinks ugly food can be healthier for us, save us
B  (page 93)
money, and reduce food waste. 1. c
C  Listening for Details (page 87) 2. e
3. a
1. F, That’s why
4. d
2. T, because
5. b
3. F, That’s because
4. F, because C  (page 93)
5. T, so Possible answer:
6. F, because A “food-waste rebel” is someone who thinks the way that people
and businesses waste food is wrong and wants to make a change.
AFTER LISTENING
WHILE VIEWING
D  Critical Thinking: Evaluating (page 87)
1. Answers will vary.
D  Understanding Main Ideas (page 93)
2. Possible answer: It’s important to reduce the amount of food Possible answers:
waste because hunger is a global problem. 1. People waste more food now than in the past because food
3.–4. Answers will vary. has gotten cheaper and become more disposable. Also,
corporations encourage people to take more than they need.
5. Possible answer: People who like to try new foods are likely
adventurous and open. 2. Food waste is a big problem in grocery stores as well as in
homes.
A  SPEAKING E  Understanding Details (page 93)
A–E  (pages 88–89) 1. last 40
Answers will vary. 2. billions of dollars
3. normal, perfect
F  (page 90)
1. When I was a child, my favorite holiday food was homemade AFTER VIEWING
cinnamon rolls.
2. In the morning, my mother warmed the rolls up in the oven.
F  Critical Thinking: Reflecting (page 93)
3. Then she put white icing on top of the warm rolls. 1. Answers will vary.
4. We children counted the rolls very carefully. 2. Possible answer: It takes a lot of work and resources to produce
food. In order to save our resources, such as land and water, we
5. We wanted to divide them equally.
have to stop wasting food.
6. I loved the rolls because they were soft and warm, and of
3. Possible answer: Talk to the owners of businesses or start
course, very sweet.
organizations like Stuart did.
7. Even today, I can remember the wonderful taste.

G  (page 90)
Answers will vary.

Answer Key  15
LESSON B  Vocabulary Step Four: Change how we eat
b.  food to feed animals and make fuel
B  Meaning from Context (page 94)
c.  the fewer animal foods we eat, the more food for people
1. survival Step Five: Reduce food waste
2. crops III. Conclusion
3. feed d.  Eat less meat and other animal foods
4. solution e.  Waste less food
5. large-scale
6. significant AFTER LISTENING
7. land
D  Critical Thinking: Evaluating (page 97)
8. environment
9. area 1. Possible answer: It is a very important challenge. The
population is growing, and we will soon have to feed around
10. percent nine billion people.
C  (page 95) 2. Possible answer: People will likely be healthier. It will also have
a positive effect on the environment because we won’t cut
1. c down as many forests to get land for farming.
2. f 3. Answers will vary.
3. a
4. b B  SPEAKING
5. d
6. e
B  (page 98)
Speaker 1
D  (page 95)
Time markers: I have always, As a child, now, Recently, these days
Answers will vary. Interesting details: Possible answers: I went there with my parents;
have everything I need; convenient foods like ready-to-eat salads,
B  L istening  A Lecture about Feeding side dishes, and even main dishes like chicken and lasagna
the World Speaker 2
Time markers: When I was a child, from spring to fall, Later, never
BEFORE LISTENING Interesting details: Possible answers: grow a lot of my food myself;
I watched my parents and grandparents; home-grown food tastes
A  (page 96) much better; red, ripe tomatoes and different kinds of lettuce;
grow cucumbers, onions, and even some strawberries; raise a few
1. T chickens; buy special food; If I cut the top off a carrot, for example,
2. F (He is calm and reasonable.) the chickens are happy to eat it
3. F (He sees this as one of the solutions.)
C  Critical Thinking: Analyzing Visuals (page 99)
4. T
1. how fruits and vegetables are lost and wasted
WHILE LISTENING 2. Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the U.S.
3. 47%
B  Listening for Main Ideas (page 96)
4. the most loss: picking and sorting; the most waste: in homes
1. 35%; twice as much or 100% more 5. Answers will vary.
2. People are beginning to eat differently—more meat, more
eggs, more milk—so animals will eat a lot of the food farmers FINAL TASK  Presenting a Plan to Stop Food
grow.
3. Africa, Latin America, and Eastern Europe
Waste

C  Listening for Details (page 97)
II. Steps
Step One: Stop deforestation
a.  stop burning rainforests
b.  grow crops on land size of South America
c.  keep animals on land size of Africa
Step Two: Grow more on the farms we already have
Step Three: Use resources more efficiently
a.  example of resource: water
A  Critical Thinking: Analyzing Visuals (page 99)
20% farms 3% shipping/storage 2% processing
                   (juicing, baking)
9% supermarkets 19% homes
B  Critical Thinking: Evaluating (page 100)
1. Possible answer: Solutions for the problems of loss on farms
and waste in homes would help the most.
2.–3. Answers will vary.
C  Personalizing (page 100)
Answers will vary.

16  Pathways Listening, Speaking, and Critical Thinking 1

UNIT 6  HOUSING FOR THE FUTURE E  (page 105)
1. architecture
THINK AND DISCUSS (page 101) 2. impactful
1. Possible answers: A very modern looking house with solar 3. comfortable
panels and a wind-powered energy source. The reason for the
design is probably to be environmentally friendly. 4. obvious
2. Answers will vary. 5. residential
3. Possible answer: Houses were traditionally made from stone 6. negative
or wood—generally from materials found in the area. In the 7. attractive
future, they are likely to be more energy efficient and hi-tech.
A  L istening  A Lecture about Housing
EXPLORE THE THEME (pages 102–103) Solutions
1. The measures of sustainability are People, Planet, and
Economy. “People” measures quality of life factors; “Planet” BEFORE LISTENING
measures green factors; “Economy” measures the business
environment. Answers to the second question will vary. A  Using Context Clues (page 106)
2. New York ranks 26th overall. It ranks 77th for people, 33rd for
Context clues for congestion: everyone is looking for a place to
planet, and 8th for economy. Answers will vary as to why.
park; it’s hard to cross the street
Possible reasons for low people ranking: there are a lot of
people/it’s crowded; not everyone can afford the high costs. Context clues for demographics: young families with good jobs
3. Possible answer: Planning sustainable cities is important Context clues for geriatric: we’re still young enough
because the population is increasing and resources are Context clues for real estate agent: ask to show us apartments
decreasing.
WHILE LISTENING
LESSON A  Vocabulary
B  Listening for Main Ideas (page 106)
A  (page 104)
b. Architects are designing new solutions to deal with rising
1. comfortable sea levels.
2. residents
C  Listening for Numbers (page 107)
3. mainly
4. obvious 1. 90
5. impact 2. 3
6. deal with 3. 16 mil. (16 M)
7. remove 4. >60%, 1/3
8. architect 5. 48, 30–60 cm
9. technology 6. 60,000 (60k), 5m × 20m
10. zone 7. >200

B  Meaning from Context (page 104) D  Using Context Clues (page 107)
1. residents Possible answers:
2. architect 1. These are all basically walls or embankments to prevent
flooding.
3. obvious
2. take them apart and put them together in places that need
4. comfortable them
5. mainly
6. Zone AFTER LISTENING
C  (page 105) E  Critical Thinking: Reflecting (page 107)
Answers will vary. Possible answers:
D  (page 105) 1. Designing buildings to have parking garages on the lowest
floors and living in houseboats.
Noun Adjective Verb Adjective 2. The cars in parking garages might get flooded, and traditional
structure structural protect protective houseboats are very small.
architecture architectural comfort comfortable 3. Coastal cities like San Francisco, U.S.A. or Rio de Janeiro in Brazil.
They can start investing in creative solutions for different kinds
type typical move movable of housing.
space spacious ignore ignorant

Answer Key  17
A  SPEAKING
A  (page 108)
1. so, a result
2. but, a contrast
3. or, a choice
4. but, a contrast
5. and, an addition/two good things
6. so, a result
B  (page 108)
Possible answers:
1. Our apartment is large, so we have a lot of parties there.
2. I like my neighborhood, but sometimes it is noisy at night.
3. The building has friendly residents, and it allows pets.
4. I can eat dinner at home, or I can go out to eat.
5. I love big cities, so I want to live in Hong Kong.
6. Apartments downtown are expensive, so I’ll look for an
apartment a little farther away.
E  (page 109)
B: Being close to the bus line is good, but the east side is
dangerous.
A: That’s a good point, but I think the neighborhood is improving.
A: I agree.
F  (page 110)
Possible answers:
Option 1: Benefits: close to university = don’t need car, res mangr
takes care probs; Drawback: downtown = noisy
Option 2: Benefits: house = more space, near park for jogging, bike
riding; Drawback: quiet area may be boring
Option 3: Benefits: very large, near beach; Drawback: prob expnsve
G  Critical Thinking: Prioritizing (page 110)
Answers will vary.
LESSON TASK  Discussing Lifestyle Choices
A  (page 110)
Possible answers:
He loves music, so he goes to concerts in the city.
He works downtown, but he lives in the country.
He is an excellent cook, and he gardens on Saturday mornings.
He often hikes, or he goes out with friends.
B  (page 111)
Underlined expressions show disagreement; words in bold are
coordinating conjunctions.
A: The climate here is too cold, so I want to move.
B: Where do you want to go?
A: San Francisco, California.
B: Are you sure about that?
A: I think so. California is really warm, right?
B: The southern part of California is warm, but the northern part is
cooler.
18  Pathways Listening, Speaking, and Critical Thinking 1
A: That’s a good point. I’ll move to Los Angeles then.
B: Hmm, I don’t know . . . That may not be the best place for you.
A: Why not? You said it’s warm in southern California.
B: It is warm, but you don’t like big cities, and Los Angeles is very
big.
A: You’re right. I probably need to think about this a little more.
C  (page 111)
Answers will vary.
VIDEO  Livable Spaces of Steel
BEFORE VIEWING
A  Critical Thinking: Reflecting (page 112)
Answers will vary.
B  Meaning from Context (page 112)
versatile: can be made into everything from knives and forks to
toaster ovens and bridges
standardized: so now they are all the same
transport: on roads, railroad, and on the sea
sound: steel is so strong
beat up: old
C  Critical Thinking: Predicting (page 113)
Answers will vary.
WHILE VIEWING
D  Checking Predictions (page 113)
 why recycling containers is a good idea
 a way to use containers as housing
E  Understanding Details (page 113)
1½ tons iron ore 86% air pollution
½ ton coal 76% water pollution
75% energy 1¼ tons solid waste
40% water
% goods transported in steel containers: 90%
# containers worldwide: 200 million
AFTER VIEWING
F  (page 113)
1. Possible answer: The amount of space might be surprising, as
well as how warm and comfortable they are.
2. Answers will vary.
3. Possible answer: They could be used as portable shops. That
way, if the owner wants to move the shop to a new location,
they can.
G  Critical Thinking: Synthesizing (page 113)
Possible answer:
There are many similarities. Both design ideas use traditional
materials—steel, concrete, and foam—in creative ways to solve
housing problems. Also, they both make the living structures
flexible and easy to move around and repurpose. Finally, the designs
help reduce environmental problems, like pollution and waste.
LESSON B  Vocabulary AFTER LISTENING
A  (page 114) D  Critical Thinking: Reflecting (page 117)
1. build Possible answer:
2. especially The Egyptian government has a plan to “green” the desert by
3. tourists moving water from the Nile River to new land so people can grow
food. The government is encouraging people to move there by
4. desert building new roads and offering land at low prices. This may be a
5. property good plan to provide more room for people to live in Egypt, but it
6. location may not be good for the river.
7. population
8. damage B  SPEAKING
9. rapid A–B  (page 118)
10. belong to
What is your house made of? Building a house from concrete
B  (page 114) (a mixture of sand, water, and cement) or metal requires large
amounts of energy, and (an addition) it pollutes the air. Building
Answers will vary. a house from wood means cutting down trees and damaging the
environment.
C  Meaning from Context (page 115)
Builder Michael Furbish has another idea: Use straw to make
1. location buildings. “Most other building materials require a lot of energy
2. tourists use in production and manufacturing at a factory,” explains Furbish.
Straw is a kind of grass, and (two good things) it takes little energy
3. desert
to grow. It’s not very nutritious for animals, however, so (a result)
4. property farmers normally dry it and use it for animals to sleep on.
5. belong to After the straw is dry, farmers use a machine to make bales—large
6. especially rectangular bricks of straw. Builders such as Furbish use the bales
7. population to build walls. They cover the walls with plaster inside and outside.
The plaster becomes hard when it’s dry, so (a result) it keeps out
8. rapid water as well as insects and small animals.
9. build Furbish used about 900 straw bales for his family’s two-story,
10. damage three-bedroom house. His company used about 4000 bales to
build an elementary school in Maryland, U.S.A.
B Listening  A Conversation about Building Do you think a straw-bale house is for you? You won’t know until you
Homes try living in one, but (a contrast) for Furbish, it’s a greener way to build.

C  (page 118)
BEFORE LISTENING 1. Possible answer: You dry the straw and use a machine to make it
A  Prior Knowledge (page 116) into bales. You use the bales to build the walls and cover them with
plaster inside and out. When the plaster dries, your house is ready.
1. F 2. Answers will vary.
2. T 3. Possible answer: Ways of going green include recycling,
3. T growing your own food, and riding a bike or taking public
4. F transportation instead of driving a car.

D  (page 119)
WHILE LISTENING
1. or
B  Listening for Main Ideas (page 116) 2. but
1. b. an article 3. so
2. c. places for people to live 4. and
3. a. they’re not sure who the Nile River water belongs to 5. but

C  Listening for Focus Words (page 117) F  Critical Thinking: Prioritizing (page 119)
1. Egypt Answers will vary.
2. growing
3. Nile River FINAL TASK  Role-Playing a Meeting with Real
4. great, green Estate Agents
5. damage, environment A–D  (pages 119–120)
Answers will vary.

Answer Key  19
UNIT 7  EXPLORING SPACE WHILE LISTENING
B  Listening for Main Ideas (page 126)
THINK AND DISCUSS (page 121)
 Astronauts often don’t get enough sleep.
1. Astronauts outside the International Space Station on a  Astronauts wear special spacesuits to protect their bodies.
spacewalk.  Astronauts need to get a lot of exercise in space.
2. Answers will vary.
3. Possible answer: To explore, to learn about other planets C  Note Taking (page 127)
Wording will vary. Notes should include only key words and
EXPLORE THE THEME (pages 122–123) phrases.
1. 1958, almost 200
Need to
2. 8 missions, 5 moons Need a exercise
3. to asteroids and comets and to deep space No air and spacesuit
3. Zero
no air
gravity
pressure 2. No Jetlag
LESSON A  Vocabulary atmosphere

B (page 124) Space: A

Hostile
4. Rhythms
1. issue 1. Extreme
Environment

2. stressful temperatures
5. Closed
3. definitely habitat
6. Radiation
4. method
5. period
Causes Likely
6. fortunately to get
cancer,
7. conditions radiation sick
sickness
8. challenges
9. adapt
10. exposed
AFTER LISTENING
C  (page 125)
D  Making Inferences (page 127)
1. period
2. Fortunately 1. F
3. challenges 2. F
4. definitely 3. T
5. conditions 4. F
6. exposed E  (page 127)
7. issue
Possible answers:
8. adapt
1. You could train in space suits in a special environment to
9. method prepare for the extreme temperatures and having no air or air
10. stressful pressure.
2. You could work out for long periods every day to prepare for
D  (page 125) zero gravity and muscle loss.
1. 5 3. You could practice waking up often and get special lighting to
2. 1, 3 prepare for 90-minute days.
3. 4 4. You could stay healthy and get medical training to prepare for
the closed habitat.
4. 3, 1
5. You could get a space suit with protective material to prepare
for the strong radiation.
A  L istening  A Class Presentation about
Space Travel F  Critical Thinking: Evaluating (page 127)
Answers will vary.
BEFORE LISTENING
A  Critical Thinking: Predicting (page 126)
Answers will vary.
X Astronauts have special jobs to do while they’re in space.

20  Pathways Listening, Speaking, and Critical Thinking 1

A  SPEAKING
B  (page 129)
A: How’s your presentation going?
B: Fine, but I think I’m going to change my topic a little.
A: How are you going to change it?
B: Well, I’m still going to talk about life on the International Space
Station.
A: Uh-huh.
B: But I’ll add information about future research on the station.
A: That sounds interesting. What kind of research are they going
to do?
B: Oh, research on human health, space science, and engineering.
A: But aren’t they researching those things now?
B: Sure, but the research projects will be even more international
in the future.
A: So astronauts from different countries will work together more?
B: Exactly!
C  (page 129)
Answers will vary.
D  (page 129)
Going to Mars
A: Did you read this article about Elon Musk? He’s the founder
and CEO of SpaceX, which is a private company that promotes
space exploration. He thinks humans will live on Mars, maybe as
soon as 2060.
B: Really? How will we get there?
A: SpaceX is already sending rockets into space. He thinks they’ll
have a rocket big enough to reach Mars by the mid-2020s.
B: Are those rockets going to take people to Mars?
A: Not right away. The first rockets will bring supplies. But landing
a heavy spacecraft safely on Mars will be difficult because of the
thin atmosphere.
B: When are people going to go to Mars?
A: Not long after. A spaceship will carry a crew into orbit. Once
there, the ship will use solar panels to get energy from the sun.
The crew will stay in orbit until Earth and Mars come close
together, which happens every 26 months. Then the trip to
Mars will be shorter.
E  Critical Thinking: Analyzing (page 130)
Possible answers:
1. The environment will have less gravity and cooler temperatures
than Earth.
2. I don’t think Mars will be ready for humans to live on by 2060.
We still have a lot to learn about making it safe for humans to
live there.
F  (page 130)
Possible questions:
1. Will there be an age limit on who can use them?
2. How will that affect the projects currently going on there?
3. How will they protect themselves against the cold
temperatures?
4. What kinds of jobs will humans have? Will they still work?
5. What kinds of power sources will we use instead?
6. What are different jobs that you might want to do?
G  (page 130)
Answers will vary.
LESSON TASK  Discussing Future Plans
A  Critical Thinking: Interpreting a Timeline (page 131)
1. is taking classes/takes classes
2. will take his final exams/is going to take his final exams
3. will graduate/is going to graduate
4. will move back to Europe/is going to move back to Europe
5. will get married and have children
C–D  (page 131)
Answers will vary.
VIDEO  How to Choose a Mars Landing Site
BEFORE VIEWING
A  Critical Thinking: Evaluating (page 132)
Possible answers:
Advantages: it’s less dangerous; it’s cheaper than manned
Disadvantages: people can adapt to unexpected conditions better
than robots can; robots can get stuck
WHILE VIEWING
C  Understanding Details (page 133)
 canyon,  lake,  ocean,  volcano
D  Understanding Main Ideas (page 133)
1. c
2. b
3. d
4. a
AFTER VIEWING
E  Critical Thinking: Reflecting (page 133)
Possible answers:
1. We can learn about the possibility of life on other planets
from space travel. The robotic explorers can send back images
that provide a lot of information. We can learn about planets’
surfaces and orbits without leaving Earth.
2. The night sky reminds us that we are very small in a big
universe.
3. Hopefully scientists will discover planets that can support life or
that already have life. 
Answer Key  21
LESSON B  Vocabulary WHILE LISTENING
B  (page 135) D  Listening for Main Ideas (page 137)
1. necessary 1. b
2. among 2. c
3. invented 3. c
4. observe
E  Listening for Details (page 137)
5. completely
1. 1890s
6. discovered
2. mirrors
7. reach
3. lenses
8. reflect
4. 40-inch
9. view
5. Einstein
10. size
6. starfish / spiral
C  (page 135)
1. size AFTER LISTENING
2. reflects F  Critical Thinking: Reflecting (page 137)
3. necessary
1. Possible answers: There’s no elevator because it’s an old
4. discovered building. Modern observatories probably have elevators
5. among because they are bigger and newer. Also, elevators are
necessary to allow people with special needs to have access.
D  Prior Knowledge (page 135)
2. Possible answer: Yes, because it was built out in the country,
1. b high on a hill, away from the bright lights of the city.
2. b 3. Answers will vary.
3. b
4. c B  SPEAKING
5. b
A  (page 138)
6. a
Answers will vary.
7. b
C  (page 139)
B Listening  A Talk by a Tour Guide A: Hi! What are you reading?
B: It’s information about a star party.
BEFORE LISTENING A: A star party? Is that a party with a lot of movie stars or
A  Making Inferences (page 136) something?
B: No. At star parties, people get together to look at the night sky.
Possible answers:
A: Do you need to go to a party to do that?
1. The Yerkes Observatory is very old.
B: Well, they’re going to a national park. It’s far from any cities.
2. Older telescopes were very big and heavy.
A: Is that because of the lights near a city?
3. Albert Einstein was involved in the research at Yerkes.
B: Exactly. People say it’s a lot of fun. Do you want to go?
B  (page 136) A: Maybe. When?
Answers will vary. B: The bus leaves at five o’clock on Friday afternoon.
A: What time does the bus get back here?
C  Critical Thinking: Reflecting (page 137)
B: It gets back pretty late—around midnight. What do you think?
Possible answers: A: It sounds like fun. Let’s go!
1. Astronomers and other scientists use observatories to make
discoveries. D  (page 139)
2. To see small stars and galaxies they normally would not be able Answers will vary.
to see.
3. He wrote about the theory of relativity. FINAL TASK  Presenting Travel Plans
A–D  (pages 139–140)
Answers will vary.

22  Pathways Listening, Speaking, and Critical Thinking 1

UNIT 8  CREATIVE ARTS 2. Art could have a positive impact on a city’s economy by
attracting more tourism.
THINK AND DISCUSS (page 141) 3. Big art festivals bring people together and street art brightens
up a community.
Possible answers:
1. She is making flags.
WHILE LISTENING
2. Creative arts refers to many different expressions of creativity,
such as literature, dance, music, performing arts, visual arts B  Note Taking (pages 146–147)
(drawing, painting, photography), ceramics or pottery, film-
making, etc. Answers to second question will vary. Suggested notes:
Type of art: snow sculpture
EXPLORE THE THEME (pages 142–143) Reason art is temporary: sunny day → snow will melt
1. Possible answer: Art types include a large-scale mixed-media Location: Montreal, Canada
art installation in China, sculpture in the rhinoceros, and Importance: 1. temporary art often outdoors/public places
painting/street art in the mural
2. temporary art brings people together
2. Possible answers: Creativity leads to innovation, productivity,
growth; Arts education leads to better scores in school, better Location: Madrid, Spain
memory, better problem-solving skills, and better coordination. Type of art: chalk drawing
3. Answers will vary. Importance: fun, interesting to watch → people will pay
Reason art is temporary: 1. chalk is temporary medium
LESSON A  Vocabulary 2. rain and people’s feet → damage it
B  (page 144) Location: beach
1. sculpture Type of art: sand drawing
2. public Artist’s name: Jim Denevan
3. temporary Difference from other temporary art: artist works alone (doesn’t
bring people together)
4. display
Time to finish a piece: 7 hours
5. repeat
Reason art is temporary: ocean tides → piece will soon disappear
6. solid
7. forever
AFTER LISTENING
8. copy
9. conscious of D  (page 147)
10. constantly Answers will vary.
C  (page 144) E  Critical Thinking: Synthesizing (page 147)
Answers will vary. Possible answers:
D  Meaning from Context (page 145) 1. The art mentioned in the lecture is temporary. Taylor’s work
changes over time, but it will last. The location is important for
1. solid both the temporary art and Taylor’s art.
2. conscious of 2. Whether the materials are more permanent like stone or more
3. sculptures temporary like chalk will affect the art. Weather and population
density in the location will also have an impact on the kind of
4. copies
art produced. On the beach, you could find sand art. At the top
5. public of a mountain, you could find snow sculptures. In a city park,
6. displays you could find performance art. On a lake or a river, you could
7. repeat find floating art shows.
8. constantly
9. temporary
A  SPEAKING
10. forever A  (page 148)
Conversation 1:
A Listening  A Lecture about Temporary Art A: Hmm. Jin isn’t answering her phone and I have to talk to her.
B: She didn’t answer my email yesterday, either.
BEFORE LISTENING A: She must be out of town. She always answers her phone.
A  (page 146) B: Right—she could be in Osaka.
Possible answers: A: Now I remember! She had to go home for the week.
1. Art positively affects people’s moods, so they create art to feel B: She must be busy at home if she isn’t answering her phone or
good and to express themselves. her email.

Answer Key  23
Conversation 2: WHILE VIEWING
A: Who is the man over there near the door?
D  Understanding Main Ideas (page 153)
B: He might be Ann’s father, but I’m not sure.
A: No, he can’t be Ann’s father. He’s too young. a. 4
B: We could go over there and ask him. b. 1
A: Yes, but he may not want to talk to us now. He looks like he has c. 3
to leave. d. 2
B: If we hurry we might be able to speak with him before he goes. e. 5
f. 6
C  (page 149)
1. might E  Understanding Details (page 153)
2. have to 1. b
3. might 2. a
4. could 3. a
5. may 4. b
5. a
D  (page 150)
Answers will vary. AFTER VIEWING
E  Personalizing (page 150) F  (page 153)
1. Possible answer: Creating art is a universal form of Answers will vary.
communication. It connects people who speak different
languages. G  Critical Thinking: Synthesizing (page 153)
2. Answers will vary.
Possible answers:
3. Possible answer: Monkeys might be able to create interesting
1. The environment is often the motivation for both temporary
art. They can use tools.
and recycled art. The environment usually causes temporary art
F  (page 150) to be temporary, for example, warmth melting ice sculptures,
rain washing away chalk drawings, and waves washing away
Answers will vary. sand castles.
2. Many artists of both temporary and recycled art create
LESSON TASK  Discussing Art things because they want to have a positive impact on
the environment, but the materials they use in their work
B  (page 151) are different. They are different from traditional painters
or sculptors because they are usually more abstract and
Possible answers:
innovative. Their goal is not to create a lasting work of art, but
A: What do you think it is? to make a statement.
B: Well, it could be a painting.
A: Yes, or perhaps it’s a photograph of unique patterns in nature. LESSON B  Vocabulary
B: That’s an interesting idea!
A  Meaning from Context (page 154)
A: It must not be temporary art because it seems too fragile.
B: You’re right. It’s probably a drawing or painting. 1. have
2. dance
VIDEO  Making Art from Recycled Glass 3. easy
4. popular
BEFORE VIEWING 5. ticket
6. other people
A  (page 152)
7. like
Answers will vary. 8. in his own style
B  Meaning from Context (page 152) 9. best
10. long
Answers will vary.

C  (page 152) B  (page 154)

Possible answers:
1. score
1. a drum and cymbals, an accordion, and a harmonica
2. sticky
2. maybe folk or traditional music
3. label
3. They are outside, so they could be performing or just
4. kiln
practicing. They are also all looking the same direction, as if
5. detergent they have an audience.
24  Pathways Listening, Speaking, and Critical Thinking 1
C  (page 155) G  (page 157)
1. traditional He started to perform his music ‿ in 1998, and ‿in 1999, he won ‿ a
2. simple top ‿ award for his work with two other musicians. Soon ‿ after
that, Shimabukuro left the trio and began his solo career. He has
3. lively become very popular ‿ on the Internet, where you can download
4. interpret his songs, or ‿ if you can’t ‿ afford music downloads, you can watch
5. appeal videos ‿ of his performances for free.
6. afford
B  SPEAKING
E  (page 155)
1. appeals
A  (page 158)
2. afford My name is Alicia, and I live in the state of Guanajuato in central
Mexico. Here in Guanajuato, music and dancing are a big part of
3. traditional
life. There are a lot of festivals here, and many kinds of music, but
4. simple my favorite kind of music is traditional Mexican music—the kind
5. perform of music my grandparents and great-grandparents listened to.
I’m a folk dancer, and I love to perform at special events. To be
B Listening  A Radio Program about Music a folk dancer, you have to love the culture and the music here.
That’s the most important thing, but you also must work hard and
practice a lot. We dance in groups, and every person has to know
BEFORE LISTENING the steps. And you can’t buy traditional folk dancing dresses at the
store, so we have to make our own. We wear traditional dresses
A  Critical Thinking: Understanding Visuals (page 156) that only come from this part of Mexico.
1.  job,  nationality
B  Brainstorming (page 158)
2. Possible answer: He is enjoying performing.
3. Answers will vary. Possible answers:
• She probably has to travel a lot.
• She must have to practice every day.
WHILE LISTENING • She might have to make her own dresses.
• She must not have much time to go out with friends.
B  Listening for Main Ideas (page 156) • She probably has to be comfortable in front of large audiences.
b. to inform the audience about a musician
C  (page 158)
C  Listening for Details (page 156) Possible answers:
1. Peace 1. It is difficult to be a folk dancer. It is very physical work and
2. Love requires a lot of practice.
3. award 2. Alicia’s dancing is connected with her culture because
she dances to traditional Mexican music that her great-
4. 2
grandparents listened to, and she wears traditional Mexican
5. a singer dresses.
6. play alone 3. Both Jake and Alicia practice arts that are linked to their
cultures. Jake’s ukulele is a traditional Hawaiian instrument.
AFTER LISTENING Alicia’s dancing is traditional in the Mexican culture. Both Jake
and Alicia travel and perform. The music Jake plays is less
D  Critical Thinking: Reflecting (page 157) traditional and more popular.
Answers will vary. D  (page 159)
E  (page 157) Conversation 1
1. ten ‿artists A: Let’s go to the festival next weekend.
2. violin music B: That’s a great idea! Maybe we can learn some new dances.
3. favorite song A: Yeah, we really have to try some new music. We might get
some new ideas.
4. beautiful evening
‿
B: I’d sort of like to leave on Friday.
5. they’re ‿ outdoors
A: Sorry. I have to work late on Friday. But I could leave early
6. Hawaiian musicians Saturday.
7. good ‿audience
8. rolled ‿under
9. interesting lyrics
10. gave ‿ it

Answer Key  25
Conversation 2 UNIT 9  OUR RELATIONSHIP WITH NATURE
A: I have to finish this project for tomorrow’s class. Do you want to
go the library with me? THINK AND DISCUSS (page 161)
B: I’m sorry. I can’t. I have to pick my sister up from the airport. 1. Possible answer: The people look very small.
A: That’s right. She’s been in Vancouver for the semester. You must 2. Answers will vary.
be so excited!
B: Yes! I really am.
EXPLORE THE THEME (pages 162–163)
F  (page 159) 1. Possible answers: A creative conservationist is a person who uses
creativity to help the environment. Asher Jay uses her art to
Answers will vary.
bring attention to environmental issues.
2. Answers will vary.
FINAL TASK  Presenting the Benefits 3. Possible answers: People can take better care of animals and
of Art Education the environment. People can make choices that are better for
the planet.
A–E  (pages 159–160)
Answers will vary. LESSON A  Vocabulary
B  Meaning from Context (page 164)
1. relationship
2. depend
3. raise
4. share
5. value
6. respect
7. ahead

C  Critical Thinking: Reflecting (page 165)

Answers will vary.

D  Meaning from Context (page 165)

1. respect
2. hunt
3. within
4. responsibility

E  Critical Thinking: Analyzing (page 165)

1. Possible answer: They both value one kind of animal: the Sami
value reindeer, and the Maasai value cattle.
2. Possible answer: They seem to really respect animals. Answers
will vary.
3. Answers will vary.
4. Answers will vary.
5. Possible answer: We can reduce all kinds of waste and recycle
more.

A Listening  A Lecture about Ethics

BEFORE LISTENING
A Critical Thinking: Comparing and Contrasting
(page 166)
Possible answers:
1. The Sami and the Inuit live in a similar climate. It is cold and
snowy in both climates.
2. They both use animals for food. The Australian Aboriginal
people think they should also take care of the animals.

26  Pathways Listening, Speaking, and Critical Thinking 1

B  Critical Thinking: Reflecting (page 166)
Answers will vary.
WHILE LISTENING
C  Listening for Main Ideas (page 167)
1. T
2. F (They can’t raise crops. The climate is too cold.)
3. F (Many other people hunt seals.)
4. T
D  Identifying Opinions (page 167)
1. She doesn’t like it. She says she thinks it’s awful. She
emphasizes really in really difficult and awful.
2. He doesn’t agree that killing animals is fine. He thinks we
all share responsibility for taking care of animals. He says
Personally, and I think before giving his opinion.
AFTER LISTENING
2. Minnesota Study: bears’ favorite foods, how mother bears
teach cubs, how cubs play together, how bears react to
danger, a bear’s location, how bears react to other bears
3. Both Studies: a bear’s health
G  Critical Thinking: Evaluating (page 170)
Possible answers:
1. The Minnesota study may produce more information because
they have GPS information and take videos of the bears.
2. The Minnesota study may be better for the bears because they
know the researchers’ voices and are comfortable with the
team.
3. The Minnesota study might be more expensive because of the
high-tech equipment.
4. The Minnesota study may give us more useful and new
information about the bears’ behavior.
5. The Minnesota study may be more useful to hunters because
the GPS tells them the exact location of the bears. The New
Jersey study tells hunters how many bears are in an area so
they know whether there are enough bears to hunt.

E  (page 167) LESSON TASK  Comparing Nature with Cities

Answers will vary.
A–C  (page 171)
F  (page 167) Answers will vary.
1. Answers will vary.
2. Possible answer: The Inuit feel it should be legal for them VIDEO  Our History with Horses
because it has been their tradition for hundreds if not
thousands of years. Seal products provide income for the Inuit. BEFORE VIEWING
A  SPEAKING A  Prior Knowledge (page 172)
Possible answers:
A  (page 168)
1. Many people enjoy horseback riding. Horseback riding is also
1. Frank is taller than Nick. used to help people with special needs.
2. Fishing is more/less dangerous than farming. 2. Horses were, and still are, an important mode of transportation
3. Your cookies are more delicious than my cookies. for many people. They also contributed to expansion and
4. This view is more beautiful than the view from my hotel room. new discoveries in many cultures. They were used in farming
to plow fields for a long time before modern vehicles were
5. Your apartment is cleaner than my apartment. invented.
6. I think cattle are smarter than horses.
B  (page 172)
B  (page 168)
1. c
1. the smallest 2. a
2. the largest 3. e
3. the most/least playful 4. b
4. the most/least beautiful 5. d
5. The lowest
6. the best
C  Critical Thinking: Interpreting A Timeline (page 173)
Answers will vary.
D  (page 170)
Answers will vary. WHILE VIEWING
F Critical Thinking: Using a Graphic Organizer D  Understanding Main Ideas (page 173)
(page 170) a. 3
Possible answers: b. 1
1. New Jersey Study: number of bears in an area, number of cubs c. 4
each year, a bear’s age
d. 2

Answer Key  27
E  Understanding Details (page 173) WHILE LISTENING
1. c. pony B  Listening for Main Ideas (page 176)
2. a. racehorse
3. There are benefits to having animals in and near Kariba Town.
3. b. draft horse However, there are also some conflicts between people and
animals there.
AFTER VIEWING
C  Listening for Details (page 176)
F  (page 173)  baboons,  elephants,  leopards,  zebras
Possible answers:
1. Dogs have helped by providing company and working with AFTER LISTENING
police teams, search and rescue teams, and with researchers in
conservation work. D  (page 177)
2. Horses are bigger and stronger. They can serve so many Possible answers:
different purposes and are important in art, culture, and sports 1. They are old friends who haven’t seen each other in a long
as well. They are also more easily trained. time.
2. It’s interesting to visit and see the wildlife and scenery. It’s also
LESSON B  Vocabulary a good place to live as long as you don’t mind not going out
at night.
A  (page 174)
3. They think it’s awful and a difficult situation.
Answers will vary.
F  (page 177)
B  Meaning from Context (page 174)
Possible answers:
1. wildlife Really? (emotion); imagine (emotion); house (meaning); Athens
2. scenery (meaning); old (meaning); was (meaning); imagine (emotion); easy
3. is worth (meaning); baboons (meaning); zebras (meaning); Wow (emotion);
amazing (emotion)
4. attack
5. avoid
6. conflict
B  SPEAKING
7. similar A  (page 178)
8. require Possible answers:
9. save 1. I think baby elephants are cuter than baby tigers.
10. limited 2. I think dogs are friendlier than cats.
D  (page 175) 3. I think cattle are more important than reindeer.
4. I think black bears are less aggressive than baboons.
1. save
5. I think camels are larger than reindeer.
2. limited
6. I think tigers are more beautiful than lions.
3. is worth
4. conflict, require B  (page 178)
5. wildlife, scenery A bobcat named Bear was lucky to be at a sanctuary that takes
6. avoid care of unwanted wildcats. He and the other animals at the
7. attack sanctuary were not born in the wild, so they couldn’t take care of
themselves.
8. similar
Bear had other problems, however. He was almost blind and very
E–F  (page 175) unfriendly toward other cats. Because of this, he was always alone.
Then workers at the sanctuary had an idea: Why not introduce him
Answers will vary. to Robi, a caracal, who was even more unfriendly than Bear?
At first, a fence separated the two animals, but Bear knew Robi
B Listening  A Conversation about a Town was there. He surprised everyone by acting friendlier than usual
in Zimbabwe toward the caracal. Robi was less friendly than Bear, but after a few
weeks, the caracal seemed more comfortable with the other cat,
so workers at the sanctuary opened the fence.
BEFORE LISTENING
Now, Robi and Bear are best friends. Bear follows Robi around.
A  Critical Thinking: Predicting (page 176) “Bear is so reliant on Robi,” says Cheryl Tuller, director of the
sanctuary, “Robi takes that as his job.”
Possible answers:
1. They might go on nature and boating tours.
2. They might work in tourism or in fishing.

28  Pathways Listening, Speaking, and Critical Thinking 1

C  Critical Thinking: Making Inferences (page 178) UNIT 10  HOW WE COMMUNICATE
Possible answers:
1. T (Robi was less friendly than Bear.) THINK AND DISCUSS (page 181)
2. T (Bear follows Robi around.) Possible answers:
3. F (They are equally happy.) 1. They are trying to get a signal so they can use their cell phones.
2. Cell phones and computers have made it easier and faster to
D  (page 179) communicate. But we write fewer letters now, and probably
Answers will vary. have less direct communication with people than we used to
before we had them.
E  (page 179) 3. How technology has changed communication, and the effects
Possible answers: of these changes.
1. The Rockhopper penguin is more colorful than the Adélie
penguin. EXPLORE THE THEME (pages 182–183)
2. The Adélie penguin is heavier than the Rockhopper penguin. 1. The percentage of people who have access to the Internet.
3. The Adélie penguin lives longer than the Rockhopper penguin. 2. North America, Europe, and Australia have the most access.
4. There are more Adélie penguins than Rockhopper penguins. Some parts of Africa and Asia have the least.
5. The penguins are about the same height. 3. Answers will vary.

FINAL TASK  Giving a Presentation about LESSON A  Vocabulary

the Natural World A  (page 184)
A–E  (pages 179–180) 1. involve
Answers will vary. 2. speed
3. connect
4. represent
5. wide
6. inform
7. basic
8. contact
9. access
10. according to

B  Meaning from Context (page 184)

1. basic
2. contact
3. wide
4. access
5. According to
6. involve
7. connect
8. inform
9. represents
10. speed

C  (page 185)
1. Possible answer: I usually contact people through email, text
messaging, social media, and phone calls.
2. Possible answers: Some animals move at a slow speed, like
sloths and turtles. The Internet usually moves at a high speed.
3. Possible answers: A smartphone has Internet access, can
record audio and video, can take pictures, and has a keyboard
to type out messages. People use smartphones for basic
communication like calls and texts, but also to research things
and connect with people all over the world on social media.

Answer Key  29
4. a. # means “number” Main idea:
b. & means “and”  Banks invented software that helped people communicate
c. + means “also, in addition to, plus” without the Internet.
d. % means “percentage” E  Listening for Details (page 187)
e. @ means “at”
1. F (The UN says access to the Internet is a basic human right.)
D  (page 185) 2. T
1. access 3. F (People have created different ways to use his software.)
2. contact 4. T
3. connect
4. involve AFTER LISTENING
E  (page 185) F  Critical Thinking: Evaluating (page 187)
1. Answers will vary. Answers will vary.
2. Answers will vary.
3. Possible answer: Reading different sources and listening to
A  SPEAKING
different points of views about a topic can help someone get a A  (page 188)
basic understanding.
4. Possible answer: Having many interests allows you to connect 1. The Morgans have/The Morgans’ve traveled to Europe four
with more people, but having too many means it’s difficult to times.
really focus on any one. 2. Celine has not/hasn’t visited her family in Romania since 2009.
3. Randal has/Randal’s cooked a delicious meal. Can you join us
A  L istening  A Report about Communication for dinner?
Software 4. I have not/haven’t seen the new action movie. Let’s go see it
tonight!
5. He has/He’s called me twice today.
BEFORE LISTENING
6. They have/They’ve known each other for a long time.
A  (page 186)
B  (page 188)
It’s amazing! / All you need / is a laptop computer, / a cell phone,
/ and a cable, / and you have a communication system / with a 1. since
wide reach. / With Banks’s software installed on the computer, / 2. for
the cell phone sends text messages / to thousands of people at 3. for
once, / without involving the Internet.
4. since
B  (page 186)
C  Critical Thinking: Using a Timeline (page 189)
Answers will vary based on students’ speech. Answers based on
audio: Events should be organized in the following order:
1. Professor Jones is the oldest professor / at the university. 1824, Braille system
2. I almost never / send a real letter to anyone. 1876, Telephone and microphone
3. Lily has a phone, / but she doesn’t have a computer. 1892, Motion picture projector
4. We had a good conversation / about our families. 1896, Early form of radio
5. Tom and Marsha / are my only friends in the city. 1927, Television
6. The assignment is to read a chapter / and write some questions 1971, Personal computer
for discussion. 1973, Cellular telephone
1989, World Wide Web
C  (page 186)
Answers will vary. D  (pages 189–190)
1. been
WHILE LISTENING 2. 1824
3. existed
D  Listening for Main Ideas (page 187)
4. Possible answer: 142
access: 5
5. has
cellular/cell phone: 3
6. since
communicate/communication: 5
5. had
computer: 2
6. 1973
inform/information: 5
software: 6

30  Pathways Listening, Speaking, and Critical Thinking 1

E  (page 190)
Answers will vary. Students should discuss the following
inventions: motion picture projector, radio, personal computer,
microphone, the World Wide Web
3. Play helps people and animals develop social skills and learn
boundaries.
4. Insects like ants and bees have organized social groups and
complex communication.

F  Personalizing (page 190) LESSON B  Vocabulary

Answers will vary.
B  (page 194)
LESSON TASK  Discussing Ways to 1. experts
Communicate 2. sign
3. express
A–C  (page 191) 4. importance
Answers will vary. 5. support
6. point
VIDEO  Elephants Communicate While at Play 7. recent
8. speech
BEFORE VIEWING 9. pay attention to
A  Critical Thinking: Synthesizing (page 192) 10. in addition to

Possible answers: C  (page 195)

1. Animals might communicate for some of the same reasons as Noun Verb Adjective Adverb
humans: to meet up or to warn each other about danger.
2. They use sounds like when a dog barks or a cat meows. They importance X important importantly
also use non-verbal communication like when a peacock fans
its feathers or a dolphin slaps the water. expert/expertise X expert expertly
3. People also use sounds or body movements to communicate,
but they use words more.
speech speak spoken X
B  Meaning from Context (page 193)
support support supportive supportively
Answers will vary.

expression express expressive expressively

WHILE VIEWING
C  Understanding Main Ideas (page 193) addition add additional additionally
1. tusking the ground
point point pointed pointedly
2. an invitation to play
3. being social
D  (page 195)
4. lies on the ground
5. are tolerant 1. importance
2. speak
D  Understanding Details (page 193) 3. expert
1. d 4. supports
2. c 5. point
3. d 6. expression
4. b
E  Critical Thinking: Analyzing (page 195)
5. a
Answers will vary.
AFTER VIEWING
B Listening  A Lecture about Gestures
E  Critical Thinking: Making Inferences (page 193)
Possible answers: BEFORE LISTENING
1. She seems to really enjoy her work. She is very interested in
A  (page 196)
elephants. She seems to care a lot about them and their safety,
and she finds them funny and interesting. Answers will vary.
2. Elephants love climbing on each other, being social,
and playing when they’re feeling good. A lot of their
communication is through floppy and wiggly movements.

Answer Key  31
WHILE LISTENING B  SPEAKING
B  Listening for Main Ideas (page 196) A  (page 198)
1. F The following sentences should be underlined:
2. F Do you see what I mean?
3. T Does that make sense?
4. T Got it?
5. F
B  (page 199)
C  Listening for Details (page 197) 1. make
Main Idea Examples 2. mean
Gestures more important in Italians – 250 hand gestures 3. following/with
some cultures than others The following phrases should be underlined:
Help listener understand Shrug – “I don’t know” Does that make sense? Do you see what I mean? Are you
following me/with me?
Help speaker remember Math, story details
Animals use gestures Orangutans, bonobos, ravens C–D  (page 199)
(point with beaks) Answers will vary.
Gestures work with Computers recognize gestures
technology of people with disabilities, FINAL TASK  Presenting a Form
robots use gestures
of Communication
AFTER LISTENING A–C  (page 200)
D  Personalizing (page 197) Answers will vary.

Answers will vary.

E  Critical Thinking: Drawing Conclusions (page 197)

Possible answer:
We can conclude that programmers are teaching computers and
robots to recognize and understand the meaning of gestures.
Gestures are so important to human understanding that they may
make communication between people and computers and robots
more effective as well.

32  Pathways Listening, Speaking, and Critical Thinking 1