University of Antique

TARIO-LIM MEMORIAL CAMPUS

Tibiao, Antique

INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM

Learning Outcomes

At the end of the lesson, students must be able to:

 identify the people who had a big contribution on the structure of
an atom and what they have contributed, and
 differentiate proton from electron

Introduction
An atom is a complex arrangement of negatively charged electrons arranged in
defined shells about a positively charged nucleus. This nucleus contains most of the atom's
mass and is composed of protons and neutrons (except for common hydrogen which has
only one proton). All atoms are roughly the same size. A convenient unit of length for
measuring atomic sizes is the angstrom (Å), which is defined as 1 × 10 -10 meters. The
diameter of an atom is approximately 2-3 Å.

In 1897, J. J. Thomson discovered the existence of the electron, marking the

beginning of modern atomic physics. The negatively charged electrons follow a random
pattern within defined energy shells around the nucleus. Most properties of atoms are based
on the number and arrangement of their electrons. The mass of an electron is 9.1 × 10 -
31
 kilograms.

One of the two types of particles found in the nucleus is the proton. The existence of a
positively charged particle, a proton, in the nucleus was proved by Sir Ernest Rutherford in
1919. The proton's charge is equal but opposite to the negative charge of the electron. The
number of protons in the nucleus of an atom determines what kind of chemical element it is.
A proton has a mass of 1.67 × 10-27 kilograms.

The neutron is the other type of particle found in the nucleus. It was discovered by a
British physicist, Sir James Chadwick. The neutron carries no electrical charge and has the
same mass as the proton. With a lack of electrical charge, the neutron is not repelled by the
cloud of electrons or by the nucleus, making it a useful tool for probing the structure of the
atom.

Even the individual protons and neutrons have internal structure, called quarks. Six
types of quarks exist. These subatomic particles cannot be freed and studied in isolation.
Current research continues into the structure of the atom.

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 University of Antique
TARIO-LIM MEMORIAL CAMPUS
Tibiao, Antique
PRE-TEST
EXCITE
Direction: Choose the best answer from the options given.

PRE-TEST
1. He is a British physicist who proved that atoms contain negatively charged particles.
a. J.J Thomson
b. Ernest Rutherford
c. Henri Becquerel
2. It is the uncharged particles in the atom.
a. proton
b. neutron
c. electron
3. He proposed the nuclear model of an atom.
a. Ernest Rutherford
b. Wilhelm Roentgen
c. J.J Thomson
4. What is the name Marie Curie suggested to the phenomenon experimented my Henri
Becquerel?
a. X-rays
b. Radioactivity
c. Atom
5. it is the positively charged particles in the atom.
a. electron
b. neutron
c. proton

LESSON PROPER

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TARIO-LIM MEMORIAL CAMPUS
Tibiao, Antique

EXPLORE

INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM

 Certain investigations between 1800 and 1900 showed the relationship between
matter and electric charge.
 Scientists who worked on this were Alessandro Volta, Humphrey Davy, and Michael
Faraday

Thomson’s Plum Pudding Model

of the Atom

 Is a British physicist who proved that atoms contain negatively charged particles.
 These particles are known today as electrons.
Since the atom is known to be a neutral particle of matter, there must be something that
balances the negative electron. So, Thomson thought that positively charged particles
existed in the atom.

 The atomic model Thomson proposed was like a plum pudding.

 The atom is made up of something like a positively charged pudding-like material in
which negatively charged electrons were scattered like plums in the pudding.

Radioactivity, Protons, and the Nucleus

 German physicist Wilhelm Roentgen discovered that highly energetic rays could
penetrate matter.

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TARIO-LIM MEMORIAL CAMPUS
Tibiao, Antique
 These rays could not be deflected by a magnet and did not consist of
charged particles like the cathode rays.
 Roentgen called these X-rays.

 In 1896, Henri Becquerel, a French physicist, associated X-rays with fluorescent

materials.
 He used uranium ore containing fluorescent material and found that it emitted
radiation continuously, even when it was not fluorescing.
 Marie Curie suggested the name “radioactivity” for this phenomenon.
 Marie Curie and husband Pierre began their famous experiments to isolate the
radioactive components of uranium – radium and polonium.
 This proved that an atom has an internal structure.

Rutherford’s Model of the Atom

 Ernest Rutherford proposed the nuclear model of the atom.

 He fired a stream of alpha particles, which are tiny positively charged particles, at a
thin sheet of gold foil (about 2000 atoms thick).

 He discovered that most of the positively charged “bullets” easily passed through the
gold foil without changing direction at all.

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TARIO-LIM MEMORIAL CAMPUS
Tibiao, Antique
 This shows that the atom is mostly an empty space, contrary to Thomson’s
idea of a plum pudding model filled with positively charged materials.
 Identified two types of radiation from radioactive materials – alpha (α) and beta (β)
rays.
 Alpha rays are particles with a charge of +2, attracted by a negatively-charged plate.
 Beta rays consist of negatively-charged electrons, attracted to a positively-charged
plate.
Paul Villard discovered gamma rays (γ), are electromagnetic radiation of extremely high
penetrating power.
Rutherford proposed that most of the mass and the positively charged atomic particles, the
protons, must be concentrated in a small region called the nucleus.

Neutrons

 In 1932, James Chadwick, one of Rutherford’s former students, showed that each
uncharged particle emitted by radioactive has a mass approximately equal to proton.
 These neutral particles were called neutrons.
 Proposed that the nucleus contains protons and neutrons.

ACTIVITY 1

Complete the chart!

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TARIO-LIM MEMORIAL CAMPUS
Tibiao, Antique
Direction: Write the following names of those scientist and their contibutions in
the structure of the atom.
Name of Scientist Contributions

ACTIVITY 2

ANSWER ME!
1. What is an Atom?
2. What are the three (3) charged particles of the atom?
3. Differentiate proton, electron and neutron?

EXAMINE

Test Yourself!
Direction: Choose the letter of the correct answer.

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TARIO-LIM MEMORIAL CAMPUS
Tibiao, Antique

POST-TEST
1. It is consist of negatively-charged electrons, attracted to a positively-charged plate.
a. X-Rays
b. Beta Rays
c. Alpha Rays
2. He proposed that the atom was like a plum pudding.
a. Ernest Rutherford
b. Wilhelm Roentgen
c. J.J Thomson
3. A French physicist, associated X-rays with fluorescent materials.
a. J.J Thomson
b. Ernest Rutherford
c. Henri Becquerel
4. He discovered the neutrons?
a. James Chadwick
b. Ernest Rutherford
c. Wilhelm Roentgen
5. He discovered the Gamma rays.
a. James Chadwick
b. Ernest Rutherford
c. Wilhelm Roentgen

7E’s Lesson Plan in Science 8

I. Objectives

At the end of the lesson, students must be able to:

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 University of Antique
TARIO-LIM MEMORIAL CAMPUS
Tibiao, Antique

 identify the people who had a big contribution on the structure of an atom and what
they have contributed,
 differentiate proton from electron, and
 pass the test with a mastery level of at least 75%.

II. Content
Topic: Internal Structure of the Atom
References: Breaking Through SCIENCE 9 pg. 265-270
Materials: TV, Laptop, Papers, Pen, Chalk, Board, Construction Paper and Bond paper.

III. Procedure
Teacher’s Activity Student’s Activity
A. Preliminary Activities
1. Prayer
(Students stand up and pray)
Before we start, please stand and let us
start with a prayer.
2. Greetings
Good morning students! Good morning, ma’am! good morning
classmates!
3. Checking of Attendance
Kindly say “present” as I call your name.
(Students say “present” when they are
called)
4. Setting of Classroom Rules
Before we start our discussion, let us first
recall our classroom rules. Who can give
me the first rule?
Correct. What else?

Sit properly.

Be quiet
Listen Attentively
Participate

What was our lesson last meeting all

about?
Our lesson last meeting was all about
atomic theories and laws of chemical
composition.

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TARIO-LIM MEMORIAL CAMPUS
Tibiao, Antique
Very good!
Let us now proceed to our next topic.

B. Elicit
What comes into your mind when you
hear the word “internal”? Ma’am, it has something to do with the
inner parts or feature of something.

It is something that is situated on the

Excellent! You all have a point. inside.
C. Engage
What is an atom? An atom is the smallest unit into which
matter can be divided without the release
of electrically charged particles.

Can we see atom with our naked eye?

Why?
No, Ma’am.
Because an atom is a very tiny particle,
which is measured in nanometers (nm).
Very good!
D. Explore
I have here prepared a matching game.
Some of you will be given a picture or a
word randomly. Some of the pictures and
words are printed in a red construction
paper and some are in white bond paper.
Red construction paper will be given to
boys and white one will be given to girls.
All you need to do is to find the best
match for the word or a picture that you
are holding.
(Students will be given a word of a picture
randomly)
J.J. Thomson Electron
Wilhelm Roentgen X-ray
Ernest Rutherford Nuclear Model
Paul Villard Gamma Rays
James Chadwick Neutrons

You may now start finding your match.

(Students will start finding their match)
So let us check whether you matched it
correctly.
E. Explain

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TARIO-LIM MEMORIAL CAMPUS
Tibiao, Antique
Why do you think that it is the best match
in the word or picture that you are
holding? (The student will justify why they chose
their match)
(Correct match will be shared to the
students)

J.J. Thomson is the one who discovered

electrons.

Wilhelm Roentgen is the one who

discovered the X-rays.

Ernest Rutherford is the one who

proposed the nuclear model of an atom.

Paul Villard discovered the gamma rays.

James Chadwick discovered the
neutrons.
F. Elaborate
INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM
 Certain investigations between
1800 and 1900 showed the
relationship between matter and
electric charge.
 Scientists who worked on this were
Alessandro Volta, Humphrey Davy,
and Michael Faraday

Thomson’s Plum Pudding Model

of the Atom
 Is a British physicist who proved
that atoms contain negatively
charged particles.
 These particles are known today
as electrons.
Since the atom is known to be a neutral
particle of matter, there must be
something that balances the negative
electron. So, Thomson thought that
positively charged particles existed in the
atom.

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 University of Antique
TARIO-LIM MEMORIAL CAMPUS
Tibiao, Antique

 The atomic model Thomson

proposed was like a plum pudding.
 The atom is made up of something
like a positively charged pudding-
like material in which negatively
charged electrons were scattered
like plums in the pudding.

Radioactivity, Protons, and the Nucleus

 German physicist Wilhelm
Roentgen discovered that highly
energetic rays could penetrate
matter.
 These rays could not be deflected
by a magnet and did not consist of
charged particles like the cathode
rays.
 Roentgen called these X-rays.

 In 1896, Henri Becquerel, a French

physicist, associated X-rays with
fluorescent materials.
 He used uranium ore containing
fluorescent material and found that
it emitted radiation continuously,

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 University of Antique
TARIO-LIM MEMORIAL CAMPUS
Tibiao, Antique
even when it was not fluorescing.
 Marie Curie suggested the name
“radioactivity” for this
phenomenon.
 Marie Curie and husband Pierre
began their famous experiments to
isolate the radioactive components
of uranium – radium and polonium.
 This proved that an atom has an
internal structure.

Rutherford’s Model of the Atom

 Ernest Rutherford proposed the
nuclear model of the atom.
 He fired a stream of alpha
particles, which are tiny positively
charged particles, at a thin sheet of
gold foil (about 2000 atoms thick).

 He discovered that most of the

positively charged “bullets” easily
passed through the gold foil
without changing direction at all.
 This shows that the atom is mostly
an empty space, contrary to
Thomson’s idea of a plum pudding
model filled with positively charged
materials.

 Identified two types of radiation

from radioactive materials – alpha
(α) and beta (β) rays.
 Alpha rays are particles with a
charge of +2, attracted by a

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TARIO-LIM MEMORIAL CAMPUS
Tibiao, Antique
negatively-charged plate.
 Beta rays consist of negatively-
charged electrons, attracted to a
positively-charged plate.
Paul Villard discovered gamma rays (γ),
are electromagnetic radiation of
extremely high penetrating power.
Rutherford proposed that most of the
mass and the positively charged atomic
particles, the protons, must be
concentrated in a small region called the
nucleus.

Neutrons
 In 1932, James Chadwick, one of
Rutherford’s former students,
showed that each uncharged
particle emitted by radioactive has
a mass approximately equal to
proton.
 These neutral particles were called
neutrons.
 Proposed that the nucleus
contains protons and neutrons.
None Ma’am!

Do you have any questions regarding our

lesson?

Since you have no clarifications, let us

have a test.
G. Evaluate
Kindly get a ½ crosswise of an
intermediate paper and answer the
following. I will give you 5 minutes to
answer. Whoever will be caught cheating
will be deducted 2 points. (Students will get a ½ sheet of paper and
start answering the test)
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TARIO-LIM MEMORIAL CAMPUS
Tibiao, Antique
1. He is a British physicist who proved
that atoms contain negatively charged
particles.
2. What did German physicist Wilhelm
Roentgen discovered?
3. It is a negatively charged particles.
4. He proposed the nuclear model of the
atom.
5. Particles with a charge of +2, attracted
by a negatively-charged plate.
6. A French physicist, associated X-rays
with fluorescent materials.
7. Uncharged particles in the atom.
8. Consist of negatively-charged
electrons, attracted to a positively-
charged plate.
9. He discovered gamma rays.
10. Proposed that the atom was like a
plum pudding.
11. It is a positively charged particles.
12. What is the name Marie Curie
suggested to the phenomenon
experimented my Henri Becquerel?
13. He discovered the neutrons.
14-15. Their experiment proved that an
atom has an internal structure. (Students will stop writing)

Times up!
Kindly exchange your paper with your
seatmate. (Students will exchange paper with their
seatmate)
Answers:
1. J.J. Thomson
2. X-rays
3. Electrons
4. Ernest Rutherford
5. Alpha rays
6. Henri Becquerel
7. Neutrons
8. Beta rays
9. Wilhelm Roentgen
10. J.J. Thomson
11. Protons
12. Radioactivity
13. James Chadwick
14. Marie Curie
15. Pierre Curie

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Who got perfect?

Excellent! Congratulations to those who Ma’am!
got perfect, keep up the good work and
for those who did not, study more.
Kindly pass your paper at the front.
(Students will pass their paper at the
front)
H. Extend
For the extension of our lesson,
differentiate proton from electron. That
will serve as your assignment, put it in a
¼ sheet pf paper and pass it next
meeting.
Yes Ma’am!
Am I making myself clear?

REFERENCES

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Tibiao, Antique
Breaking Through SCIENCE 9 pg. 265-270

APPENDICES

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Tibiao, Antique
Glossary of Terms

Answer Key

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Tibiao, Antique
Pre-test

1. a
2. b
3. a
4. b
5. c

Post-test
1. b
2. c
3. c
4. a
5. C

TABLE OF CONTENTS

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