Republic of The Philippines Eulogio "Amang" Rodriguez Institute of Science and Technology College of Public Administration and Criminology

Republic of the Philippines
Eulogio “Amang” Rodriguez

Institute of Science and Technology
College of Public Administration and Criminology
CHAPTER I
Introduction
Cigarettes are the most common way of consuming tobacco,
especially among young people. A young person starts by trying a
cigarette and then finds themselves addicted to nicotine, which is
ten hard to give up. Smoking is prohibited in enumerated indoor
public places and workplaces such as government facilities,
healthcare and educational institutions, and workplaces, including
bars and night clubs, designated smoking areas are allowed. Smoking
is a hard habit to break because tobacco contains the very
addictive chemical nicotine. As with hero in or other addictive
drugs, the body and mind quickly get used to the nicotine in
cigarettes. Soon, a person needs to have it just to feel normal.
People start smoking for different reasons. It is a practice in
which a substance is burned, and the resulting smoke is breathed in
tube tasted and absorbed into the blood stream. Most commonly, the
substance used is the dried leaves of the tobacco plant, which have
been rolled into a small rectangle of rolling paper to create a
small, round cylinder called a "cigarette". Smoking is primarily
practiced as a route of administration for recreational drug use
because the combustion of the dried plant leaves vaporizes.
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and delivers active substances into the lungs where they are
rapidly absorbed into the blood stream and reach bodily tissue. It
is also a soon of the most common forms of recreational drug use.
Tobacco smoking is the most popular form, being practiced by over
one billion people globally, of whom the majority are in the
developing countries. Less common drugs for smoking include
cannabis and opium. Some substances are classified as hard
narcotics, like heroin, but the use of these is very limited as
they are usually not commercially available. Cigarettes are
primarily industrially manufactured but also hand rolled from loose
tobacco and rolling paper. Other smoking implements include pipes,
cigars, bidis, hookahs, and bongs. Smoking bans, or smoke free
laws, are public policies, including criminal law and occupational
safety and health regulations, that prohibit tobacco smoking in
nationwide, especially in enclosed workplaces and other public
spaces. Included in the definition of a public place are schools,
offices, workplaces, government facilities, establishments that
provide food and drinks, accommodation, merchandise, professional
services, entertainment or other services, and outdoor spaces, such
as playgrounds,
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sports grounds, centers, church grounds, health/hospital compounds,
transportation terminals, markets, parks, resorts,
walkways, sidewalks, entranceways, waiting areas, and the like, are
covered in the prohibition.
Nowadays cigarettes are innovated in the use of modern technology
which is the e-cigarettes, or they are called vape. In the
Philippines, it is prohibited by the president Rodrigo Roa Duterte
has issued an executive order (EO) that prohibits vaping in public
and enclosed places nationwide, but some said e-vape is the
alternative used to quit cigarettes.
3
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Generally the studies of Prohibiting of Anti-Smoking are
nationwide in the Philippine Administrative order 2007-0004 or the
National Tobacco Prevention and Control Program (NTPCP) was issued
to define the roles and responsibilities of the different offices
under the DOH and of other departments. The lead office for
tobacco in the DOH-National Center for Decease Prevention and
Control (NCDPC). In 2009, the DOH started implementing the
Bloomberg Project entitled, “Moving to the Next Level in the
Philippines: Complete Implementation of the WHO-framework
Convention on tobacco (WHO-ECTG)” the project is tasked to
supplement the country’s tobacco prevention efforts, is congruence
with the DOH-National Center for Health Promotion (NCHP), and to
enforce WHO-NCHP effectively.
Furthermore the key initiative of the project includes the
development of a comprehensive National Tobacco Control Strategy
(NTCS 2011-2013), creation of the National Tobacco Control
Coordinating office (NTCCO) with in the DOH, as well as the
formation of the DOH Tobacco Control Team (TCT) and sector-wide
Anti-Tobacco (SWAT) Committee and its 11 sub-committee for the
implementation of WHO-ECTC preventions.
4
However there are new ordinance in the regime of President Roa
Rodrigo Duterte. The executive order has been published to the
public. Moreover the instructions of the cops have been to place
the name of the vapers in their blotter, confiscate their devices,
then set them free. Local governments across the country, however,
have passed their local ordinances that give basis for either
arrests that could land users in jail, cash fines, or hours of
community service.
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Conceptual Framework
INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT
1. administration of
Old Ordinance No. survey and The awareness of the
7748 questionaire. Public for the new
New Ordinance implementation
2. Presentation, Ordinance No. 7812
No.7812
analysis and
interpretation of
data.
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STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The study generally aimed to Analysis the Anti-Smoking new
Ordinance No. 7812 and the awareness of the Public. More
specifically, it ought to describe the profile. of the respondents
in terms of gender, age, educational attainment, occupation, and
frequency of smoking; to identify the level of awareness of the
public on Anti-Smoking Ordinance and to determine the significant
difference on the level of awareness in the implementation when
grouped according to profile variables.
Specifically, it sought to answer the following questions:
1. What is the level of implementation of the quotation of “Anti-
Smoking Ordinance’ in barangay 101 Vitas Tondo Manila as assessed
by the group of respondents in terms of:
a) Dissemination of Information
b) Management and Administration
c) Imposing of Penalty
2. What is the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of:
1.1 Gender
1.2 Age
1.3 Economic status
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3. Is there a significant difference between the assessments made
by different respondents in terms of the a forementioned variables?
4. What are the problems encountered by the groups of respondents
regarding the implementation of “Anti-Smoking Ordinance” in
barangay 101 Vitas Tondo Manila?
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Hypothesis
This study hypothesizes that there is no significant difference in
the assessment of the respondents on the factors of the Public in
ordinance No.7812 in terms of dissemination of information,
management and imposing of penalty, the respondent came from
Barangay 101 Vitas, Tondo Manila.
Scope and Limitations of the Study
This study is limited to respondents composed of 100 residents out
of 13,923,452 total population of Manila City, were selected
randomly from the barangay 101 Zone 8 District I Tondo Manila.
With the different geographical status. Age, Students, Employee,
and Unemployed.
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Significance of the Study
The study aims to analyze the awareness in the ordinance of Manila
and factors that influence in publicity of the Anti-Smoking
ordinance, from barangay 101 Zone 8 district I Tondo Manila.
Hopefully, this study can help the authorities to impose the rules
and regulation for the residents to follow the ordinance. This
study shows on how the authorities to educate the resident of the
barangay.
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Definition of Terms
The Following terms were defined for the purpose of aiding readers
to understand better. Technical terms are defined in simplest
terms to guide readers in this study.
E-cigarettes: An electronic cigarette is an electronic device that
simulates tobacco smoking. Used a battery to heat up a special
liquid into an aerosol that users inhale. It is not just harmless
water vapor.
WHO:(World Health Organization) A specialized agency of the United
nation (UN) that is concerned with international public health.
GATS: (Global Adult Tobacco Smoking Survey) is the global standard
for systematically monitoring adult tobacco use (smoked or
smokeless tobacco) and tracking key tobacco control indicators,
“GATS” enhances countries capacity to design, implement and
evaluate tobacco control programs.
ENDS/ENNDS: Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems and Electronic
Non-Nicotine Delivery Systems.
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DOH: (Department of Health) is the executive department of the
Government of the Philippines responsible for ensuring access to
basic public health services by all Filipinos through the provision
of quality health care and the regulation of all health services
and products.
TOBBACO: A preparation of the nicotine-rich
leaves of an American plant, which are cured
by a process of drying and fermentation for
smoking or chewing.
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CHAPTER 2
Review of Related Literature and Studies
This chapter is the coherence of the study. First, the history
and evolution of the smoking epidemic in the world is explained,
followed by the analysis of the situation in Philippines in
terms of smoking prevalence and tobacco control measurements,
seconds, current evidence on the health consequences of active
and passive smoking is presented, preparing the ground for the
justification of nonsmoking policies in the public place. The
subsequent section is an evaluation of the different theories
that can be used as a framework to plan behavior change
interventions. Studies have focused on implementing such
policies in university settings. The strength and contributions
as well as their limitations are analyzed, highlighting the need
for more research is this matter.
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LOCAL LITERATURE
The Philippines is the world’s twelfth most populous country,
with projected population estimates of 101.8 million by 2015 and
over 132.5 million by 2040.24 Total health expenditure per capita
is estimated at US$66.1 The tobacco industry in the country has
been described as ‘the strongest tobacco lobby in Asia’.20 The
Philippines has one of the highest per capita levels of cigarette
consumption among the ASEAN countries, well above the ASEAN
average (873 cigarettes).Tobacco use, exposure to SHS and
pervasive marketing of tobacco products pose a major public
health problem in the country, according to recent data:26,27
28.3% (17.3 million Filipinos) of the adult population currently
smoke (males 47.6%, females 9.0%);48.8% (29.8 million Filipinos)
allow smoking in their homes.36.9% of adult workers report
exposure to tobacco smoke in enclosed areas at their workplace in
the past a month. exposure to SHS was 55.3% in public transport,
33.6% in restaurants, 25.5% in government buildings and 7.6% in
health care facilities. 96.2% of smokers bought their last
cigarettes in a store and 53.7% of adults said they had noticed
cigarette marketing in stores where cigarettes are sold. To
reduce the use of tobacco and taking its serious consequences.

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The Philippines started tobacco control efforts in 1987 and has
intensified those over time. Prior to 2000, tobacco control was
only component program of the National Government and Cancer
control program in the Philippines. In 1999, the Philippine
parliament passed the Clean Air Act or Republic Act 8749 which
included provisions for protection from SHS. The Clean Air Act
identified cigarette smoke as pollutant and instated smoke-free
indoor laws.
In June 2003, Republic Act 9211, also known as the Tobacco
Regulation Act of 2003, became a law in the Philippine. The law
included landmark legislation with provision on effective tobacco
control in the country, which aimed to: (a) promote smoke-free
areas (b) inform the public of the health risk on tobacco use;
(c) Ban all tobacco advertisement and sponsorship and restrict
promotions (d) Regulate labeling of tobacco products; and (e)
Protect youth from being initiated to smoking. In May 2003, the
WHO was adopted by the World Health Assembly, on February 27,
2005, it was made an international law (WHO-FCTC, 2003). The
treaty calls for countries to establish programs for national,
regional, and global tobacco. Surveillance: it also encourages
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countries to develop and implement tobacco control action plans.
On June 06, 2005.
The Philippines certified the WHO-FCTC. The government of the
Philippines continues to coordinate and implement the tobacco
control policies mainly through the Department of Health 9DOH).
Even though unofficial initiatives for tobacco control at the DOH
started back in 1994 as part of the Non-communicable Decease
Control Program, it was only in the 2007 when the DOH officially
designated the National Centre for Decease Prevention and control
(NCPDC) as the coordinating unit for tobacco control. The DOH,
together with other agencies of the government, has issued
administrative orders and joint memoranda to address the problem on
tobacco use. Administrative orders and joint memoranda address the
problem on tobacco use. Administrative order 2007-0004 or the
National Tobacco Prevention and Control Program (NTPCP) was issued
to define the roles and responsibilities of the different offices
under the DOH and of other departments. The lead office for tobacco
in the DOH-National Center for Decease Prevention and Control
(NCDPC). In 2009, the DOH started implementing the Bloomberg
Project entitled, “Moving to the Next Level in the Philippines:
Complete Implementation of the WHO-framework Convention on tobacco
(WHO-ECTG)” the project is tasked to supplement the country’s
tobacco prevention efforts, is congruence with the DOH-National

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Center for Health Promotion (NCHP), and to enforce WHO-NCHP
effectively.
The key initiative of the project includes the development of a
comprehensive National Tobacco Control Strategy (NTCS 2011-2013),
creation of the National Tobacco Control Coordinating office (NTCCO)
with in the DOH, as well as the formation of the DOH Tobacco Control
Team (TCT) and sector-wide Anti-Tobacco (SWAT) Committee and its 11
sub-committee for the implementation of WHO-ECTC preventions. The
NTCCO is in charge of working with others sectors of the DOH to
synchronize tobacco control efforts. The development academy of the
Philippines (DAP), through the DOH Bloomberg initiative project OC-
401, was commissioned to facilitate the development of The National
Tobacco Control Strategy (NTCS) for 2011-2016 through the DOH-NCHP
starting May 2011. Among the other DOH initiatives are: Passage of
Administrative Orders (AO 122 s. 2003) on smoking program to support
the national tobacco control and healthy lifestyle in 2003 passage.
of administrative order (AO 2009- 0010) promoting a 100% smoke-free
environment in 2009, which became the basis of the DOH red orchid
awards Issuance of an administrative order to AO no. 2010-0013 on
graphic health information in 2010 passage of department circular

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2011-0101 which has set rules and regulations of the food and drug
administrative (after administrative PDA act 9711-2009 tasking the
PDA under its article 113 to regulate tobacco and formulation of
national tobacco control strategy (NTCS 2011-2016) in 2011.
The universal health care (UHC) which is the health agenda of the
present administration is directed towards ensuring the
achievement of the health system goals of better health outcome,
sustained health financing and responsive health system by
ensuring that all Filipinos, especially the disadvantaged group
in the spirit of solidarity, have equitable access to affordable
health care. Among the strategic thrust of UHC is the achievement
of the target on lifestyle related. Non communicable deceases
such as cerebrovascular deceases diabetes mellitus, chronic
obstructive pulmonary deceases and concern. This makes tobacco
control and prevention strategies one of the corporations in
achieving the national objective for health DOH of the DOH on
NCD. Aside from DOH, other government agencies have been involved
in tobacco control. The civil service commission CSC an
independent contribution body played fundamental role in recent
years by issuing several joint memoranda with the DOH. Similarity
the land transportation franchising regulatory board LTFRB,
Philippine national police PNP. Development academy of the
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Philippines DAP and metropolitan manila development authority
MMDA played key roles focusing on smoke-free places initiative.
Using the existing communication materials, they contributed to
awareness-raising-campaigns and smoking-cessation activities.
At the sub-national level, the local government units LGU also
play an important role in the law implementation and have the
mandate to ensure proper enforcement of RA-9211 along the members
of the Philippines national police PNP and other stakeholders.
The DOH regional structures centers for health development
conditions tobacco control activities through their local point
for health promotion and for NCD especially in those
region/districts where local ordinances for creating smoke-free
environment were introduced and enforced.
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FOREIGN LITERATURE
Smoking is one of the leading preventable causes of death and
diseases in the world. According to the World Health
Organization (WHO), nearly six million people die annually from
cigarette smoking. WHO has launched a handbook on tobacco
product regulation in response to the need for clear, practical
guidance on tobacco product regulation? The tobacco epidemic is
one of the biggest public health threats the world has ever
faced, killing more than 8 million people a year around the
world. More than 7 million of those deaths are the result of
direct tobacco use while around 1.2 million are the result of
non-smokers being exposed to second-hand smoke. All forms of
tobacco are harmful, and there is no safe level of exposure to
tobacco. Cigarette smoking is the most common form of tobacco
use worldwide. Other tobacco products include waterpipe tobacco,
various smokeless tobacco products, cigars, cigarillos, roll-
your-own tobacco, pipe tobacco, bidis and kreteks. Waterpipe
tobacco use is damaging to health in similar ways to cigarette
tobacco use. However, the health dangers of waterpipe tobacco
use are often little understood by users. Smokeless tobacco use

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is highly addictive and damaging to health.
Smokeless tobacco contains many cancer-causing toxins, and its
use increases the risk of cancers of the head, neck, throat,
esophagus and oral cavity (including cancer of the mouth, tongue,
lip and gums) as well as various dental diseases. Over 80% of the
1.3 billion tobacco users worldwide live in low- and middle-
income countries, where the burden of tobacco-related illness and
death is heaviest. Tobacco use contributes to poverty by
diverting household spending from basic needs such as food and
shelter to tobacco. The economic costs of tobacco use are
substantial and include significant health care costs for
treating the diseases caused by tobacco use as well as the lost
human capital that results from tobacco-attributable morbidity
and mortality. In some countries children from poor households
are employed in tobacco farming to boost family income. Tobacco
growing farmers are also exposed to several health risks,
including the "green tobacco sickness". Although tobacco product
use is a major public health problem, tobacco products are one of
the few openly available consumer products that are virtually
unregulated in terms of contents and emissions. Countries
hesitate to implement regulations in this area, partly due to the
challenges associated with the regulation of tobacco. Products
the highly technical nature of this policy intervention and the
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difficulties in translating science into regulation. The handbook
provides authoritative guidance on tobacco product regulation,
especially in line with the requirements of Articles 9 and 10, in
response to countries’ requests. Failure to regulate tobacco
products represents a missed opportunity as tobacco product
regulation, in the context of comprehensive control, is a
valuable tool that could complement other tried and tested
tobacco control interventions, such as raising taxes, smoke-free
environments, etc. The “Tobacco product regulation: basic
handbook” provides a basic reference document for non-scientist
regulators in any country and serves as a tool for health
authorities and other interested parties seeking resources and
planning on how to monitor, evaluate, and regulate tobacco
products. Further, the handbook includes relevant country case
studies detailing specific approaches enacted globally. WHO
published a guide on building laboratory testing capacity in 2018
to guide countries interested in developing or accessing tobacco
product testing capacity to support their regulatory authority?
Both publications call for country prioritization and commitment
of resources to tobacco product regulation, as the useful
information provided in these documents will help to strengthen
tobacco regulation capacity, especially in relation to Articles 9

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and 10 of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. And
now we are facing a new normal.
WHO announce that, However, tobacco smokers (cigarettes, e-
cigarette, waterpipes, bidis, cigars, heated tobacco
products) may be more vulnerable to contracting COVID-19, as
the act of smoking involves contact of fingers (and possibly
contaminated cigarettes) with the lips, which increases the
possibility of transmission of viruses from hand to mouth.
Smoking waterpipes, also known as shisha or hookah, often
involves the sharing of mouth pieces and hoses, which could
facilitate the transmission of the COVID-19 virus in
communal and social settings.
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LOCAL STUDIES
Smoking in public places will soon be prohibited in the City
of Manila, and violators face stiffer fines and up to three
days maximum imprisonment. The city government went ahead
and approved Ordinance No. 7812 – an improved anti-smoking
law – while President Duterte continues to study a similar
executive order for nationwide implementation. Under the new
ordinance, smoking in all public buildings, facilities, and
establishments owned, used, controlled and administered by
the city government of Manila, including hospitals, plazas,
marketplaces, public utility vehicles and schools is
prohibited. It particularly covers government offices,
including the city hall, and offenders can be arrested by
city hall officials. The ordinance covers the use of tobacco
products as well as vape devices, including mere possession
of the latter. Smoking shall also be prohibited 100 meters
from specified locations. Approved on March 30, it will take
effect 15 days after publication. According to the law’s
principal sponsor, Councilor Casimiro Sison, the new
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ordinance is meant to be an “example to the private sector
in promoting a smoke-free environment and to safeguard the
health of the public using.
Establishment of smoking and tobacco consumption.” Other than
the expanded coverage of the smoking ban, (only enclosed
places such as restaurants, bars, malls were covered by the
smoking ban law) the ordinance imposes stiffer penalties to
ensure compliance. Previously, the old ordinance (No. 7748)
only imposed a fine of Php300.00 and a two-day imprisonment
for violators. Under the new local ordinance penalties vary
depending on whether it is a first, second or third offense.
First time offenders will be slapped a fine of Php2,000 or a
one-day imprisonment; for a second offense, the fine is
Php3,000 and a two-day imprisonment, while a third-time
offender will have to pay a fine of Php5,000 and three-day
imprisonment or both. “This is really to show a good example
on the part of the city, that we are really serious about the
prohibition on smoking, strictly,” said Councilor Sison. This
is a policy which shows that improvement is to start within
the government itself, he added. Still, the new Ordinance
will provide for those who cannot control their unhealthy
habit. Smoking areas outside government buildings will be

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established, but they have to be 10 meters away from where
people pass and must bear a visible signage of “Smoking Area”
and “Minors Not Allowed” accompanied by graphic health warnings.
Meanwhile, President Duterte has reassured the public that
there will be a visible anti-smoking law in the country in
the coming months. He asked the public then to give him time
to further study the provisions on his EO. MIMS
Over 1 million Filipinos have quit smoking, marking the
biggest decline in the number of smokers in Philippine
history, the Department of Health (DOH) said. From 17 million
Filipino smokers in 2009, the number has gone down to 15.9
million in 2015. Relatively, those at risk for cancer, heart
disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and asthma
have gone down as well, according to Health Chief Paulyn
Ubial. “This figure represents a relative reduction of close
to 20 percent of smokers, or in simpler terms, one million
Filipinos have quit tobacco use - the biggest decline we have
seen in Philippine history,” Secretary Ubial was quoted as
saying. She pointed to tobacco control measures as factors
that led to the significant decrease. These are tobacco
taxation, graphic health warnings.
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printed on cigarette packaging, local ordinances, and different
advocacies of the health department and civil society. She also
encouraged that “we can do more to stop the suffering caused by
this epidemic.”
In the Philippines’ Global Adult Tobacco Smoking 2015 (GATS)
of the Philippine Statistics Authority, 15.9 percent of adult
Filipinos were found to be smokers; 40.3 percent of male
adults continue to smoke, whereas 5.3 percent of adult
female’s smoke. The Health chief was elated to report that
smoking among women went down by nearly 50 percent, a sign
that whatever anti-smoking measures were being implemented
had been making an impact on the female smoker population.
Just as notable was that 3 out of 4 smokers wanted to quit the
habit. Secretary Ubial urged health providers to extend support
to those wanting to stop their nicotine addiction. However, the
Health department was concerned over the continued exposure of
non-smokers in bars and nightclubs, with Secretary Ubial saying
these were too high and unacceptable. She advised families
against choosing public restaurants which allowed smoking.
indoors. On the more positive side, exposure to second-hand
smoke in public areas such as public transport, government
offices, and workplaces have seen a reduction. Meanwhile, the
Department of Health is waiting for President Rodrigo Duterte's
return from his state visits to finally be able to sign the
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latest version of the much-anticipated Executive Order banning
smoking nationwide. Nowadays President Rodrigo Duterte orally
banned the use and importation. of vapes, e-cigarettes are now
officially included.
In the nationwide smoking ban, as per a new executive order (EO)
signed by the President. EO 106 amends EO 26, or the nationwide
smoking ban. Definitions of traditional tobacco smoking now
include electronic nicotine/non-nicotine delivery systems
(ENDS/ENNDS) and heated tobacco products (HTPs), which are to
be held to similar standards. The EO also bans the manufacture,
distribution, marketing, and sale of unregistered and/or
adulterated ENDS/ENNDS, HTPs, and other novel tobacco products.
The following are some of the amendments: The minimum age to
access both tobacco cigarettes and e-cigarettes is now amended
to 21 instead of 18. On a provision of advertising and promotion,
there is a general ban on advertising ENDS/ENNDS and HTPs,
and not just adulterated forms. Designated Smoking Areas (DSAs)
are expanded to allow vaping as well, making them Designated
Smoking/Vaping Areas (DSVAs) "No Smoking" signages should
now include vaping. The EO includes a sample design. The
release of ordinance is really confusion for Filipinos and law
enforcers, President Rodrigo Duterte released another sweeping
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policy statement based on his mere say-so: vaping will be
banned in public spaces. Without an executive order or any
enacted law as basis, no less than the Philippine National
Police (PNP) admitted that they could not think of a case to
file against arrested vape users.
So far, the instructions to cops have been to place the
name of the vapers in their blotter, confiscate their devices, then
set them free. Local governments across
the country, however, have passed their local
ordinances that give basis for either arrests that
could land users in jail, cash fines, or hours of
community service.
29
Foreign studies
The WHO Considering the above arguments collectively of all
states, they believe that, from a public health perspective,
central and local governments should adopt regulations that
effectively determine that all designated indoor smoke-free
areas are also vape-free areas. We note that this approach is
being implemented by many jurisdictions, with vaping being
banned in enclosed public spaces, such as bars, restaurants
and other workplaces, in 25 countries.11 This approach is
also recommended in the 2016 WHO report to the Parties of the
FCTC.8 Nevertheless, further research on the risks of using
e-cigarettes is still desirable.12 Research is needed to
determine whether smoke-free outdoor areas should also be
vape-free or not, as the issues differ somewhat from indoor
public spaces (e.g. greater dilution of second-hand aerosols
outdoors). An important perspective is whether a society is
considering vaping as a permanently acceptable activity or as
a temporary way to provide nicotine for people giving up
smoking and transitioning to be nicotine-free. If public

30
health policies are based on the latter perspective, it may
be unwise to adopt any policy permitting indoor vaping areas,
since that could suggest vaping.
Should be a permanently allowed activity. Furthermore,
governments wanting to encourage smokers to shift to vaping might
be better advised to evaluate the potential of other strategies,
such as differential prices, that is, via high tobacco taxes and
untaxed e-cigarettes. A potential advantage of price instruments
over vape-free policies is that price instruments might be more
easily and quickly adjusted via tax changes than changes to the
legal designation of vape-free areas. Electronic nicotine
delivery systems, also called e-cigarettes, are devices that
vaporize liquid, typically comprising nicotine, propylene glycol,
glycerine and flavorings. Switching from smoking tobacco
cigarettes to using e-cigarettes – known as vaping – may reduce
user harm, by supporting quitting or acting as a lower risk
substitute. However, the degree of harm reduction is uncertain.
Governments that are considering policies to restrict vaping
should consider the optimal regulation of e-cigarette products,
including defining where vaping may occur. Here, we explore some
of the arguments for and against extending indoor smoke-free laws
to also cover vaping.
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Arguments for vaping
First, allowing vaping in indoor public places may encourage
smokers to switch to vaping, by making it relatively more
attractive as vaping would be allowed where tobacco smoking is
not. Some e-cigarette users have voiced this potential benefit
of normalization of vaping when arguing against any bans on
public vaping. Nevertheless, we are not aware of any clear
evidence supporting this argument as an important driver for
smokers switching to vaping. Other factors, such as health
reasons or the lower cost of vaping, seem to be more important
for switching from smoking to vaping. Furthermore, if vaping
indoors does normalize vaping for smokers, then logic would
suggest it might also normalize vaping for non-smokers. Second,
allowing vaping in indoor public places where smoking is not
permitted could minimize any discomfort that e-cigarette users
may experience from nicotine withdrawal when being in such
settings. However, evidence suggests that this discomfort is
modest. For example, in a survey conducted among exclusive e-
cigarette users in the United States of America, only 12% (124
of 1034) reported finding it difficult to refrain from vaping in places

32
where they were not supposed to.
Arguments for prohibiting vaping.
First, at a distance, smoking and vaping may look like some
people, since both activities produce visible clouds exhaled from
people’s mouths after they have drawn on a cigarette or device.
Some e-cigarette users admit to this similarity, e.g., some cite
visual similarity as a reason why they do not vape around people
who are eating.1 Given such similarities, permitting indoor
vaping might renormalize tobacco smoking in smoke-free indoor
environments and may lead smokers to query: if vaping is
permitted, why is smoking not allowed. Renormalization of tobacco
smoking would be particularly problematic if it increases the
risk that children become susceptible to or initiate smoking.
Indeed, some research suggests that children may misperceive
vaping as smoking. Nevertheless, the authors of this study
speculated that “once these products are more common and the
purpose of them is known, seeing people use them should normalize
quitting behavior.” A second argument is that close exposure to
vaping among people who have recently quit smoking or vaping
might trigger them to relapse smoking. For example, an
experimental study among young-adult tobacco smokers reported
that exposure to a video showing.

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vaping significantly increased their urge to smoke as well as
their desire for tobacco cigarettes and e-cigarettes. Similarly,
another experimental study found that exposure to the e-
cigarette cue but not the tobacco cigarette cue also
significantly increased desire to smoke an e-cigarette. Evidence
suggests that many smokers support smoke-free areas because this
helps encourage them to quit. It seems plausible that this
reasoning would also apply to e-cigarette users, who wish to
either constrain the level of their vaping or to quit vaping and
may therefore favor indoor areas being vape-free. Third, passive
exposure to e-cigarette vapor might lead to adverse health
effects according to a systematic review of 16 studies. A 2016
report from the World Health Organization (WHO)8 also concluded
that second-hand aerosols from e-cigarettes are a new air
contamination source for hazardous particulate matter. The
levels of some metals, such as nickel and chromium, in second-
hand aerosols are not only higher than background air, but also
higher than second-hand smoke. Furthermore, compared to
background air levels, in second-hand aerosols are 14–40 times
and 6–86 times higher, respectively. In addition, nicotine in
second-hand aerosols has been found to be between 10–115 times
higher than in background air levels, acetaldehyde between two.
and eight times higher, and formaldehyde about 20 higher.
34
The report suggested that the increased concentration of
toxicants from second-hand aerosols over background levels poses
an increased risk for the health of all bystanders, especially
those with pre-existing respiratory conditions. As a result of
the report, WHO recommends to Parties of the Framework Convention
on Tobacco Control (FCTC) that they consider prohibiting by law
the use of e-cigarettes in indoor spaces or at least where
smoking is not permitted.8 Furthermore, the International Agency
for Research on Cancer now considers particulates to be
carcinogenic. These data seem to support the case for strong
precautionary arguments for governments to protect the public
from involuntary exposure to second-hand aerosols.
35
CHAPTER III
Methodology
This chapter describes the research methods used and the
rationale behind them. It details the way in which the research
for this study was carried out to achieve its aims and objectives.
This outline aspects of the methodology such as: setting, design,
population and sample, variables, the pilot study, data
collection, analysis, limitation of the methodology, and ethical
issues. Questionnaires were sent to resident of barangay 101 Zone
8 District I Tondo, Manila. The sample of randomly respondents to
collect data on smoking prevalence, smoking cessation, exposure,
and opinions about Anti-smoking ordinance.
36
Research Methodology
This chapter presents the discussion of the researcher design used
in conducting the study.
The following methodology was used:
1.Desk review: The literature and databases provide the resources
for data collected about the following: the overview of tobacco
legislation and programmed; the newly alternative e-cigarette
ordinance. The occupational exposure levels of second-hand tobacco
smoke; and different activities related to public place smoking,
such as awareness raising and cessation aid.
2. Google Survey Form: approximately 100 questionnaires the participant
is from the resident of barangay 101 Zone 8 District I Tondo, Manila.
37
Research Design
The researchers utilized the descriptive method of research with
the used of quantitative to assess the perception of the public
about the awareness on the Implementation and to analysis the No-
Smoking Ordinance No. The descriptive method is a fact-finding
method with adequate interpretation dealing with questions base on
the present and current phenomenon. this method simply describes
what exist.
38
Research Instrument
Permission is sought first from the Head of barangay to
distribute questionnaire for data gathering. The researchers
started to formulate the questionnaire is composed of three parts
the essential parts instructions clarify to the respondents how
and what to do with the questionnaire; classification information
will ask questions from the respondents about their Demographic
profile information that was gathered make up the body of the
questionnaire. Date forms the part that enables the researchers
to answer the stated problems or objectives of the study. To
satisfy the researchers’ objectives, the researcher-made
questionnaire was modified and divided into three parts. The Part
I is designed to know the profile of the respondents, while part
II focused on the level of awareness on the implementation of
Anti-smoking ordinance and part III will determine the
significant difference on the level of awareness in the
implementation when grouped according to profile variables. The
respondents were asked to complete the questionnaire and respond
honestly. They were given assurance that their identities will be
kept confidential.
39
Respondents of the Study
The respondents on this study are the 100 randomly residents in
barangay 101 Zone 8 District I Tondo Manila.
Where:
N
n= 2
1+ N ( e)
Wherein:
n = sample size
e = marginal error
N = total population
1 = constant
Computation:
100
n= 2
1+100( 0.02)
100
n=
1+100( 0.004)
100
n=
1+0.4
100
n=
1.4
n=100
Researcher locale
This study was undertaken in Barangay 101 Zone 8 District I Tondo,
Manila.
40
Sample and Sampling Techniques Used
In this study the researchers used sampling method thru the
application of slovin`s formula and down to the sampling method
to gathering the data and this case they used a simple sampling
method to define the sample size of population with is the total
of 100 residents in barangay 101 Zone 8 District I Tondo Manila.
Data Gathering Procedures
The researchers submitted the questionnaire for the approval. To
conduct data gathering from different household in barangay 101 Zone 8
District I Tondo, Manila. The researchers submitted referral letters
asking for permission to conduct surveys in the barangay premises to
selected household. The researchers decided to divide the group into
two in order to collect the data. First the researchers use the help of
modern technologies to gather the data and ensure the health of the
researchers by following quarantine protocol of the Department of
Health (DOH). Second is the manual collecting data. for those
participants who do not have technologies at home, the researchers set
a second option which is the manual collecting.
41
Statistical framework
The date was treated appropriate statistic such as frequency distribution,
mean, percentage formula:
1. Percentage Method - was used in determining the frequency of
responses and in establishing the distribution of respondents
according to the variables with the study.
Formula:
f
%= x 100
n
Where:
% = Percentage
f = Frequency
n = total number of respondents
100 = constant
2. Ranking Method – was used to identify the position of an individual
or a group is a series of ranks. This will help the researchers in
knowing the answer of the respondents with the highest rank of the
majority answer of the respondents.
Rank 1 - variables with the highest frequency.
Rank 2 – variable with the second highest frequency and succeeding
numbers for others.
42
Rank for the variables with the same frequency:
R1 + R2
R=
2
Wherein:
R1: is the rank of one variable as arranged in chronological order.
R2: is the rank of the other variable.
43

Republic of The Philippines Eulogio "Amang" Rodriguez Institute of Science and Technology College of Public Administration and Criminology

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Republic of The Philippines Eulogio "Amang" Rodriguez Institute of Science and Technology College of Public Administration and Criminology

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Republic of the Philippines

Eulogio “Amang” Rodriguez

Cigarettes are the most common way of consuming tobacco,

especially among young people. A young person starts by trying a

cigarette and then finds themselves addicted to nicotine, which is

ten hard to give up. Smoking is prohibited in enumerated indoor

public places and workplaces such as government facilities,

healthcare and educational institutions, and workplaces, including

is a hard habit to break because tobacco contains the very

addictive chemical nicotine. As with hero in or other addictive

cigarettes. Soon, a person needs to have it just to feel normal.

People start smoking for different reasons. It is a practice in

which a substance is burned, and the resulting smoke is breathed in

been rolled into a small rectangle of rolling paper to create a

small, round cylinder called a "cigarette". Smoking is primarily

practiced as a route of administration for recreational drug use

because the combustion of the dried plant leaves vaporizes.

is also a soon of the most common forms of recreational drug use.

Tobacco smoking is the most popular form, being practiced by over

one billion people globally, of whom the majority are in the

developing countries. Less common drugs for smoking include

cannabis and opium. Some substances are classified as hard

narcotics, like heroin, but the use of these is very limited as

they are usually not commercially available. Cigarettes are

primarily industrially manufactured but also hand rolled from loose

tobacco and rolling paper. Other smoking implements include pipes,

cigars, bidis, hookahs, and bongs. Smoking bans, or smoke free

laws, are public policies, including criminal law and occupational

safety and health regulations, that prohibit tobacco smoking in

nationwide, especially in enclosed workplaces and other public

spaces. Included in the definition of a public place are schools,

offices, workplaces, government facilities, establishments that

provide food and drinks, accommodation, merchandise, professional

services, entertainment or other services, and outdoor spaces, such

sports grounds, centers, church grounds, health/hospital compounds,

transportation terminals, markets, parks, resorts,

walkways, sidewalks, entranceways, waiting areas, and the like, are

covered in the prohibition.

Nowadays cigarettes are innovated in the use of modern technology

which is the e-cigarettes, or they are called vape. In the

Philippines, it is prohibited by the president Rodrigo Roa Duterte

has issued an executive order (EO) that prohibits vaping in public

and enclosed places nationwide, but some said e-vape is the

alternative used to quit cigarettes.

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Generally the studies of Prohibiting of Anti-Smoking are

nationwide in the Philippine Administrative order 2007-0004 or the

National Tobacco Prevention and Control Program (NTPCP) was issued

to define the roles and responsibilities of the different offices

tobacco in the DOH-National Center for Decease Prevention and

Control (NCDPC). In 2009, the DOH started implementing the

Bloomberg Project entitled, “Moving to the Next Level in the

Philippines: Complete Implementation of the WHO-framework

Convention on tobacco (WHO-ECTG)” the project is tasked to

supplement the country’s tobacco prevention efforts, is congruence

with the DOH-National Center for Health Promotion (NCHP), and to

enforce WHO-NCHP effectively.

Furthermore the key initiative of the project includes the

development of a comprehensive National Tobacco Control Strategy

(NTCS 2011-2013), creation of the National Tobacco Control

Coordinating office (NTCCO) with in the DOH, as well as the

formation of the DOH Tobacco Control Team (TCT) and sector-wide