IGEMUP1C

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IGEM/UP/1C
Communication 1751
Strength testing, tightness testing and

direct purging of Natural Gas and LPG
meter installations
Founded 1863
Royal Charter 1929
Patron: Her Majesty the Queen
IGEM/UP/1C
Communication 1751
Strength testing, tightness testing and

direct purging of Natural Gas and LPG
meter installations
Price Code: C3H

© The Institution of Gas Engineers and Managers
IGEM House
High Street
Kegworth
Derbyshire, DE74 2DA
Tel: 0844 375 4436
Fax: 01509 678198
Email: general@igem.org.uk
Copyright © 2011, IGEM. All rights reserved

Registered charity number 214001
All content in this publication is, unless stated otherwise, the property of IGEM. Copyright laws
protect this publication. Reproduction or retransmission in whole or in part, in any manner,
without the prior written consent of the copyright holder, is a violation of copyright law.
ISBN 978 1 905903 26 9

ISSN 0367 7850
Published by the Institution of Gas Engineers and Managers
For information on other IGEM Standards please visit our website, www.igem.org.uk
IGEM/UP/1C
CONTENTS
SECTION PAGE
1 Introduction 1
2 Scope 4
3 Legal and allied considerations 6
4 Strength testing 7
 4.1 Decision whether to strength test 7
 4.2 Strength test methodology 8
 4.3 Determination of MOP and MIP 8
 4.4 Method, pressure, duration and test criteria for strength testing 12
 4.5 Procedures 12
5 Tightness testing 16
 5.1 Decision whether to tightness test 16
 5.2 General 16
 5.3 Determination of TTP 17
 5.4 Tightness test duration (TTD) 19
 5.5 Procedures – tightness testing 21
 5.5.1 By-passing components 21
 5.5.2 Ambient conditions 21
 5.5.3 Section and valve isolation 21
 5.5.4 Testing 21
 5.6 Completion 22
6 Direct purging 25
 6.1 General 25
 6.2 Planning and supervision 25
 6.3 Site precautions 26
 6.3.1 Warning notices and labels 26
 6.3.2 Electrical and fire 26
 6.4 Designing and positioning purge points, hoses and vent stacks 27
 6.5 Verification of purge velocity 28
 6.6 Identification of purge gas cylinders 28
 6.7 Gas detectors, oxygen measuring devices and other
electronic equipment 28
 6.8 Determination of the purge volume, minimum purge flow rate
and purge time 29
 6.9 Vent gas testing 30
 6.10 Purging procedures 30
 6.10.1 Direct purging from air to gas i.e. commissioning 30
 6.10.2 Direct purging from gas to air i.e. de-commissioning 33
IGEM, IGEM House, High Street, Kegworth, Derbyshire, DE74 2DA. Website igem.org.uk
IGEM/UP/1C
APPENDIX
1 Glossary, acronyms, abbreviations, units, subscripts and symbols 36
2 References 38
3 Indirect purging with nitrogen 40
4 Calculation of tightness test duration 42
5 Purging heavier than air gases – risk assessment 45
FIGURES
1 Algorithm to select testing and purging standards 2
2 Relative pressure levels 2
3 Typical schematic meter installations 5
4 Pressure breaks. Strength requirements 9-10
5 Flowchart/decision algorithm for strength testing 15
6 Pressure breaks. Tightness test requirements 18
7 Flowchart/decision algorithm for tightness testing with air or N2 23
8 Flowchart/decision algorithm for tightness testing with fuel gas 24
9 Flowchart for direct purging of air to gas 32
10 Flowchart for direct purging of gas to air 35
TABLES
1 Example 1. A low pressure outlet fed from a low pressure network (NG) 11
2 Example 2. A low pressure outlet fed from a

medium pressure network (NG) 11
3 Example 3. A low pressure outlet fed from a low pressure network (LPG) 11
4 Selection of the pressure, duration, and the test criteria for strength testing 12
5 Safety distances each side of an installation for strength testing

at STP exceeding 1 bar 13
6 Tightness test duration for typical installations and using a

pressure gauge with a GRM of 0.5 mbar 19
7 Calculated tightness test durations (mins) for RD and turbine meters

using a gauge with a GRM of 0.5 mbar (Natural Gas) 20
8 Calculated tightness test durations (mins) for RD and turbine meters

using a gauge with a GRM of 0.5 mbar (Propane) 20
9 Minimum purge flow rate and velocity with recommended minimum

vent and flare stack dimensions 30
IGEM/UP/1C
10 Flammability limits and safe purge end points 30

11 Minimum quantity of nitrogen per 1 m length of pipe 40
12 Flammability limits and safe purge end points for inert purge 41
13 Installation volume (IV) of meters 42
14 Volume of 1 m length of pipe 43
15 Selection of pressure gauges (typical data) 43
16 Factor F1 to apply when calculating TTD 44
IGEM/UP/1C
SECTION 1 : INTRODUCTION
1.1 This Standard has been drafted by an Institution of Gas Engineers and Managers
(IGEM) Panel, appointed by IGEM’s Gas Utilization Committee, and has been
approved by IGEM’s Technical Co-Ordinating Committee on behalf of the Council
of IGEM.
1.2 It is necessary to check the scope of referenced standards given below. Figure 1
shows the most suitable Standard for a particular situation.
IGEM/UP/1C deals with strength testing, tightness testing and direct purging of
meter installations (as defined in IGEM/G/1), containing either Natural Gas (NG)
or liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), of volume not exceeding 1 m3 and MOP not
exceeding 7 bar.
IGE/UP/1 Edition 2 deals with all aspects of strength testing, tightness testing
and direct purging of selected 1st, 2nd and 3rd family gases. For example, for NG,
it covers pipework downstream of the emergency control valve (ECV) of
maximum operating pressure (MOP) not exceeding 16 bar.
IGE/UP/1A Edition 2 deals with strength testing, tightness testing and direct
purging of NG installations of volume not exceeding 1 m3 and diameter not
exceeding 150 mm, of MOP (and operating pressure (OP)) not exceeding 40
mbar and supply MOP not exceeding 75 mbar.
IGE/UP/1B Edition 2 deals with tightness testing and purging of NG installations

of volume not exceeding 0.035 m3, capacity not exceeding 16 m3 h-1, diameter
not exceeding 35 mm, OP not exceeding 21 mbar and supply MOP not
exceeding 2 bar.
Note: At the time of publication, it is anticipated that IGEM/UP/1B Edition 3 will cover LPG.
BS 5482-1 deals with tightness testing of domestic-sized LPG pipework (volume

not exceeding 0.02 m3). For greater volume, IGE/UP/1 Edition 2 applies.
Note: See above regarding LPG in IGEM/UP/1B Edition 3.
If it is preferred (it is not recommended, as it is more complex to follow)

IGE/UP/1 Edition 2 can be used rather than IGE/UP/1A Edition 2, IGE/UP/1B,
IGEM/UP/1C or BS 5482-1.
If IGE/UP/1A Edition 2 or IGE/UP/1B Edition 2 or IGEM/UP/1C or BS 5482-1 are

not indicated, then it is essential that IGE/UP/1 Edition 2 is used. At the time of
publication, neither IGE/UP/1B Edition 2 nor BS 5482-1 require strength testing.
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IGEM/UP/1C
FIGURE 1 - ALGORITHM TO SELECT TESTING AND PURGING STANDARDS
1.3 “MOP” and other new terms such as “maximum incidental pressure” (MIP) and
OP have been introduced to reflect gas pressure terminology used in European
standards. IGEM/G/4 defines these terms and IGE/GM/8 Part 1 explains them in
greater detail.
Referring to Figure 2, note how OP is shown to oscillate about the set point
(SP). Note also that MOP can be declared at any value from OP upwards to a
limit below MIP. The strength test pressure (STP) has to be at least 110% MIP
and in many cases (see Table 4) will be greater.
STP = Strength test pressure

MIP = Maximum incidental pressure (for example, as declared by the GT/MAM)
OP = Operating pressure
MOP = Maximum operating pressure
SP = Set point of the regulator.
Note: This is extracted from IGE/TD/13 and simplified for the purposes of IGEM/UP/1C.
FIGURE 2 - RELATIVE PRESSURE LEVELS
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IGEM/UP/1C
1.4 This Standard makes use of the terms “must”, “shall” and “should” when
prescribing particular requirement. Notwithstanding Sub-Section 1.7:
 the term “must” identifies a requirement by law in Great Britain (GB) at the
time of publication
 the term “shall” prescribes a requirement which, it is intended, will be
complied with in full and without deviation
 the term “should” prescribes a requirement which, it is intended, will be
complied with unless, after prior consideration, deviation is considered to be
acceptable.
Such terms may have different meanings when used in legislation, or Health and
Safety and Executive (HSE) Approved Code of Practice (ACoPs) or guidance, and
reference needs to be made to such statutory legislation or official guidance for
information on legal obligations.
1.5 The primary responsibility for compliance with legal duties rests with the
employer. The fact that certain employees, for example “responsible engineers”,
are allowed to exercise their professional judgement does not allow employers
to abrogate their primary responsibilities. Employers must:
 have done everything to ensure, so far as it is reasonably practicable, that
“responsible engineers” have the skills, training, experience and personal
qualities necessary for the proper exercise of professional judgement
 have systems and procedures in place to ensure that the exercise of
professional judgement by “responsible engineers” is subject to appropriate
monitoring and review
 not require “responsible engineers” to undertake tasks which would
necessitate the exercise of professional judgement that is not within their
competence. There should be written procedures defining the extent to
which “responsible engineers” can exercise their professional judgement.
When “responsible engineers” are asked to undertake tasks which deviate
from this they should refer the matter for higher review.
1.6 It is now widely accepted that the majority of accidents in industry generally are
in some measure attributable to human as well as technical factors in the sense
that actions by people initiated or contributed to the accidents, or people might
have acted in a more appropriate manner to avert them.
It is therefore necessary to give proper consideration to the management of

these human factors and the control of risk. To assist in this, it is recommended
that due regard be paid to HSG48.
1.7 Notwithstanding Sub-Section 1.4, this Standard does not attempt to make the
use of any method or specification obligatory against the judgement of the
responsible engineer. Where new and better techniques are developed and
proved, they should be adopted without waiting for modification to this
Standard. Amendments to this Standard will be issued when necessary, and
their publication will be announced in the Journal of the Institution and other
publications as appropriate.
1.8 Requests for interpretation of this Standard in relation to matters within its
scope, but not precisely covered by the current text, should be addressed in
writing to Technical Services, IGEM, IGEM House, High Street, Kegworth
Derbyshire, DE74 2DA and will be submitted to the relevant Committee for
consideration and advice, but in the context that the final responsibility is that of
the engineer concerned. If any advice is given by or on behalf of IGEM, this
does not relieve the responsible engineer of any of his or her obligations.
1.9 This Standard was published in March 2011.
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IGEM/UP/1C
SECTION 2 : SCOPE
2.1 This Standard applies for any meter installation (or part thereof):
Note: Meter installation is defined in IGEM/G/1 and IGEM/G/4.
 supplying Natural Gas or LPG
 MOP  7 bar
 with a volume not exceeding 1 m3
 having a method of temporarily sealing the outlet of the installation/section,
for example a valve, blanking device, etc.
 not including polyethylene (PE) pipe or fittings
 which is not within scope of IGE/UP/1B (see Figure 1).
Note 1: The diversity of meter installations is such that it is inappropriate to provide detailed
guidelines for all types of meter installation covered by the scope of this Standard. It is
recognised that special circumstances may occur, on a meter installation, for which some of
the requirements in this Standard cannot be applied. In such a case, IGE/UP/1 applies and
the procedure needs to be developed by personnel with the relevant competency and
experience.
Certain “legacy” meter installations do not comply with the Standard arrangements given in
IGEM/G/1. The principles of this Standard may be applied to the majority of such legacy
installations.
Note 2: “Meter installation (or part thereof)” is hereafter referred to as “meter installation”.
Note 3: Typical schematic meter installations are shown in Figure 3.
2.2 This Standard covers pneumatic strength testing and tightness testing, and
direct purging. It does not address hydrostatic testing.
2.3 This Standard covers strength testing and/or tightness testing in the following
circumstances:
 prior to a new installation being commissioned with gas
 where a leak is suspected to exist on an existing installation
 where a new section has been added into an existing installation
 where there has been a complete loss of pressure, for any reason, for
example component replacement, section replacement, etc.
Typical schematic installations are shown in Figure 3.
2.4 This Standard covers direct purging in the following circumstances:

 new installation
 alteration to, replacement of, or re-use of, an existing installation
 where there has been a complete loss of pressure for any reason
Note: The closure of a valve, for example the ECV, can result in a complete loss of pressure
which necessitates tightness testing and purging before resumption of supply.
 where there is the possibility of air being present in an installation
 where an installation is to be taken temporarily or permanently out of
service.
2.5 All pressures quoted are gauge pressures unless otherwise stated.
2.6 Italicised text is informative and does not represent formal requirements.
2.7 Appendices are informative and do not represent formal requirements unless
specifically referenced in the main sections via the prescriptive terms “must”,
“shall” or “should”.
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IGEM/UP/1C
2.8 IGEM/UP/1C adopts the concept of “Gauge readable movement” (GRM). When
using a water gauge, it may be possible to reduce the duration of tests by
adopting the concept of “no perceptible movement”.
Downstream system kept

pressurised

pressurised
M
pressurised
Note: The section on which work is being carried out is indicated in red.
FIGURE 3 - TYPICAL SCHEMATIC METER INSTALLATIONS
5
IGEM/UP/1C
SECTION 3 : LEGAL AND ALLIED CONSIDERATIONS

3.1 This Standard is set out against a background of legislation in force in GB at the
time of publication. Similar considerations are likely to apply in other countries
where reference to appropriate national legislation is necessary.
All relevant legislation must be applied and relevant ACoPs, official Guidance
notes and referenced codes, standard, etc. shall be taken into account.
Where standards are quoted, equivalent national or international standards etc.

equally may be appropriate. Unless otherwise stated, the latest version of the
referenced document should be used.
3.2 Any person engaged in strength testing, tightness testing or purging of pipework
must be a competent person.
Note: Any person carrying out the installation of gas pipework and associated fittings must be
competent to do so. Where gas installation work is carried out in properties covered by the
current Gas Safety (Installation and Use) Regulations (GS(I&U)R), the persons carrying out
that work must be a “member of a class of persons” as specified by those Regulations.
Persons who are deemed competent to carry out gas work under GS(I&U)R are those who
hold a current certificate of competence in the type of activity to be conducted issued under
aligned S/NVQ arrangements, or by a certification body accredited by the United Kingdom
Accreditation Service (UKAS) for the Nationally Accredited Certification Scheme (ACS).
3.3 Consideration shall be given to the environmental impact of methane and other
hydrocarbons in the atmosphere.
3.4 In the following situations, any electronic equipment used shall be certified for
use in a hazardous area:
 when seeking the source of a known or suspected gas leak, using a gas
detector
 when a hazardous area is imposed by another installation, for example an oil
supply, and the equipment is to be used within that area
 when a risk assessment indicates that use of uncertified equipment is not
acceptable (see below)
 when it is anticipated that the area in which the equipment will be located
will be left unattended at any time during the test/purge.
The decision on whether electronic equipment, for example pressure gauges and
gas detectors, can be of a type not certified for use in a hazardous area, may be
complex and is not an issue that can be developed in IGEM/UP/1C. However,
unless the pipework being tested or purged is known to contain only air and/or
inert gases (in which case equipment that is not certified may be used) any use
of such uncertified equipment shall be subject to a suitable risk assessment
prior to use. Equipment manufacturers’ instructions may assist in this risk
assessment.
Note 1: For lower pressures, water gauges can always be used if there is any doubt about the use
of uncertified gauges.
Note 2: For MOP  75 mbar, use of uncertified gauges placed in the open air and located at least
150 mm from any potential gas source (a greater clearance may be required) may be
acceptable although it is still possible for a hazardous area to apply, particularly as imposed
by another installation.
Note 3: Further guidance on hazardous area classification is available in IGEM/GM/7B.
6
IGEM/UP/1C
SECTION 4 : STRENGTH TESTING

Only proprietary leak detection fluids (LDFs) shall be used. LDFs containing more than 30
parts per million of halogens shall not be used on stainless steel components. LDFs containing
ammonia shall not be used on copper or brass components.
Note 1: A pH value of 7.0 or less indicates absence of ammonia.
Note 2: Detergents and soap solutions such as “washing-up” liquids are not suitable.
Note 3: Care is necessary to ensure that LDF is wiped off pipe and fittings after use.
If necessary, for example when joints are to be broken, temporary continuity bonds shall be
installed before the separation of the components and testing commences.
Where an installation contains fuel gas, it shall be purged to nitrogen (N2) or air before
strength testing.
4.1 DECISION WHETHER TO STRENGTH TEST
4.1.1 A strength test shall be carried out on any new or replacement meter installation
(or part thereof) except for components that have been pre-tested or have been
removed to avoid over pressurisation, for example regulators and meters.
4.1.2 There is no need to carry out a strength test on the assembly when the meter
installation is:
 pre-assembled and fully tested by the manufacturer, and
 comes complete with documentation, and
 has not been modified or altered in any way.
A tightness test shall be carried out (see Section 5).
4.1.3 Where a meter installation is assembled from components (screwed or bolted

together), all of which have been fully tested by the manufacturer; are delivered
complete with documentation and have not been modified or altered in any way,
there is no need to carry out a strength test on the assembly. A tightness test
shall be carried out (see Section 5).
Note: Where a component or sub-assembly (meter installation component, meter “skid” unit,
etc.) has been pre-tested and not subsequently modified (such as by cutting threads or
welding) and has appropriate certificates of conformity available, the strength testing of
such a component/assembly need not be undertaken but a visual examination of joints,
general condition, suitability, etc. is recommended prior to installing and subsequent
tightness testing as for a new installation. Permanent marking, for example by
manufacturer’s badging/stamping, may be deemed as certification of conformity.
4.1.4 A strength test should not normally be carried out on an existing meter
installation unless it has been subjected to repairs involving forming pipes,
welding, or new components that have not been pre-tested separately, or OP is
to be increased to a level not previously covered by strength testing.
7
IGEM/UP/1C
4.2 STRENGTH TESTING METHODOLOGY

Where an on-site strength test is required it is recommended that either;

 the replacement components are strength tested separate from the
installation
 the strength test is carried out concurrently with the tightness test. This
would mean carrying out the tightness test at STP, applying the greater of
the required stabilisation and test times but not both, and applying the
tightness test pass/fail criteria (a pass indicating that both the strength and
tightness tests are satisfactory). However, there will be a minority of
installations that will fail the tightness test that would have passed if the
tests had been carried out separately or simply combined
 the strength and tightness tests are combined. This would mean
immediately following the strength test with the tightness test. Following a
successful strength test, reduce the pressure slowly in the system to TTP.
Once the pressure is at TTP, the stabilisation period for the tightness test
can commence. STD can be deducted from the required stabilisation time.
This may save a little time by not requiring a stabilisation period for the
tightness test.
The procedures outlined in this Standard assume a separate test for each.
4.3 DETERMINATION OF MOP AND MIP
4.3.1 The majority of meter installations will incorporate a pressure regulator and, as
such will normally incorporate a pressure break. The pressure break is a point in
the installation defined by the designer, either side of which a different strength
test pressure is applied.
The location of the pressure break will vary depending on the provision of valves
and the characteristics of the upstream Network and downstream installation.
Typically, the pressure break will be the outlet of the first valve downstream of
the pressure regulator, (see Figures 4(a) and 4(b)). However, where the
downstream installation has the ability to subject the meter installation to a
higher reverse pressure under fault conditions (MIPc), the pressure break will be
on the inlet to the first safety device (see Figures 4(c) and 4(d)).
Where the information available on site indicates that the pressure break is not
located as shown in Figure 4, this shall be taken into account.
The values of STP shall be determined for the different sections of pipework to
be tested.
4.3.2 Where different parts of a meter installation have different DPs, MIPs, etc., the
strength testing requirements of each part of the meter installation shall be
determined separately and tested accordingly.
Figures 4(e) to 4(g) describe the strength testing requirements (of IGE/GM/8)
either side of the pressure break for different situations.
4.3.3 For consistency with IGE/UP/1, IGE/UP/1A and IGE/UP/1B, the procedures
incorporated in this Standard base STP on a multiple of MOP or MIP. This is
based on the assumption that MOP will always equal DP, but this will not always
be the case. When calculating STP, the following shall be applied:
 if DP > MOP, the DP shall be used instead of MOP, and
 where available DMIP shall be used instead of MIP.
8
IGEM/UP/1C
FIGURE 4 (a) - TYPICAL PRESSURE BREAK.

FIRST OUTLET VALVE DOWNSTREAM OF THE PRESSURE
REGULATOR (MIV FITTED)
FIGURE 4 (b) - TYPICAL PRESSURE BREAK.

FIRST OUTLET VALVE DOWNSTREAM OF THE PRESSURE
REGULATOR (NO MIV FITTED)
FIGURE 4 (c) - HIGHER REVERSE PRESSURE.

PRESSURE BREAK ON THE INLET TO THE FIRST SAFETY
DEVICE (NO MIV FITTED)
FIGURE 4 (d) - HIGHER REVERSE PRESSURE.

PRESSURE BREAK ON THE INLET TO THE FIRST SAFETY
DEVICE (MIV FITTED)
9
IGEM/UP/1C
FIGURE 4 (e) - DOWNSTREAM PRESSURE BREAK.

NO ISSUES WITH COMPONENT STRENGTH (MIV FITTED)
FIGURE 4 (f) - DOWNSTREAM PRESSURE BREAK.

REGULATOR DIAPHRAGMS NOT CAPABLE OF
WITHSTANDING MOPU (MIV FITTED)
FIGURE 4 (g) - DOWNSTREAM PRESSURE BREAK.

METER NOT CAPABLE OF WITHSTANDING MIPU,
WITHSTANDING MOPU (NO MIV FITTED)
Note: Some of the figures above are reproduced in Figure 6 which emphasise the tightness test
requirements (shown in grey above).
FIGURE 4 - PRESSURE BREAKS. STRENGTH REQUIREMENTS
10
IGEM/UP/1C
4.3.4 STP shall be determined using a multiple of either MIP or MOP (see Table 4)
Normally, the values of MIP and MOP shall be obtained from the MAM. However,
the majority of meter installations will have standard values as given in

Tables 1 to 3.
Upstream of mbar Downstream of mbar

pressure break pressure break
DMIPu 200 MIPmi 75
DPu 75 MOPmi 23
STPmiu 220 STPmid 82.5
TABLE 1 - EXAMPLE 1. A LOW PRESSURE OUTLET FED FROM THE LOW

PRESSURE NETWORK (NG)

DMIPu 2700 MIPmi 50*
DPu 2000 MOPmi 23
STPmiu 3000 STPmid 57.5*
* Figure depends on the set point of the slam shut valve.
TABLE 2 - EXAMPLE 2. A LOW PRESSURE OUTLET FED FROM THE

MEDIUM PRESSURE NETWORK (NG)

DMIPu 350 MIPmi 80
DPu 75 MOPmi 39
STPmiu 525 STPmid 97.5
TABLE 3 - EXAMPLE 3. A LOW PRESSURE OUTLET FED FROM A LOW

PRESSURE NETWORK (LPG)
4.3.5 Where a booster or compressor is included downstream of the installation being

tested, the maximum back pressure (MIPc) shall be obtained from its owner.
Where this pressure exceeds MIPmi, MIPc shall be taken as MIP.
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IGEM/UP/1C
4.4 METHOD, PRESSURE, DURATION AND TEST CRITERIA FOR STRENGTH

TESTING
The method, pressure (STP), duration (STD) and criteria for pneumatic strength
testing shall be as given in Table 4.
Where STP is calculated to exceed 3.5 bar for pipework of diameter exceeding
150 mm, or 10.5 bar for diameter exceeding 25 mm, a hydrostatic strength test
shall be carried out in accordance with IGE/UP/1. Pneumatic testing shall not be
carried out in such circumstances.
MOP Ø STP STABILISE STD MAXIMUM

(mm) (greater of) (mins)* (mins) DROP
% STP
 100 mbar ALL 1.1 MIP and 5 5 5
2.5 MOP
>100 mbar ALL 1.1 MIP and 10 5 5
2 bar 2.0 MOP
>2 bar  150 1.1 MIP and 15 30 5
7 bar 1.5 MOP
* Where surrounding conditions are stable, the responsible engineer may judge
the installation to have stabilised before the time periods given.
TABLE 4 - SELECTION OF THE PRESSURE, DURATION, AND THE TEST

CRITERIA FOR STRENGTH TESTING
4.5 PROCEDURES – STRENGTH TESTING
4.5.1 A thorough survey of the meter installation, to detect any major integrity defect,
shall be carried out before testing, including inspection of certificates, non-
destructive testing (NDT), etc.
As far as is reasonably practicable, joints should be exposed during the strength

test to enable the use of LDF following a failed test.
4.5.2 It shall be ensured that all components are inspected prior to testing and have
been designed, installed and anchored to withstand STP.
4.5.3 Either of the following two situations will arise:

 where all components within the meter installation can withstand the highest
STP, (as calculated from the two MOPs or MIPs), the highest STP should be
used to test the whole section
Note: Normally this will be the case with low pressure sourced metering installations.
 where certain components cannot withstand the highest STP of the
assembly, the assembly shall be split so that two separate strength tests can
be carried out, each at the appropriate STP.
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IGEM/UP/1C
4.5.4 Before testing, the following actions shall be taken:

 ensure all isolation valves are plugged securely or blanked off and the valves
are in the open position to ensure the valve body is tested

 where necessary, remove any component that is not to be included in the
test.
Remove any component or sub-assembly that could be damaged by STP

prior to carrying out the strength test. Such a component or sub-assembly
shall be, or be proved to have been, tested separately to an appropriate
standard. Install spool pieces or blanks.
Note: When a removed item(s) is (are) subsequently connected to the meter installation, it is
not necessary to repeat the strength test for the whole installation before carrying out
a tightness test, provided the connections are inspected carefully during the tightness
test. Such connections, if welded, will need to have been subject to NDT to a standard
equivalent to that used for the rest of the section.
 ensure there is a means of pressurising the installation either with dry
compressed air or N2 (above freezing point if expanded from bottled N2)
 incorporate (in the connection of the pressurisation medium to the
installation) suitably adjusted regulators and a full flow safety valve(s) to
prevent pressurisation above STP
 if the assembly incorporates components that can trap pressure, for example
a pressure regulator, it will be necessary to provide a pressure equalisation
by-pass around such components. Any by-pass shall be suitable to withstand
the pressure.
4.5.5 Appropriate instruments shall be provided to evaluate the test as follows,

duplicated where necessary:
 pressure recorders
 pressure gauges
 temperature recorders.
4.5.6 Gauges and recorders shall be certificated for calibration and, if appropriate,
zeroed before use.
4.5.7 An exclusion zone, in accordance with Table 5, shall be set up around the area
of any meter installation for which STP exceeds 1 bar. Personnel shall not be
within this distance while pressurising or during the stabilisation and test
periods.
Note: In general, this will mean that the pressurisation equipment and test instruments are also
outside this area, the latter being piped into the area in small bore pipework. The distances
detailed in Table 5 are based on the centre-line of fittings and components and extend both
sides.
For STP exceeding 7 bar, a suitable risk assessment shall be carried out to
determine the distance required.
STP DISTANCE
(bar) (m)
>12 1
>25 2
>57 3
TABLE 5 - SAFETY DISTANCES EACH SIDE OF AN INSTALLATION FOR

STRENGTH TESTING AT STP EXCEEDING 1 BAR
4.5.8 A final inspection of the meter installation shall be carried out to ensure that it is
ready for the test (it shall be ensured that any exclusion zone is clear of all
personnel - see Table 5).
13
IGEM/UP/1C
4.5.9 If STP exceeds 2 bar, a check for general integrity, for example for open ends,
shall be carried out at a pressure of 350 mbar. The meter installation shall be
pressurised slowly. For STP exceeding 2 bar, after reaching 2 bar, the pressure
shall be increased in 10% stages up to STP leaving a short period between each
increase.
4.5.10 The pressure in the meter installation should be maintained at STP over the
stabilisation period.
4.5.11 At the end of the stabilisation period, the pressure source shall be disconnected
from the meter installation and the strength test duration (STD) (see Table 4)
shall start. The gauge shall be monitored for the full test period.
4.5.12 If the meter installation fails the strength test (see Table 4 – permitted drop),
the pressure shall be reduced to no greater than 1 bar prior to allowing
personnel into the exclusion zone to test joints, glands, etc. for leakage, using
LDF.
Before work commences to remedy any leakage, the test pressure within the
meter installation should be reduced to zero, by safely venting to atmosphere.
Once any repairs are complete, a further strength test shall be carried out which
shall be in accordance with the above procedures.
4.5.13 Following a satisfactory test (see Table 4 – permitted drop), the pressure in the
meter installation should be reduced to OP if a tightness test is to be carried out
immediately. If not, the pressure shall be vented and the meter installation left
in a safe condition until the tightness test is to be carried out. Any exclusion
zone then can be re-opened for all site personnel.
4.5.14 The strength test shall be documented and included in any site Health and
Safety File. Results should be recorded on a formal certificate, a copy of which
should be given to the MAM of the installation.
STP and MOP shall be recorded clearly and be available for reference by any
party subsequently working on the installation.
14
IGEM/UP/1C
START
GO TO FULLY PRE-TESTED, NEW EXISTING. IS IT GO TO

YES YES NO NO
TIGHTNESS UNMODIFIED AND INSTALLATION? NECESSARY TO CARRY TIGHTNESS
TEST DOCUMENTED? OUT A STRENGTH TEST? TEST
(5) (4.1.2 and 4.1.3) (4.1) (5)
NO YES
SELECT METHOD, IS IT SAFE TO STRENGTH RE-ASSESS

YES NO CONSTRUCTION AND
STP AND STD TEST?
(TABLE 4) (4.5.1 and 4.5.2) TEST METHOD.
ELIMINATE
UNACCEPTABLE RISK
OR ELIMINATE NEED TO
STRENGTH TEST.
RETURN TO “START”.
DO COMPONENTS
REMOVE AND YES
OR SUB
REPLACE/SEAL
ASSEMBLIES
NEED TO BE
REMOVED?
(4.5.3)
NO
APPLY
PRECAUTIONS
AND TEST
(4.5)
TEST PASS? NO DE-PRESSURISE

(TABLE 4) AND REPAIR
YES
DOCUMENT AND
GO TO
TIGHTNESS
TEST (5)
Note: This algorithm does not show all necessary steps and the full procedures in Section 4 apply.
FIGURE 5 - FLOW-CHART/DECISION ALGORITHM FOR STRENGTH

TESTING
15
IGEM/UP/1C
SECTION 5 : TIGHTNESS TESTING

Even if a tightness test result is satisfactory, any smell of gas or a gas detector reading
indicating the presence of gas is not acceptable. For simplicity this Standard treats new and
existing meter installations as the same. When testing a section of an existing meter
installation, the test may be against an isolation valve(s) which could be relatively old and
worn, this may result in the section failing the test. Under such circumstances, IGE/UP/1
defines a maximum level of leakage for existing installations and may be therefore a more
appropriate test.
Some LDFs have an adverse effect on certain installation materials. Consequently, any
residual fluid shall be washed off thoroughly and subsequently be dried. LDFs containing more
than 30 parts per million of halogens shall not be used on stainless steel components.
If necessary, for example when joints are to be broken, temporary continuity bonds shall be
installed before the separation of the components and testing commences.
5.1 DECISION WHETHER TO TIGHTNESS TEST
5.1.1 Tightness testing is required under the following circumstances:

 prior to a new installation being commissioned with gas
 where a leak is suspected to exist on an existing installation
 where a new section has been added into an existing installation
 where there has been a complete loss of pressure, for any reason, for
example component replacement, section replacement, etc.
Note: Where a meter installation has been previously tested off site, in all circumstances a
tightness test carried out in accordance with Section 5 is required.
When repairing/modifying/replacing components on an existing meter

installation which has resulted in a loss of pressure due to opening the gasways,
it is only necessary to undertake a tightness test on the section that has lost
pressure. As such, particularly on larger meter installations, as much of the
meter installation as possible should be kept pressurised, along with the
downstream installation (see Figure 3).
5.1.2 Where the downstream installation pipework is being kept live the pressure
should be maintained and monitored to be at a positive pressure (normally OP).
It should be ensured that there are no major leaks on the temporary pipework
supplying the gas, by using LDF or a gas detector, as appropriate.
5.1.3 Where a temporary supply is being used to maintain a positive pressure in the
downstream installation pipework, all aspects shall be agreed with the
responsible person on site.
5.1.4 Where it is intended to reduce the pressure in the downstream installation this
shall not be undertaken until a let-by test of the section isolation valves (for
example, ECV, meter outlet valve (MOV), stream isolation valve) has been
completed.
5.2 GENERAL
5.2.1 A thorough survey of the meter installation shall be carried out before testing,
to detect and correct any major integrity defect.
5.2.2 For any meter installation of tightness test pressure (TTP) exceeding 1 bar,
either the safety distances given in Table 5 shall be applied or the test carried
out when the premises are unoccupied.
16
IGEM/UP/1C
5.2.3 If the meter installation contains fuel gas, it should be tested with fuel gas
unless a complete purge to air/N2 is carried out (see Section 6) before testing
with air/N2.
5.2.4 Where a meter installation containing air is pressurised with fuel gas, and
following a satisfactory tightness test, it shall immediately be purged to fuel gas.
If the tightness test should fail, the leak shall be traced and repaired. If it is
necessary to open the gasways to do this, the installation shall be depressurised
and purged to air (see Section 6).
5.3 DETERMINATION OF TTP
The tightness test is normally undertaken with a TTP of OP.
The majority of meter installations incorporate a pressure regulator, and as such

will normally incorporate a pressure break, and have sections operating at
different OPs, which result in different TTP requirements.
The section downstream of the pressure break shall be tested with a

TTP ≥ OPmi.
Any section on the inlet side of the pressure regulator(s) that can be tested as a
separate section at OPu, shall be tested with a TTP equal to OPu.
The section incorporating the pressure regulators and safety devices is more
problematic. The pressure regulators will have to be by-passed and the whole
section tested at either OPu or OPmi:
 where all components within the section to be tested can withstand OPu, the
whole section should be tested at OPu
 where components may be damaged by pressurising the downstream side of
the pressure regulators to OPu, the whole section shall be tested with a TTP
equal to OPmi, and all the joints upstream of the pressure regulators
subsequently tested with LDF at OPu.
17
IGEM/UP/1C
FIGURE 6 (a) - DOWNSTREAM PRESSURE BREAK.

NO ISSUES WITH COMPONENT STRENGTH (MIV FITTED)
FIGURE 6 (b) - DOWNSTREAM PRESSURE BREAK.

WITHSTANDING MOPU (MIV FITTED)
FIGURE 6 (c) - DOWNSTREAM PRESSURE BREAK.

METER NOT CAPABLE OF WITHSTANDING MIPU,
WITHSTANDING MOPU (NO MIV FITTED)
FIGURE 6 - PRESSURE BREAKS. TIGHTNESS TEST REQUIREMENTS
18
IGEM/UP/1C
5.4 TIGHTNESS TEST DURATION (TTD)

5.4.1 A pressure gauge with a GRM of 0.5 (see Table 15) should be used and the
actions outlined in A4.3.2 undertaken.
5.4.2 The TTD shall be:

 as specified in Tables 6, 7 or 8 as appropriate
Note: The values in Tables 6, 7 and 8 assume a pressure gauge with a GRM of 0.5 is being
used.
or,
 calculated in accordance with Appendix 4, for those meter installations and
gauges not covered by Tables 6, 7 or 8.
DESIGNATION TTD (mins)

OF METER NG PROPANE
G4/U6 2 2
G10/U16 2 4
G16/U25 2 5
U40 3 9
G40/U65 4 13
G65/U100 7 23
U160 11 See Note 2
RD or turbine up 2 5
to 100mm NB and
up to 5 m length
Note 1: If adopting the concept of NPM, TTD can be calculated by dividing the durations given
above by 2 and rounding up to the nearest minute, with a minimum test time of 2 minutes.
Note 2: TTD would be above 30 mins, and IGE/UP/1 needs to be consulted.
Note 3: Further TTDs for larger installations are shown in Tables 7 and 8.
Note 4: TTDs for installations containing can be calculated using Appendix 4.
TABLE 6 - TIGHTNESS TEST DURATION (MINS) FOR TYPICAL

INSTALLATIONS AND USING A PRESSURE GAUGE WITH A
GRM OF 0.5 MBAR
19
IGEM/UP/1C
LENGTH
(m) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
DIAMETER
(mm)
40 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
50 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
80 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
100 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 4
150 2 2 3 3 4 5 5 6 7 7
200 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 11 12
250 2 4 6 8 9 11 13 15 16 18
300 3 5 8 10 13 15 18 20 23 25
Note: If adopting the concept of NPM, TTD can be calculated by dividing the durations given
TABLE 7 - TIGHTNESS TEST DURATIONS (MINS) FOR RD AND TURBINE

METERS USING A GAUGE WITH A GRM OF 0.5 MBAR
(NATURAL GAS)
LENGTH
(m) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
DIAMETER
(mm)
40 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
50 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3
80 2 2 2 3 3 4 5 5 6 6
100 2 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
150 3 5 7 9 12 14 16 18 20 23
Note Note Note

200 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 2 2 2
Note Note Note Note Note

250 6 12 18 24 30 2 2 2 2 2
Note Note Note Note Note Note Note

300 9 17 25 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Note 1: If adopting the concept of NPM, TTD can be calculated by dividing the durations given
Note 2: TTD would be above 30 mins, and IGE/UP/1 needs to be consulted.
TABLE 8 - TIGHTNESS TEST DURATIONS (MINS) FOR RD AND TURBINE

METERS USING A GAUGE WITH A GRM OF 0.5 MBAR
(PROPANE)
20
IGEM/UP/1C
5.5 PROCEDURES - TIGHTNESS TESTING

5.5.1 By-passing components
5.5.1.1 If there is any component in the meter installation that could trap pressure, for
example a regulator, a non-return valve (NRV), etc., the component concerned
shall be by-passed temporarily to equalize the pressure either side of the
component. All valves shall be open, or by-passed.
5.5.1.2 When constructing a by-pass, particular care shall be taken to use

materials/components and security (via anchorage, etc.) suitable for the test
pressure (IGEM/UP/2 provides requirements).
Care shall be taken to avoid damage to regulator diaphragms, filters, etc.
5.5.2 Ambient conditions
5.5.2.1 Where a meter installation includes exposed pipework, the test shall be carried
out taking account of ambient conditions i.e. when ambient conditions are
stable. Testing shall not be carried out if any part of the meter installation would
be exposed to direct sunlight during the test period.
5.5.2.2 For a meter installation in a building, testing should take place when the
temperature will not change over the test period.
5.5.3 Section and valve isolation
For meter installations operating at elevated pressures, consideration shall be

given to the safe isolation of the supply prior to exposing gas ways.
Note: For installations above 75 mbar, typically a double block and bleed arrangement is normally
fitted.
5.5.3.1 Testing with nitrogen/air
All valves in the meter installation shall be spaded off, plugged or capped and
left in the open position, in order that the test will include the valves and will be
made against sealed ends. The ECV shall be spaded off on the downstream side.
5.5.3.2 Testing with fuel gas
A let-by test shall be carried out on the section inlet and outlet valves.
5.5.4 Testing
5.5.4.1 The following tightness test procedure shall be followed:
(a) If testing a meter installation with fuel gas, a let-by test of the section
isolation valve(s) shall be carried out, ensuring the valve(s) is/are closed,
by adjusting the pressure to approximately 50% OP.
If, over the same test period as calculated for the tightness test (TTD), a
rise in pressure of more than GRM is observed, the isolation valve may
be letting-by. Any defective isolation valve shall be repaired/replaced
before proceeding to the tightness test. If let-by is confirmed on an ECV,
the Gas Emergency Contact Centre (for LPG, the gas supplier) shall be
notified and the installation made safe, suspending the test until a repair
has been made.
(b) If TTP exceeds 2 bar, a check for general integrity, for example for open
ends, shall be carried out at a pressure of 350 mbar. The meter
21
IGEM/UP/1C
installation shall be pressurised slowly. For TTP exceeding 2 bar, after

reaching 2 bar, the pressure shall be increased in 10% stages up to TTP
leaving a short period between each increase.
(c) The temperature should be allowed to stabilise for TTD or for 6 mins,
whichever is the longer.
Note: Where surrounding conditions are stable, the responsible engineer may judge the
installation to have stabilised before the time periods given.
The source of pressure shall then be isolated.
(d) The gauge shall be monitored as necessary for the duration of the test.
Any movement of the gauge shall be less than GRM (Table 15). If greater
movement is detected, the test has failed and the leak(s) shall be located
and rectified and the test repeated.
Note: For the scope of this Standard, correction for atmospheric pressure and
temperature variations is not needed.
(e) If spades, etc. are fitted, the meter installation shall be de-pressurised,
the spades, etc. removed and any disturbed joints checked with LDF.
5.6 COMPLETION
5.6.1 If testing on air/N2 the pressure shall be released in a safe and controlled
manner, and the meter installation may be purged to fuel gas immediately
following a successful tightness test. If purging is not carried out immediately, a
further tightness check must be carried out immediately prior to purging.
5.6.2 Where a meter installation containing air has been tested with fuel gas,
following completion of a satisfactory tightness test, the meter installation shall
be immediately purged to fuel gas. If the test should fail, the leak shall be
traced and repaired. If it is necessary to open the gas ways, the meter
installation shall be de-pressurised and purged to air/N2 prior to undertaking
repairs.
5.6.3 After proving tightness, any purging shall be carried out as detailed in Section 6.
5.6.4 The tightness test shall be documented and included in any site Health and
Safety File. Results should be recorded on a formal certificate, a copy of which
should be given to the MAM of the pipework tested.
OP shall be recorded clearly and be available for reference by any party

subsequently working on the installation.
22
IGEM/UP/1C
START
YES
STRENGTH TEST CARRIED
OUT OR PRE-TESTED AND/ NO NO DO NOT TIGHTNESS TEST,
STRENGTH TEST, PASS?
OR ALL EXISTING RECONSTRUCT
EQUIPMENT CERTIFICATED?
YES
FIT TEMPORARY BY-PASSESS

FOR COMPONENTS THAT
WILL TRAP GAS
FIT SPADES/PLUGS TO ALL

VALVES AND TEST IN OPEN
POSITION
IS THE SITE SURVEY NO

COMPLETE REMEDIAL WORK
SATISFACTORY?
YES
SELECT TTD (5.4) OR

CALCULATE TTD
(APPENDIX 4)
ADJUST PRESSURE TO TTP
ALLOW TO STABILISE
TRACE LEAK, REPAIR AND

RE-TEST
REPAIR AND RE-TEST
YES
GAUGE READING DROP LESS CAN LEAK BE TRACED AND

CARRY OUT TIGHTNESS NO NO NO
THAN PERMITTED DROP AND REPAIRED WITHOUT DE-PRESSURISE
TEST, TOTALLY GAS TIGHT?
NO SMELL OF GAS? DE-COMMISSIONING?
YES YES
COMPLETE
DOCUMENTATION (5.6) AND
PURGE (SECTION 6)
FIGURE 7 - FLOW CHART/DECISION ALGORITHM FOR TIGHTNESS

TESTING WITH AIR OR N2
23
IGEM/UP/1C
START
YES
STRENGTH TEST CARRIED
OUT OR PRE-TESTED AND/ NO NO DO NOT TIGHTNESS TEST,
STRENGTH TEST, PASS?
OR ALL EXISTING RECONSTRUCT
EQUIPMENT CERTIFICATED?
YES
FIT TEMPORARY BY-PASSESS

FOR COMPONENTS THAT
WILL TRAP GAS
FIT SPADES/PLUGS TO ALL

VALVES AND TEST IN OPEN
POSITION, EXCEPT SECTION
ISOLATION VALVES
IS THE SITE SURVEY NO

COMPLETE REMEDIAL WORK
SATISFACTORY?
YES
SELECT TTD (5.4) OR

CALCULATE TTD
(APPENDIX 4)
CARRY OUT LET-BY TEST ON REPAIR VALVE OR ISOLATE

NO
SECTION ISOLATION SECTION BY OTHER MEANS
VALVE(S), SATISFACTORY? (5.5.4.1 (a))
YES
ADJUST PRESSURE TO TTP
ALLOW TO STABILISE
TRACE LEAK, REPAIR AND

RE-TEST
REPAIR AND RE-TEST
YES
GAUGE READING DROP LESS CAN LEAK BE TRACED AND

CARRY OUT TIGHTNESS NO NO NO DE-PRESSURISE AND PURGE
THAN PERMITTED DROP AND REPAIRED WITHOUT
TEST, TOTALLY GAS TIGHT? TO AIR OR NITROGEN
NO SMELL OF GAS? DE-COMMISSIONING?
YES YES
COMPLETE
DOCUMENTATION (5.6) AND
PURGE (SECTION 6)
FIGURE 8 - FLOW CHART/DECISION ALGORITHM FOR TIGHTNESS

TESTING WITH FUEL GAS
24
IGEM/UP/1C
SECTION 6 : DIRECT PURGING

This section deals with direct purging with air or fuel gas. If, for any reason, the purge is not
complete, it will be necessary to carry out an indirect purge using N2, guidance on which is
provided in Appendix 3 (see also clause 6.1.2 and Sub-Section 6.8).
This Standard assumes that the installation will be pressurised during purging.
6.1 GENERAL
6.1.1 The environmental impact of releasing methane into the atmosphere shall be
considered and the volume of any vented gas should be minimised, for example
by minimising the section to be purged through the use of appropriate isolation
valves, only purging the section being worked on and not significantly exceeding
the calculated purge volume.
6.1.2 For LPG, reference should be made to the advice contained in Appendix 5 when
assessing safety.
If the assessment indicates that safety would be compromised, the LPG gas
shall be purged indirectly seeking specialist advice if necessary.
LPG gas shall not be vented to atmosphere.
6.1.3 A tightness test must be carried out immediately prior to any purge admitting
gas. Vent points shall be leakage tested.
Note: This equally applies when admitting N2 to be followed by NG/LPG (see Appendix 3).
6.1.4 The pressure created during purging shall not exceed MOP of any component
being purged.
6.1.5 If compressed air from a cylinder is used for purging, the air shall be supplied
through high capacity regulators, appropriate precautions being taken for
example pressure gauges, safety devices and multi stage regulation.
Note: This is to prevent icing of regulators and excess pressure being applied.
6.1.6 Where a meter installation is to be taken permanently out of use, it shall be

isolated physically, for example by spading or removing a component and
sealing the ends.
Any de-commissioned meter installation shall be left purged to air.
6.1.7 Where a meter installation is to be taken temporarily out of service for repairs
or alterations, a let-by test shall be carried out on any valve(s) to be used to
isolate the meter installation (see clause 5.5.4.1(a)). Where an installation is
left unattended, it shall be isolated physically, for example by spading or, where
not practicable, by reliably locking off to prevent unauthorised operation.
6.2 PLANNING AND SUPERVISION
6.2.1 The meter installation shall be checked to ensure that it has all necessary valves
and sufficient access points to allow the purging operation to take place safely.
6.2.2 Purging of a meter installation shall be carried out only with the agreement of its
owner prior to the purge.
25
IGEM/UP/1C
6.2.3 Purging shall be planned carefully and the following procedures shall be
undertaken as appropriate:
 determine the required number of gas operatives

 survey the meter installation to establish that it is in a satisfactory condition.
Any defect shall be corrected before any purging is undertaken, unless
de-commissioning
 for complex purging operations, prepare a written procedure for the
operation. If it is anticipated that cutting or welding of any part of the
installation may take place after completion of purging, consideration shall
be given to the use of a “permit to work” system.
6.2.4 During the purging operation, all other work on the meter installation being
purged shall be prohibited.
6.2.5 The complete purge procedure shall be continuous and the minimum purge flow
rate, and hence the minimum velocity, given in Table 9 shall be achieved.
Note 1: This is to prevent stratification and, hence, low or zero flow of one of the contained gases.
Note 2: It is not a requirement to purge at OP. In general, if purge points are sized adequately, the
minimum required velocity will be achieved more easily at lower pressures (see Table 9,
column 5).
If it becomes immediately apparent that a direct purge will not achieve the
required flow rate, the restriction may be removed and the purge re-started.
Otherwise, an indirect purge using N2 shall be carried out (see Appendix 3).
Consequently, planning shall take into account the need for sufficient quantities
of N2 to be available.
6.2.6 Purge points shall be located at the remote ends of the section to be tested.
6.2.7 Purge points shall be located as close as possible to the extremities of the
installation to enable a complete purge.
6.2.8 When purging with air, it must be ensured that air will not enter the GT’s or any
other distribution network.
6.2.9 The direct purge shall be a complete displacement purge and consideration shall
be given to any dead-legs.
6.2.10 Precautions shall be taken to prevent asphyxiation, especially in basements and

confined spaces.
6.3 SITE PRECAUTIONS
6.3.1 Warning notices and labels
6.3.1.1 Appropriate “No smoking” and/or “No naked lights” signage shall be displayed
prominently around any vent and the overall area where purging will take place.
6.3.1.2 Any valve to or from the meter installation to be purged shall be labelled clearly,
for example “Do not operate – purging in progress”.
6.3.2 Electrical and fire
6.3.2.1 Where appropriate, due regard shall be paid to the intrinsic safety of any
electrical equipment used in the vicinity of the vent points.
6.3.2.2 Any fitted electrical continuity bonds shall be maintained throughout the purging
operation.
26
IGEM/UP/1C
6.3.2.3 Sufficient and appropriate fire extinguishers should be situated near the vent
point(s).
6.4 DESIGNING AND POSITIONING PURGE POINTS, HOSES AND

VENT/FLARE STACKS
6.4.1 Precautions shall be taken to reduce, as far as possible, the hazards associated
with venting, for example by avoiding venting close to property air intakes, or to
any potential sources of ignition such as street lamps and electrical plant. If
there is any doubt about the minimum clearance to ignition sources, reference
should be made to IGE/SR/23. Any electrical switch or isolator in the vicinity of
the vent outlet shall not be operated during purging.
Consideration shall be given to potential complaints of smell arising from any

purging operation and prior notice should be given to any persons identified as
liable to notice purged gas by smell.
Note: Flaring may be an appropriate in such circumstances.
6.4.2 Purge points, associated vents, hoses and vent/flare stacks shall be sized to
permit sufficient flow in order to maintain the required purge rate/velocity,
Table 9, columns 4 and 5 should be used.
Note: Where the minimum required flow rate cannot be achieved, multiple vents may be used.
These may be operated simultaneously, provided each point is supervised and
communications are adequate to enable a safe purge.
Any valve used in the purge process should be full bore, where possible.
6.4.3 Any vent stack should terminate with a suitable flame arrestor.
Note: Where the purge velocity can be guaranteed, it may not be necessary to fit an arrestor.
6.4.4 Any vent stack shall incorporate a full bore control valve and sample point.
6.4.6 The purge hose shall be:

 suitable for containing the fuel gas
Note: For LPG, the hose will need to be resistant to the aggressive solvent action of LPG on
rubber and some plasticisers.
 gas tight
 secured firmly to the purge point
Note: Unsecured push-on connections are not acceptable.
 earthed suitably to avoid sparking, if necessary, for example for externally
armoured hose.
Hose materials that may generate static electricity, for example PE, shall not be
used.
Note: The possibility of generating static electricity increases as the purge velocity increases.
6.4.7 Any vent outlet should be located in open air, terminate at least 2.5 m above
ground and be located at least 5 m downwind of any potential ignition source.
6.4.8 Precautions shall be taken to prevent vented gas drifting into buildings.
6.4.9 When purging small volumes of Natural Gas, purging may be carried out directly
into a well ventilated internal area without the use of a purge hose, vent stack
or flame arrestor, but only if all the following criteria are satisfied:
 OP of the meter installation being purged shall not exceed 21 mbar
 the total volume of the pipework to be purged shall not exceed 0.02 m3
27
IGEM/UP/1C
 with the exception of an external purpose built meter house, the volume of
the internal area shall not be less than 30 m3
Note: The exception for purpose built meter houses is only applicable where there is no
means of gas entering the building from the housing.
 the internal area shall be well ventilated, for example with windows and
doors open and any mechanical ventilation in operation
 the purge point(s) shall be located in a well ventilated section of the internal
area and shall not exceed 25 mm
 there shall be no potential ignition sources within 3 m of any purge point
 the valve used to control the purge shall be in the same internal area as the
purge point(s)
 the gas concentration in the area shall be monitored and, as far as is
possible, it shall not be permitted to exceed 10% lower flammability limit
(LFL). If it does, the purge shall be stopped immediately and the system
purged to outside.
6.5 VERIFICATION OF PURGE VELOCITY
6.5.1 A method of verifying that the required purge velocity (Table 9) is achievable
shall be available and shall be one of the following:
 a suitably sized “volume” meter (used in conjunction with a timer to enable
the flow rate to be calculated) already fitted in the section of pipework to be
purged
 a suitably sized “rate of flow” meter, i.e. capable of passing well in excess of
the purge flow rate without sustaining damage
 a suitable flow measuring device fitted downstream of the purge point(s),
such as an independent positive displacement or turbine meter.
Note 1: Usually, the meter being purged will fulfil this function. However, for short purge times, the
purge gas passed may not register.
Note 2: Provided there is confidence (see also clause 6.2.5) that the required purge velocity
(Table 9) will be achieved, a timed passage of purge gas (see clause 6.8.4) may be used at
the discretion of a responsible, competent person.
6.5.2 A test of the vent gas shall always be carried out (see Sub-Section 6.10).
6.6 IDENTIFICATION OF PURGE GAS CYLINDERS
When the purge gas for example, air is supplied from a cylinder, special care
shall be taken to ensure that the cylinder does not contain the wrong gas, for
example oxygen. Cylinders shall be checked in this respect, before use.
Note: This can be achieved, for example by using an oxygen detector or by confirmation of the
contents of the cylinder by the supplier, etc.
6.7 GAS DETECTORS, OXYGEN MEASURING DEVICES AND OTHER

ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT
Any gas detector, oxygen measuring device or other electronic equipment shall:
 comply with Sub-Section 3.4
 be operated in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions and by a
trained competent person capable of interpreting the results obtained
 have its batteries tested prior to use
 be zeroed at the commencement of each test and have its zero checked at
the finish of each test
 be tested, overhauled and calibrated in accordance with the manufacturer’s
instructions.
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6.8 DETERMINATION OF THE PURGE VOLUME, MINIMUM PURGE FLOW RATE

AND PURGE TIME
6.8.1 The purge volume (PV) of the installation and purge hose/vent pipe shall be
calculated as follows:
Note: The volume of the purge hose may be significant in relation to small volumes of installation
and this needs to be taken into consideration.
 PV of a diaphragm meter
= 5 x cyclic volume (Table 13)
Note: The cyclic volume (capacity per revolution) is shown either on the index plate of
modern meters or, on older tin case meters, on the badge plate.
 PV of a RD, turbine or ultrasonic meter
= 1.5 x volume of an equivalent length of pipe (see Table 13)
 PV of the remainder of pipework and components within the installation
= 1.5 x (IVp + IVf) (see Appendix 4)
 PV of a purge hose/vent pipe
= 1.5 x volume of hose/pipe (Table 14).
The total purge volume (PV) is the sum of the above.
6.8.2 It should be confirmed that the velocity of the purging medium through the pipe
is above a minimum level, to ensure that the effect of stratification does not
impair the purging.
Note: Although velocity is not easily measured in such a situation, it can be related to purge flow
rate which can be monitored with a flow meter or a timing method.
6.8.3 The minimum purge flowrate (Q) shall be determined from Table 9. For a meter
installation including significant volumes of pipe, the largest diameter pipe shall
be used to determine Q.
Note: If Q is not achieved, the purge time and volume of purge gas required will be excessive
and, even then, a satisfactory purge may not be achieved as the minimum velocity
required, the key factor, will also not be achieved.
6.8.4 Where necessary (see clause 6.5.1), the maximum purge time (PTmax) shall be
calculated as follows:
PV(m3 ) x 3600
PTmax (secs) =
Q (m3 h1)
Note: This is the maximum time (purge time) it will take before a vent gas test should indicate a
sufficient quantity of fuel gas or air as appropriate to indicate completion of the purge.
Example:
A single filter and regulator within a section of 80 mm pipe of total length 0.8 m.
An RD meter with no by-pass, fitted in a section of 100 mm pipe of total length 1.2 m.
10 m long purge hose of 40 mm diameter.
The purge volume is calculated as given in clause 6.8.1:
PV = (1.5 X 0.8 X 0.0054) + (1.5 X 1.2 X 0.009) + (1.5 X 10 X 0.0015)

PV = (0.00648) + (0.0162) + (0.0225)
PV = 0.0452 m3
Minimum purge flow rate from Table 9 for 100 mm pipe is 0.33 m3/min
PTmax is therefore 0.0452/0.33 = 0.137 mins = 9 secs.
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1 2 3 4 5
NOMINAL MINIMUM MINIMUM PURGE PURGE HOSE/ FLAME
PIPE PURGE FLOW-RATE VENT/FLARE ARRESTER

DIAMETER VELOCITY (Q) STACK NOMINAL NOMINAL
TO BE BORE BORE
PURGED
mm m s-1 m3 min-1 m3 h-1 mm mm
20 0.6 0.01 0.7 20 20

25 0.6 0.02 1.0 20 20
32 0.6 0.03 1.7 20 20
40 0.6 0.05 2.5 20 20
50 0.6 0.08 4.5 40 50
80 0.6 0.19 11 40 50
100 0.6 0.33 20 40 50
125 0.6 0.5 30 50 50
150 0.6 0.7 38 50 50
200 0.7 1.32 79 100 200
250 0.8 2.35 141 100 200
300 0.9 3.6 216 150 200
400 1.0 7.9 473 150 200
Note: While the dimensions of nominal bore given will achieve the necessary flow rates, other
sizes may be used. In any event, the minimum required purge velocity has to be achieved.
TABLE 9 - MINIMUM PURGE FLOW RATE AND VELOCITY WITH

RECOMMENDED MINIMUM VENT AND FLARE STACK
DIMENSIONS
6.9 VENT GAS TESTING
The criteria given in Table 10 shall be used when testing the vent gas.
Note: Table 10 is intended to ensure safe conditions, but not necessarily efficient combustion
performance.
FLAMMABILITY SAFE PURGE END POINTS

LIMITS
FUEL TYPE SPECIFIC LOWER UPPER DIRECT DIRECT
(GAS OR GRAVITY: LIMIT % LIMIT % PURGE FROM PURGE FROM
VAPOUR) AIR = 1 GAS IN GAS IN AIR TO GAS GAS TO AIR
(See Note 1) AIR AIR (see Note 4)
NATURAL GAS 0.6 4.5 15.5 90% fuel gas 1.8% gas
PROPANE 1.5 2.1 10.1 See Note 2 See Note 2
BUTANE 1.9 1.86 8.41 See Note 2 See Note 2
Note 1: Specific gravity of gases in relation to air, <1 being lighter than air and >1 being heavier
than air.
Note 2: It is recommended that these gases be purged using N2 rather than air due to their low
LFLs or high specific gravity. Refer to Appendix 3 for N2 purging.
Note 3: Gas detectors used for differing gases need to be calibrated for the particular gas being tested.
Note 4: This end point is at 40% LFL.
TABLE 10 - FLAMMABILITY LIMITS AND SAFE PURGE END POINTS
6.10 PURGING PROCEDURES
6.10.1 Direct purging from air to gas i.e. commissioning
The procedure assumes that, prior to purging, any purge point and any valve on
any connected vent/flare stack is closed, that the section isolation valve(s)
is/are closed and that any other valve within the meter installation is open.
Throughout the purge operation, steps should be taken to ensure that the
pressure in any upstream pipework or at an appliance will not be affected by the
purging operation.
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Note: On larger meter installations at higher pressures, for example exceeding 2 bar, it may be
necessary to use a valved rider to bypass the section isolation valve, in order to enable a
satisfactory level of control of pressurisation. It also may be necessary to introduce a
pressure regulator into the rider to control the supply pressure to prevent
overpressurisation of attached purge hoses and vents.
The following procedure shall be carried out:
(a) Ensure that a satisfactory tightness test (Section 5) has been carried out,
immediately before starting the purge.
(b) Open all purge points and open valves on connected vent/flare stacks
and the section isolation valve to admit gas. Simultaneously, start the
chosen method of measuring the flow of purge gas (see clause 6.5.1),
i.e.;
 start a timer and
 read the in-line meter or read the flow meter rate.
Note: If using a flow meter, it will be immediately apparent if the minimum required
purge volume rate is not being achieved. In this case, it may be possible to stop
the purge, rectify the reason for the incomplete purge and re-start the purge (from
the beginning) without resorting to an indirect (N2) purge (see (d) below).
(c) After half the estimated purge time (see clause 6.9.3) has elapsed (or
earlier if desired – which may limit the wastage of gas), start testing the
concentration of fuel gas in the vent gas using a suitable gas detector.
Note: For an RD meter the purge could be very short, in which case testing of the vent
gas may need to be started immediately.
(d) Stop the purge by closing the vent/flare stack valve(s) (and record the
in-line meter reading, if applicable) when a level of fuel gas, as indicated
in Table 10 for safe purge end point, is achieved, or the metered purge
volume has passed.
Note: Any method has to be verified by a satisfactory vent gas sample.
If Table 10 concentrations are not achieved within the purge time (or by
the time the purge volume has passed) an incomplete purge is indicated.
In this case, close the section isolation valve(s) and immediately purge
the meter installation with N2 in accordance with Appendix 3. Before
repeating steps (a) to (d), identify and rectify the reason for the
incomplete purge.
Note 1: For any "partially complete" purge, the meter installation will contain a mixture of
gas and air that is potentially hazardous. If it is possible to rectify the problem
without opening the gasway, then it may be acceptable to so rectify and re-start
the purge from the beginning. In the intervening period, it is imperative that the
gasway is not opened, that any section isolation valve is not opened, that the
meter installation is not left unattended and that site precautions (see Sub-Section
6.3) remain in place. An overall risk assessment is required which, if sufficient
assurance of safety is not indicated, will lead to an indirect purge using N2 (see
Appendix 3).
Note 2: The reason for an incomplete purge is likely to be insufficient velocity of the NG.
Check the purge time recorded against any meter reading/ flow rate recorded. Any
metered reading less than PV is suspect (see clause 6.9.1). Any flow rate less than
PV expressed as a flow rate is also suspect (see clause 6.9.2). If both are
satisfactory, re-check the calculations (see Sub-Section 6.9). If no problem is
found, it is likely that the actual design of the meter installation is not as assumed
when calculating PV.
Note 3: In conjunction with a stopwatch for metered flow, all the above methods will serve
to confirm that the purge velocity is the minimum required (see Table 9).
(e) Close all purge points, disconnect vent/flare stacks, remove all purge
equipment and plug or cap the open ends with an appropriate fitting.
Test any disturbed joints with LDF or a gas detector.
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IGEM/UP/1C
Note 1: A gas detector is not permitted to move from zero or 0% LFL on the 0% to 10%
LFL scale.
Note 2: Disconnected purge equipment (hoses, meters, etc.) will need to be purged of NG.
(f) Rectify the cause of any detected escapes or smell of gas.
(g) Seal with an appropriate fitting the outlet of the meter installation and
label to indicate that gas is turned on and purged up to that point.
(h) Complete an appropriate purging certificate.

AIR TO GAS
Commissioning
Ensure that a satisfactory tightness Vent stacks and hoses correctly

test has been carried out located. Notices, barriers, fire
extinguishers available and checked.
Test meters and gas detectors
Carry out all preparation work checked.
(6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.6, 6.7)
Calculate:  purge volume

 purge flow rate
 purge time
(6.9)
Isolate potential ignition sources

and erect warning signs (6.3)
Open vent point valve(s)
Immediately admit fuel gas at

correct flow rate (6.11.1 (b))
Monitor gas pressure
Monitor gas flow rate If correct flow rate cannot be

achieved, abandon purge and use
indirect method (Appendix 3)
Sample at vent point after purge
time
After satisfactory vent gas test, Check purge is complete

close vent point valve and remove (Table 10)
purge hose from vent
Test all disturbed joints and joints

in ducts for leaks. Seal all outlets
Complete records and inform

responsible person of position
FIGURE 9 - FLOWCHART FOR DIRECT PURGING OF AIR TO GAS
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IGEM/UP/1C
6.10.2 Direct purging from gas to air i.e. de-commissioning

The following procedure assumes that, prior to purging, any purge point and
any valve on any connected vent/flare stack is closed, that the section isolation
valve is closed and that any other valve within the installation is open.
Throughout the purge operation, steps should be taken to ensure that the
pressure in any upstream pipework or at an appliance will not be affected by the
purging operation.
The following procedure shall be carried out:
(a) Carry out a let-by test on the section isolation valve(s), to prove its/their
integrity (see clause 5.5.4.1 (a)). The let-by test period should be as
calculated or 4 minutes, whichever is lesser.
(b) Ensure the section isolation valve(s) is/are turned off.
(c) Ensure OP of the meter installation will not be exceeded.

Note: This will require a suitable pressure gauge to be fitted as close as practicable to
the air inlet point. Limiting the pressure can, normally, be achieved with the use of
a low-pressure air blower(s) or, in the case of refillable cylinder(s)/storage
vessel(s), with the use of a suitable regulator that can be accurately set to a
pressure at or below OP. Low-pressure air blower(s), cylinder(s)/storage vessel(s),
and regulator(s) need to be sized to pass the required purge flow rate.
(d) Open all purge points and valves on connected vent/flare stacks and
admit air. Simultaneously, start the chosen method of “measuring” the
flow of air (see clause 6.5.1) i.e.
 start a timer and
 read the in-line meter, or read the flow meter rate.
Note: If using a flow meter, it will be immediately apparent if the minimum required
purge volume rate is not being achieved. In this case, it may be possible to stop
the purge, rectify the reason for the incomplete purge and re-start the purge (from
the beginning) without resorting to an indirect (N2) purge (see (f) below).
(e) After half the estimated purge time (see clause 6.9.3) has elapsed (or
earlier if desired) start testing the concentration of air in the vent gas
using an appropriate instrument.
Note: For an RD meter, the purge time could be very short and it may not be practical to
start testing so early in the purge.
(f) Stop the purge by isolating the air supply (and record the in-line meter
reading, if applicable) when a level of air, as indicated in Table 10 for
safe purge end point, is achieved or the metered purge volume has
passed, whichever occurs first.
Note: Any method has to be verified by a satisfactory vent gas sample.
If Table 10 concentrations are not achieved within the purge time (or by
the time the purge volume has passed) an incomplete purge is indicated.
In this case, close the section isolation valve(s) and immediately purge
the meter installation with N2 in accordance with Appendix 3. Before
repeating steps (a) to (d), identify and rectify the reason for the
incomplete purge.
Note 1: For any "partially complete" purge, the meter installation will contain a mixture of
fuel gas and air that is potentially hazardous. If it is possible to rectify the problem
without opening the gasway, then it may be acceptable to so rectify and re-start
the purge from the beginning. In the intervening period, it is imperative that the
gasway is not opened, that any section isolation valve is not opened, that the
meter installation is not left unattended and that site precautions (see
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IGEM/UP/1C
Sub-Section 6.3) remain in place. An overall risk assessment is required which, if

sufficient assurance of safety is not indicated, will lead to an indirect purge using
N2 (see Appendix 3).
Note 2: The reason for an incomplete purge is likely to be insufficient velocity of NG. Check
the purge time recorded against any meter reading/flow rate recorded. Any
metered reading less than PV is suspect (see clause 6.9.1). Any flow rate less than
PV expressed as a flow rate is also suspect (see clause 6.9.2). If both are
satisfactory, re-check the calculations (see Sub-Section 6.9). If no problem is
found, it is likely that the actual design of the meter installation is not as assumed
when calculating PV.
Note 3: Provided there is confidence (see also clause 6.2.5) that the required purge
velocity (Table 9) will be achieved, a timed passage of purge gas (see
clause 6.9.4) may be used at the discretion of a responsible, competent person.
(g) Close all purge points, disconnect vent/flare stacks, remove all purge
equipment and plug or cap the open ends with an appropriate fitting.
Test any disturbed joints with LDF. Seal or disconnect pipework from the
gas supply, sealing all ends with an appropriate fitting.
(h) Label all pipework to show that it has been de-commissioned.
(i) Complete an appropriate purging certificate.
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GAS TO AIR
De-commissioning
Carry out all preparation work Vent stacks and hoses correctly
(6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.6, 6.7) located. Purge gas (air) supply
available. Notices, barriers, fire
extinguishers available and checked.
Test meters and detectors checked.
Calculate:  purge volume
 purge flow rate
 purge time
(6.9)
Isolate potential ignition sources

and erect warning signs (6.3)
Open vent point valve(s)
Immediately admit air at correct

flow rate (6.11.2(d))
Monitor pressure Do not allow to exceed original

operating pressure.
Monitor air flow rate

If correct flow rate cannot be
achieved, abandon purge and use
indirect method (Appendix 3)
Sample at vent point after purge
time
Check purge is complete

After satisfactory vent gas test,
(Table 10).
close purge gas (air) inlet valve
vent and remove purge hose from
vent. Seal all outlets
Complete records and inform

responsible person of position
FIGURE 10 - FLOWCHART FOR DIRECT PURGING OF GAS TO AIR
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IGEM/UP/1C
APPENDIX 1 : GLOSSARY, ACRONYMS, ABBREVIATIONS, UNITS,

SUBSCRIPTS AND SYMBOLS
GLOSSARY
All definitions are given in IGEM/G/4 which is freely available:

 as a CD, with the purchase of any IGEM Standard, upon request
 by downloading a printable version from IGEM’s website www.igem.org.uk.
Recommended and legacy gas metering arrangements are given in IGEM/G/1 which is freely
available:
 with the purchase of any IGEM Standard, upon request
 by downloading a printable version from IGEM’s website.
Downloading from the website ensures access to the latest version.
ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
ACS Nationally Accredited Certification Scheme

ACoP Approved Code of Practice
DMIP design maximum incidental pressure
DP design pressure
ECV emergency control valve
GB Great Britain
GRM gauge readable movement
GS(I&U)R Gas Safety (Installation and Use) Regulations
GT gas transporter
HSE Health and Safety Executive
IV installation volume
IGEM Institution of Gas Engineers and Managers
LDF leak detection fluid
LFL lower flammability limit
LPG liquefied petroleum gas
MAM meter asset manager
MIP maximum incidental pressure
MIV meter inlet valve
MOP maximum operating pressure
MOV meter outlet valve
MPLR maximum permitted leak rate
NDT non-destructive testing
NG Natural Gas
NRV non-return valve
OP operating pressure
PT purge time
PV purge volume
RD rotary displacement
PE polyethylene
SG specific gravity
S/NVQ Scottish /National Vocational Qualification
SP Set point
st standard
STD strength test duration
STP strength test pressure
TTD tightness test duration
TTP tightness test pressure
UKAS United Kingdom Accreditation Service.
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IGEM/UP/1C
UNITS
in inch
m metre
mbar millibar
min minute
mm millimetre
m3 cubic metre
m3 h-1 cubic metre per hour
SYMBOLS
Q flow rate
> greater than
 less than or equal to
ø nominal diameter
V volume
valve (open)
valve (closed)
regulator
safety device
A appliance
`M meter
filter
blanking device
d diameter
L length
N2 nitrogen
SUBSCRIPTS
c consumer
f fittings, etc
m meter
mi meter installation
p pipe
t total
u upstream
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IGEM/UP/1C
APPENDIX 2 : REFERENCES
This Appendix lists legislation and standards that are referred in the Standard. In addition,
legislation and Standards are listed which are not referenced within this Standard, but which
may be of use to the reader.
A2.1 LEGISLATION
 Gas Act 1986 (as amended by the Gas Act (1995)
 Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974
Note: This applies to all work activities. It places general duties on employers to ensure, so far
is reasonably practicable, the health safety and welfare of their employees and the
health and safety of members of the public who may be affected by the activity.
 Petroleum Act 1962
 Confined Spaces Regulations 1997
 Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 2007
 Control of Substances and Hazardous to Health Regulations 2002
 Dangerous Substances and Explosive Atmospheres Regulations 2002
 Electricity at Work Regulations 1989
 Gas Safety (Installation and Use) Regulations 1998
Note: These apply to domestic and commercial premises. For industrial premises, the
requirements of these Regulations could be considered relevant in any investigation
under the Health and Safety at Work etc. Act. The Regulations set out detailed
requirements for gas installation work. In particular, they require that anyone carrying
out such work must be competent to do so. They also prescribe circumstances in which
a tightness test and purge must be carried out.
 Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999
 Manual Handling Operations Regulations 1995
 Personal Protective Equipment at Work Regulations 1992
 Pressure Equipment Regulations 1998
 Pressure Systems Safety Regulations 2000
Note: For cylinders etc., Carriage of Dangerous Goods (Classification, Packaging and
Labelling) and Use of Transportable Pressure Receptacles Regulations 1996 (as
amended), the Transportable Pressure Vessel Regulations 2001 may also be relevant.
 Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations 1998.
A2.2 HSE ACOPS AND GUIDANCE NOTES
 HSG48 Human factors in industrial safety. Guidance

 HSL56 Safety in the installation and use of gas systems and
appliances. ACoP and Guidance.
A2.3 BRITISH STANDARDS (ABBREVIATED TITLES)
 BS 5482-1 Domestic Butane and Propane gas burning installations

 BS 4250 Commercial butane and commercial propane
 BS EN 14291 Foam producing solutions for leak detection on gas
installations
 BS EN 60079 Electrical apparatus for explosive gas atmospheres.
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IGEM/UP/1C
A2.4 IGEM STANDARDS

 IGE/UP/1 Strength and tightness testing and direct purging of

Edition 2 industrial and commercial gas installations
RWA
 IGE/UP/1A Tightness testing and direct purging of small low pressure
Edition 2 industrial and commercial gas installations
RWA
 IGE/UP/1B Tightness testing and purging of Natural Gas installations
Edition 2
 IGEM/UP/2 Gas installation pipework on industrial and commercial
Edition 2 premises
 IGE/SR/22 Purging operations for fuel gases in transmission,
distribution and storage
 IGE/SR/23 Venting of Natural Gas
 IGE/SR/24 Risk assessment techniques
 IGEM/G/1 Defining the end of a network, meter installation, and
installation pipework
 IGEM/G/4 Definitions for the gas industry
 IGEM/GM/7B Electrical connections and hazardous area classification for
gas metering equipment.
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IGEM/UP/1C
APPENDIX 3 : INDIRECT PURGING WITH NITROGEN

An indirect purge is to be carried out only and if:

 the direct purge has been unsuccessful
 a direct purge is unlikely to be achieved successfully for example where inadequately-sized
purge points are fitted
 a risk assessment indicates that heavier than air gas has to be purged indirectly.
A3.1 If a direct purge has been unsuccessful, make the installation and the
surroundings safe, before implementing fallback plans.
Check the calculations, survey the installation and inspect equipment to

endeavour to identify the cause of failure to direct purge.
If the cause is identified and can be rectified, (for example following calculation
error, blocked hose, closed valve, restrictive purge points etc.), the direct purge
can be repeated.
Note: Take additional care at purge gas vent point as a flammable mixture may occur at a
different stage in the operation.
A3.2 Ensure the indirect purge is a complete displacement purge using volume based
measurement of inert gas and vent gas testing. Pay particular attention to any
dead-legs.
Take precautions to prevent asphyxiation, especially in basements and confined

spaces.
Take precautions to prevent the purge gas entering the GT’s or any other
distribution network.
A3.3 Start with the largest diameter pipe and progress to the smallest.
Ensure a minimum volume of N2 (equal to 1.5 x IV) of the installation is

available (see Table 11 and Appendix 4).
PIPE NOMINAL MINIMUM QUANTITY OF NITROGEN

SIZE (mm) GAS PER 1 m LENGTH (m3)
100 0.013
150 0.03
200 0.05
250 0.08
300 1.12
350 2.16
TABLE 11 - MINIMUM QUANTITY OF N2 PER 1 m LENGTH OF PIPE
A3.4 As a guide, a standard 1.5 m long N2 cylinder usually has a capacity of 6.5 m3.
The maximum flow rate through a high capacity single-stage regulator is,
typically, 60 m3 h-1.
A3.5 The criteria given in Table 12 apply when testing the vent gas.
A3.6 Following the indirect purge, if hot work is to be undertaken, take care in case
small pockets of gas remain in the pipe due to the effects of stratification or due
to the effect of dead-legs.
A3.7 When undertaking any work following an indirect purge, take suitable
precautions to account for the presence of N2.
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FLAMMABILITY LIMITS SAFE PURGE ENDS POINTS

FUEL TYPE SPECIFIC LOWER UPPER INDIRECT INDIRECT

(GAS OR GRAVITY FLAMMABLE FLAMMABLE PURGE FROM PURGE FROM
VAPOUR AIR = 1 LIMIT % IN LIMIT % IN FUEL GAS TO NITROGEN
AIR AIR NITROGEN TO FUEL GAS
SAFE END SAFE END
POINT POINT
% GAS IN N2 % GAS IN N2
Natural Gas 0.6 4.5 15.5 7.5% gas in N2 90% Fuel Gas
Propane 1.5 2.1 10.1 3.5% gas in N2 90% Fuel Gas
Butane 1.9 1.86 8.41 3.0% gas in N2 90% Fuel Gas
Note: For de-commissioning purges, purging to lower levels may be advisable where gasways
could be exposed to potential sources of ignition following the purge.
TABLE 12 - FLAMMABILITY LIMITS AND SAFE PURGE ENDS POINTS FOR

INERT PURGE
A3.8 Once the purge to N2 is complete, it is advisable to then purge to air and ensure
the oxygen level is at least 20%.
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IGEM/UP/1C
APPENDIX 4 : CALCULATION OF TIGHTNESS TEST DURATION

A4.1 INSTALLATION VOLUME (IV)
A4.1.1 General
The estimation of IV involves surveying the whole of the meter installation.
Note has to be taken of the relevant dimensions of all components including

any:
 meter
 pipe
 fitting, including any regulator, bend, tee, etc.
 pipework exposed to direct sunlight or high temperature.
Note: The tightness test result is valid only if the temperature of the meter installation
remains stable throughout the period of the test.
A4.1.2 Calculations
A4.1.2.1 The following formula can be used to calculate the total installation volume (IVt)
(m3) of the meter installation:
IVt = IVm + IVp + IVf
Note: The IVt (m3) needs to be calculated to two significant figures with “rounding” being upwards
only.
It is not advisable to round the calculations of IV of individual parts of a section as this may
cause the test to be more onerous than necessary.
A4.1.2.2 Calculate IVm, IVp and IVf as follows:
(a) IV of meters (IVm)
Use Table 13 or consult the meter manufacturer for any other meter.
DESIGNATION IVm (m3) CYCLIC BADGED RATING

OF METER VOLUME
m3 ft3 m3h-1 ft3h-1
G4/U6 0.008 0.002 0.071 6 212
G10/U16 0.025 0.006 0.2 16 565
G16/U25 0.037 0.01 0.35 25 883
U40 0.067 0.02 0.71 40 1412
G40/U65 0.100 0.025 1.11 65 2295
G65/U100 0.182 0.057 2.0 100 3530
U160 0.304 0.071 2.5 160 5650
RD or turbine 0.79d2L* N/A N/A N/A N/A
* or equivalent length of pipe
d = diameter, i.e of meter connection (m)
L = length, i.e flange to flange dimension (m).
TABLE 13 - INSTALLATION VOLUME (IV) OF METERS
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IGEM/UP/1C
(b) IV of pipe (IVp)

For a 1 m length of pipe, obtain the volume of the particular pipe from
Table 14. Multiply the value given by the length of the pipe in the
section.
NOMINAL SIZE OF VOLUME OF 1 m

PIPE LENGTH OF PIPE
(mm) (in) (m3)
25 1 0.00064
32 1¼ 0.0011
40 1½ 0.0015
50 2 0.0024
65 2½ 0.0038
80 3 0.0054
100 4 0.009
125 5 0.014
150 6 0.02
200 8 0.035
250 10 0.053
300 12 0.074
350 14 0.089
Note: For sizes not shown, go to the next larger size given.
TABLE 14 - VOLUME OF 1 m LENGTH OF PIPE
(c) IV of valves, fittings, pressure vessels, accumulators, etc. (IVf)
Add any additional volume caused by such components.
In the event that IVf cannot be calculated, add an additional 10% of the
pipe volume (IVp).
A4.2 TIGHTNESS TEST PRESSURE (TTP)
TTP is equal to OP, see Sub-Section 5.3 for more information.
A4.3 SELECTION OF PRESSURE GAUGES
A4.3.1 The sensitivity of any pressure gauge determines the GRM.
The gauges listed in Table 15 are typical of the instruments used for tightness
testing and have to be used (for the gauges listed) to determine GRM. The list
does not preclude the use of other types or ranges of gauge but the gauge used
needs its GRM specified.
Note: If an inferential gauge is used then, to ensure accuracy, care needs to be taken regarding
rounding errors caused by using the last decimal place.
TYPE OF GAUGE TYPICAL TYPICAL TYPICAL

RANGE READABLE MAXIMUM TTD
(mbar) MOVEMENT (mins)
(GRM)
(mbar)
Water (SG 1.0) 0 – 120 0.5 30
High SG (SG 1.99) 0 – 200 1 45
Electronic (1 decimal place) 0 – 200 0.5 30
Electronic (2 decimal places) 0 – 200 0.1 15
Electronic (1 decimal place) 0 – 2,000 0.5 30
Note: Longer tightness test durations (TTD) are possible if an absolute gauge is used.
TABLE 15 - SELECTION OF PRESSURE GAUGES (typical data)
43
IGEM/UP/1C
A4.3.2 When using a gauge, undertake the following:

 for all gauges, refer to the manufacturer’s instructions for details but, in the
event that no manufacturer’s instructions are available, calibrate the gauge

at an interval not exceeding 12 months. A calibration certificate needs to be
available for any instrument used for tightness testing
 ensure that any gauge is suitably ranged for the meter installation being
tested
 ensure an adequate level of accuracy of any gauge
 ensure that, where necessary, any electronic gauge is certified for use in a
hazardous area (see Sub-Section 3.4) and operated within the
manufacturer’s specification with regard to ambient temperature
 stabilize any electronic gauge at the temperature of the area where it is to
be used for 30 mins, or as specified by the gauge manufacturer, prior to the
test being carried out
Note: Electronic gauges may be prone to drifting due to changes in ambient temperature.
 if appropriate, zero any gauge at the start of the test at atmospheric pressure.
Note: Any movement from zero at atmospheric pressure at the end of the test invalidates the
complete tightness test which then needs to be carried out again.
A4.4 TIGHTNESS TEST DURATION (TTD)
A4.4.1 To calculate TTD, use the formula as given in A4.4.3. GRM and the factor F1 can
be obtained from Table 15 and Table 16 respectively.
A4.4.2 TTD needs to be rounded up to the next full minute and not less than 2 mins.
A4.4.3 Table 15 specifies the maximum TTD for particular gauge types, which minimise
the effect of normal variations in barometric pressure and ambient temperature.
TTD = GRM x IV x F1
F1 = as derived from Table 16
FACTOR F1
GAS TYPE TEST USING FUEL TEST USING AIR OR

GAS AT OP NITROGEN AT OP
NATURAL 42 67
PROPANE 102 221
BUTANE 128 305
TABLE 16 - FACTOR F1 TO APPLY WHEN CALCULATING TTD
44
IGEM/UP/1C
APPENDIX 5 : LPG CHARATERISTICS

A5.1 FLAMMABILITY RANGE
Differing fuel gases have very different flammable ranges and, when working
with these various gases, it is essential that the range is understood as well as
having gas detection equipment suitable for the gas being monitored.
A5.2 DENSITY (SPECIFIC GRAVITY)
The densities of gases vary dependant on their temperatures, so it is normal to

refer to density relative to air. Air has a density of 1. Gases with lower density
are lighter than air and gases with a higher density are heavier than air.
A5.3 PROPERTIES OF LPG
The most common of the heavier than air gases in use are known as Liquefied
Petroleum Gas, or LPG, (3rd family gases). BS 4250 covers the specification for
commercial LPG, but gases outside this specification are often used for special
purposes.
It is stored in the liquefied state under pressure. The actual pressure in the
storage container, known as the vapour pressure, is dependent upon the
specification of the actual LPG and the temperature of the stored liquid.
These procedures apply only to the pipework downstream of the first stage
pressure regulator in a vapour system. They do not apply to the storage vessel,
the high pressure pipework feeding the first stage regulator, or to any part of a
system containing LPG in the liquid phase.
LPG vapour is, normally, used for gas supplies to gas fired equipment. This
vapour may be generated by natural vaporisation of the liquefied LPG, or for
large industrial offtakes by the use of an in line vaporiser where the latent heat
required is provided from an external source.
Some LPG may contain small quantities of heavy hydrocarbons that do not
readily vaporise, often described as "heavy ends". Where they are present,
these heavy ends will concentrate in the bottom of storage vessels used for
natural vaporisation systems, or in the base of external vaporisers. In abnormal
situations, or where the plant operators fail to drain the system regularly, they
may be carried over into the gas supply pipework.
Where heavy ends are found in downstream pipework specialist advice is

required to ensure that they are removed and disposed of in a safe manner. A
permit to carry out such work is required to be issued by an authorised
competent person.
Note: Heavy ends are, normally, only associated with LPG produced from refinery operations and
are not present in LPG produced from natural gas liquids.
45

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Copyright © 2015, IGEM. Licensed Copy: IGEM Online Standards. Not to be reproduced.

Strength testing, tightness testing and

Strength testing, tightness testing and

Price Code: C3H

Copyright © 2011, IGEM. All rights reserved

ISBN 978 1 905903 26 9

3 Legal and allied considerations 6

1 Glossary, acronyms, abbreviations, units, subscripts and symbols 36

3 Indirect purging with nitrogen 40

4 Calculation of tightness test duration 42

5 Purging heavier than air gases – risk assessment 45

1 Algorithm to select testing and purging standards 2

2 Relative pressure levels 2

3 Typical schematic meter installations 5

4 Pressure breaks. Strength requirements 9-10

5 Flowchart/decision algorithm for strength testing 15

6 Pressure breaks. Tightness test requirements 18

7 Flowchart/decision algorithm for tightness testing with air or N2 23

8 Flowchart/decision algorithm for tightness testing with fuel gas 24

9 Flowchart for direct purging of air to gas 32

10 Flowchart for direct purging of gas to air 35

2 Example 2. A low pressure outlet fed from a

5 Safety distances each side of an installation for strength testing

6 Tightness test duration for typical installations and using a

7 Calculated tightness test durations (mins) for RD and turbine meters

8 Calculated tightness test durations (mins) for RD and turbine meters

9 Minimum purge flow rate and velocity with recommended minimum

10 Flammability limits and safe purge end points 30

11 Minimum quantity of nitrogen per 1 m length of pipe 40

13 Installation volume (IV) of meters 42

14 Volume of 1 m length of pipe 43

15 Selection of pressure gauges (typical data) 43

16 Factor F1 to apply when calculating TTD 44

IGE/UP/1B Edition 2 deals with tightness testing and purging of NG installations

BS 5482-1 deals with tightness testing of domestic-sized LPG pipework (volume

If it is preferred (it is not recommended, as it is more complex to follow)

If IGE/UP/1A Edition 2 or IGE/UP/1B Edition 2 or IGEM/UP/1C or BS 5482-1 are

FIGURE 1 - ALGORITHM TO SELECT TESTING AND PURGING STANDARDS

STP = Strength test pressure

FIGURE 2 - RELATIVE PRESSURE LEVELS

It is therefore necessary to give proper consideration to the management of

1.9 This Standard was published in March 2011.

Note 3: Typical schematic meter installations are shown in Figure 3.

Typical schematic installations are shown in Figure 3.

2.4 This Standard covers direct purging in the following circumstances:

adopting the concept of “no perceptible movement”.

Downstream system kept

Downstream system kept

FIGURE 3 - TYPICAL SCHEMATIC METER INSTALLATIONS

SECTION 3 : LEGAL AND ALLIED CONSIDERATIONS

Where standards are quoted, equivalent national or international standards etc.

Note 3: Further guidance on hazardous area classification is available in IGEM/GM/7B.

SECTION 4 : STRENGTH TESTING

Note 1: A pH value of 7.0 or less indicates absence of ammonia.

4.1 DECISION WHETHER TO STRENGTH TEST

A tightness test shall be carried out (see Section 5).

4.1.3 Where a meter installation is assembled from components (screwed or bolted

4.2 STRENGTH TESTING METHODOLOGY

Where an on-site strength test is required it is recommended that either;

4.3 DETERMINATION OF MOP AND MIP

FIGURE 4 (a) - TYPICAL PRESSURE BREAK.

FIGURE 4 (b) - TYPICAL PRESSURE BREAK.

FIGURE 4 (c) - HIGHER REVERSE PRESSURE.

FIGURE 4 (d) - HIGHER REVERSE PRESSURE.