Section IV: Calculus

15
  DERIVATIVES

Definition of a Derivative
Suppose y = f(x). The derivative of y or f(x) is defined as

dy f ( x + h) − f ( x ) f ( x + ∆x ) − f ( x )
 15.1.  = lim = lim
dx h → 0 h ∆x → 0 ∆x

where h = ∆x. The derivative is also denoted by y′, df/dx or f ′(x). The process of taking a derivative is called
differentiation.

General Rules of Differentiation

In the following, u, υ , w are functions of x; a, b, c, n are constants (restricted if indicated); e = 2.71828 … is
the natural base of logarithms; ln u is the natural logarithm of u (i.e., the logarithm to the base e) where it is
assumed that u > 0 and all angles are in radians.

d
 15.2.  (c) = 0
dx
d
 15.3.  (cx ) = c
dx
d
 15.4.  (cx n ) = ncx n −1
dx
d du dυ dw
 15.5.  (u ± υ ± w ± ) = ± ± ±
dx dx dx dx
d du
 15.6.  (cu) = c
dx dx
d dυ du
 15.7.  (uυ ) = u +υ
dx dx dx
d dw dυ du
 15.8.  (uυ w) = uυ + uw + υw
dx dx dx dx
d  u  υ (du /dx ) − u(dυ /dx )
 15.9.  =
dx  υ  υ2

d n du
15.10.  (u ) = nu n −1
dx dx
dy dy du
15.11.  =   (Chain rule)
dx du dx

62

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 Deri vati ves 63

du 1
15.12.  =
dx dx /du
dy dy/du
15.13.  =
dx dx /du

Derivatives of Trigonometric and Inverse Trigonometric Functions

d du
15.14.  sin u = cos u
dx dx
d du
15.15.  cos u = − sin u
dx dx
d du
15.16.  tan u = sec 2 u
dx dx
d du
15.17.  cot u = − csc 2 u
dx dx
d du
15.18.  sec u = sec u tan u
dx dx
d du
15.19.  csc u = − csc u cot u
dx dx

15.20. 
d
sin −1 u =
1 du  − π < sin −1 u < π 
dx 1 − u dx
2  2 2 

d −1 du
15.21.  cos −1 u = [0 < cos −1 u < π ]
dx 1 − u 2 dx

15.22. 
d
tan −1 u =
1 du  − π < tan −1 u < π 
dx 1 + u 2 dx  2 2 

d −1 du
15.23.  cot −1 u = [0 < cot −1 u < π ]
dx 1 + u 2 dx

d 1 du ±1 du  + if 0 < sec −1 u < π / 2 

15.24.  sec −1 u = =  
 − if π / 2 < sec u < π
−1
dx | u | u − 1 dx u u 2 − 1 dx
2


d −1 du 1 du  − if 0 < csc −1 u < π / 2 

15.25.  csc −1 u = =  
 + if − π / 2 < csc u < 0 
−1
dx | u | u − 1 dx u u 2 − 1 dx
2

Derivatives of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

d loga e du
15.26.  loga u = a ≠ 0, 1
dx u dx
d d 1 du
15.27.  ln u = loge u =
dx dx u dx
d u du
15.28.  a = a u ln a
dx dx

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 6 4 Der ivat i v e s

d u du
15.29.  e = eu
dx dx
d υ d υ ln u d du dυ
15.30.  u = e = eυ ln u [υ ln u] = υ uυ −1 + uυ ln u
dx dx dx dx dx

Derivatives of Hyperbolic and Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

d du
15.31.  sinh u = cosh u
dx dx
d du
15.32.  cosh u = sinh u
dx dx
d du
15.33.  tanh u = sech 2 u
dx dx
d du
15.34.  coth u = − csch 2 u
dx dx
d du
15.35.  sech u = − sech u tanh u
dx dx
d du
15.36.  csch u = − csch u coth u
dx dx
d 1 du
15.37.  sinh −1 u =
dx u + 1 dx
2

d ±1 du  + if cosh −1 u > 0, u > 1 

15.38.  cosh −1 u =  
dx u 2 − 1 dx  − if cosh −1 u < 0, u > 1 
 
d 1 du
15.39.  tanh −1 u = [–1 < u < 1]
dx 1 − u 2 dx
d 1 du
15.40.  coth −1 u = [u > 1 or u < –1]
dx 1 − u 2 dx
d 1 du  − if sech −1 u > 0, 0 < u < 1 
15.41.  sech −1u =  
dx u 1 − u 2 dx  + if sech −1 u < 0, 0 < u < 1 
 
d −1 du 1 du
15.42.  −1
csch u = = [– if u > 0, + if u < 0]
dx | u | 1 + u 2 dx u 1 + u 2 dx

Higher Derivatives
The second, third, and higher derivatives are defined as follows.

d  dy  d 2 y
15.43.  Second derivative = = = f ′′( x ) = y ′′
dx  dx  dx 2
d  d2y d3y
15.44.  Third derivative = = = f ′′′( x ) = y ′′′
dx  dx 2  dx 3

d  d n −1 y  d n y
15.45.  nth derivative =  n −1 
= n = f ( n ) ( x ) = y( n )
dx  dx  dx

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