(stress, strain, load deformation curve)

Stress
✓ Represents the resulting force distribution inside a solid body when an external force acts.

✓ Defined as force per unit of area over which the force acts.

✓ units (N/m2 ).
 Strain
✓ The measure of the deformation of a material created by a load.

✓ Strain can be calculated as a change in length divided by original length:

➢ The relationship between the amount of force applied to a structure and the structure’s response is illustrated by a load
deformation curve.

➢ When a structure is loaded, it deforms, or changes shape.

➢ The deformation is temporary within the elastic region and permanent in the plastic region.
➢ With relatively small loads, deformation occurs, but the response is elastic, meaning that when the force is removed the
structure returns to its original size and shape.

➢ The yield point or elastic limit is the point on the graph separating the elastic and plastic regions.

➢ When the material is deformed beyond the yield point the material will not return to its initial dimensions.

➢ Deformations exceeding the ultimate failure point produce mechanical failure of the structure, which in the
human body means fracturing of bone or rupturing of soft tissues.

➢ Structural integrity is lost at the ultimate failure point.

➢ Stiffness or Young's modulus is defined as the ratio of stress to strain in the elastic region of the curve.
1. Determine Young’s modulus, when 2 N/m2 stress is applied to produce a strain of
0.5.

2. Determine Young’s modulus of a material whose elastic stress and strain are 4 N/m2 and 0.15
respectively?