Index

abortion, 65-8 Britain, see England

agitation, see propaganda Bukharin, N. I., 81, i n , 118—19,121, 132, 172,
agitprop, see propaganda 177, 180-2
Akulov, LA., 16 and policy towards peasants during NEP,
Allilueva, Nadezhda, 176 2, 26
Allilueva, Svetlana, 153 Bulgakov, Mikhail, 141, 157
Andreev, A. A., 129
anecdotes, 28-9, 97—8, 141-2, 152-3, 175-6, canteens, 30
179. 185 car, as symbol, 140-1
Angelina, Pasha, 54 carnival, 8
Antichrist, rumours about, 80—1 Catherine II, 138, 165
anti-semitism, 7, 83 Catholics, 74
see also Jews Caucasians, 88
anti-Soviet agitation, 5 censorship, 4, 7, 12
definitions of, 15-16 census, 55
statistics on, 15-16 and question on belief, 74, 79-80
Antselovich, N. M., 112 chastushki, 12, 51-2, 130, 171, 175-7, *86, 196
Armenians, 88, 136 n. 4
Arzhilovskii, A. S., diarist, 120, 143-4, 173 Cheliuskin, 148, 177
Avdeenko, A., 149, 157 chelobitnyey see petitions
China, 96
Babel', Isaac, 157 Christmas trees, legalisation of, 69
Bakhtin, Mikhail, 152-3 Chudin,B.N., 116
and Tvorchestvo Franzua Rable, 7-8 Chudov, M. S., 114, 116
Baltic states, 93 Clark, K., 7, 151
Baptists, 74 class, 9, 124, 139-40
Barbusse, Henri, 151 collectivisation, 2, 49-50
Belorussia, 40, 98-9 in Leningrad oblast'', 17-18
Belov, I. P., 119 Comintern, 93
Beria, L. P., 13, 148 Constituent Assembly, 103-4
Bliukher,V. K., 119 Constitution, 2, 70, 102-8, 135-6, 172, 185
Bolshevik Party (VKP(b)), 1, 103, 129-30 discussion of, 51, 87, 103-8, 165
criticism of party members, 124-44 and equal rights for women, 60
Information Department, 10—11 invocation of rights in, 46, 71, 78-9, 81-2,
regional party leaders, 169-70 107-8, 122-3
and reports on opinion, 9—14 consumerism, 3, 32, 140
TsK decree on sabotage of Stakhanovite Crosby, Bing, 115
movement, 33 Cultural Revolution, 2, 3, 69, 73, 84,125
see also party congresses; TsK plenums comparison with terror, 130
Borisov, Kirov's bodyguard, 117
bread, 27, 185 Dahrendorf, R., 124

231

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232 Index
Deborin, A. M., 172 Gamarnik, la. B., 164
decree on land, 49 Georgians, 88, 118, 136
defeatism, 94 Gerasimov, Aleksandr, 148
Demchenko, Maria, 54, 150 Germans, 123
democracy, 8, 112, 185 Germany, 3, 6, 40, 113, 144
divorce, 65-6 comparisons between USSR and Nazi
Draule, Milda, 116 Germany, 16, 39, 43, 68, 128, 172
Dybenko, P. E., 119, 123 food sent to, 40, 42
invasion of, 82
edinolichniki, 52-3, 112 morale reports, 191 n. 43
education, 68-72, 156 USSR's relations with, 3, 93, 96-101
decree of December 1935 on, 69-70 Getty, J. A., 106
decree on tuition for higher education, Gill, G., 148
69-71 Gladstone, W., 170
egalitarianism, 3, 9, 26, 125, 139, 185 Goebbels,J., 149
Egorov, A. I., 119, 123 Gorbachev, M. S., 102, 186
Eikhe, R. L, 131 Gor'kii, Maksim, 114, 157
elections, 3, 108-12, 128-9, X35> 185 Great Patriotic War, see Second World War
anti-Soviet leaflets on, 122-3 Great Retreat, 1, 3, 7, 69, 72
to local Soviets in 1934, 28 Great Terror, see terror
to local Soviets in 1939, 90, 112 Greece, 5
to RSFSR Supreme Soviet, 112, 174
to USSR Supreme Soviet, 87, 122, 128, 173 Haimson, L., 125
Engels, F., 165 Harvard Interview Project, 185
England, 39, 99, 128 Heizer, J., 147
Enukidze, A. S., 131, 141 Hermitage, 164
Erenburg, I. G., 157 hierarchy and hierarchical values, 3, 8
Estonians, 83 Hitler, Adolf, 58, 93, 95-101, 122, 177
ethnicity, see nationalism and national comparisons with Stalin, 171—3, 181, 211 n.
identity 34
Evdokimov, G. E., 120,131 cult of, 149
expulsions from Leningrad in early 1935, 3, Holquist, M., 7
94, 121-2, 142-3 Hosking, G., 102
Extraordinary Congress of Soviets, 103 Hough, J., 73
Ezhov, N. I., 3, i n , 122, 169
ezhovshchina, 122—3 Iagoda, G. G., 118
Iakir, I. E., 118
family policy, 3, 65—8 Iaroslavskii, E. M., 82, 84
famine, identities, social, 124-44
of 1932-3, 2, 55-6 information departments, 9-11, 189-90 n. 26
of 1936-7, 36, 50, 55-6, 94, 119 international relations, 93—101
Ferro, M., 103 Irklis, P. A , 86
Feuchtwanger, L., 173 Italy, 6, 68, 172, 202 n. 17
Field, D., 162 Ivan the Terrible, 135
Finland, 117 Ivanovo, 19
war with, see Winter War
Finns, tension between Russians and, 83 Jahn, H., 89
First World War, 41, 89 Jasny, N., 24, 30
Fitzpatrick, S.5 17, 64, 68,113, 141,143 Jews, 83-90, i n
five-year plans, 2, 39 Hitler and, 97
first, 25—6 numbers of, in Russia and Leningrad, 83—5
second, 23-4, 26 as the 'other', 125-6, 128-9, 132
third, 38-9, 43 Stalin and, 118
France, 93, 95, 99 stereotypes about, 85-8, 136
Freeze, G., 158 see also anti-semitism; terror

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 Index 233
Johnson, L., 114 kustar' industry, 17
jokes, see anecdotes
labour decree of 1938, 23, 43-4, 67, 140
Kaganovich, L. M., 87, 114, 148, 151, 153 labour decree of 1940, 15, 23, 43-7, 68, 113,
cult of, 154 128, 140
Kalinin, M. I., i n , 117, 129, 151, 165-6 labour reserve scheme, 69-72
ignorance about, 169 labourdays, 50
as leader, 127, 166—7 Larin, Iu., 84
letters and petitions to, 82, 156-7, 160, Latvians, 123
165-6 leader cult, 147-82, 156-7, 169-70
Kamenev, L. B., 2-3, 180 criticism of, 170-5
and cult of the leader, 214 n. 9 subversion of values of, 175—7
involvement in Kirov murder, 3, 118 leaflets, 7, 45, 56, 89-90, i n , 122-3, 141—2
sentencing in 1935 of Zinoviev and, 120, 131 League of Godless (bezbozhniki), 75-6
trial and sentencing in 1936 of Zinoviev League of Nations, 93
and, 3, 94, 119—20, 131-2 Lebedev-Kumach, V. I., 151
Karelia, 100 Lenin, V. I., 2, 46, i n , 118,120, 125, 130,
Kenez, P., 7 182-3
Kennedy, J. F., 114 in anecdotes, 29
Kershaw, L, 16 attitudes to, 177-80
Khrushchev, N., 153, 186 caricatures of, 153
khutora, 17, 57 compared to Kirov, 164
Kirov, S. M., 86 compared to Stalin, i n , 179
attitudes to memorialisation of, 164 cult of, 156
compared to Lenin, 164 links with Stalin in cult, 148, 152
cult of, 154, 169, 211 n. 36 petitions to, 157
ignorance about, 168-9 suggestions about how to honour, 165
as leader, 127-8, 136, 158, 177-8 testament of, 149
Leningrad party secretary, 19 Leningrad, 17-19, 186
murder of, 3, 13, 19, 83, 114, 132, 134, 164, party organisation, 10, 19
176, 182 letters,
in chastush/ci and poems, 51, 94, 117, 176-7 containing anti-Soviet comments, 15
and end of bread rations, 28, 116-17 intercepted, 55, 155-6
increase in anti-Soviet remarks following, as a source of unofficial information, 7, 183
16 see also petitions
involvement of foreign powers in, 117 Lewin, M., 138
NKVD's role in, 117-18 lishentsy, 69-70, 105
reactions to, 52-3, 86, 114-18 Litvinov, M. M , 78, 119
Stalin's role in, 116 loans, 5, 23, 35-7, 40, 47, 58, 64, 136, 185
and national sentiments, 88 Lutherans, 74
Koenker, D., 103 pastors, 78
kolkhoz, decrees of 1938-41 on, 56-8
see also peasants Magnitogorsk, 6
Koltsov, Mikhail, 147 Mandel'shtam, Osip, 157
Komsomol and Komsomol members, 6, 96—7 Manning, R., 35
and fees for higher education, 72 Markus, Maria, 215 n. 23
information reports, 9, 85 Marshall, General, 115
Korchagina-Aleksandrovskaia, E. P., i n May Day demonstrations, 37-8, 179
Kornilov, P., 153 Medved', F. D., 115, 118
Kosior, S. V., 78 Mekhlis, L. Z., 149
Kotkin, S., 6 Metropolitan Sergei, 82
Kravchenko, Viktor, 119 Mikoian, A. I., 88, i n
Kronstadt, 18, 104, 180 mobilisation, law on, 68
Krupskaia, Nadezhda, 116 Molotov, V. M., 71, 98, 101, 132, 135, 151-2
kulaks, 2, 49-50, 121, 139 ignorance about, 168

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234 Index
Molotov-Ribbentrop pact, 3, 93-8 and Seventeenth Party Congress, 26, 52
moral language, 133-4 and Stakhanovism, 53-4
Moscow, 18, 19 Perovskaia, Sofia, 116, 165
Murmansk, 25 Perrie, M., 176
Peter the Great, 18
nationalism and national identity, 7, 82-90, petitions, 137, 157-63
125 Peukert, D., 6
Russian, 73, 83, 88-90, 137 Piatakov, G. L., 118-19
nepmen, 2 Pipes, R., 103
New Economic Policy (NEP), 2, 18, 24-5, 49, Poland, 88, 93, 99, 117
125,179 Poles, 83, 88, 123
society during, 2 Popok, la. A., 108
Nicholas II, 181 popular culture, 8, 76, 173
Nikolaev, L. V., 115-18, 132 popular opinion,
NKVD, contradictory nature of, 6
analysis of popular mood in 1940, 42-6 heterogeneity of, 9, 184-5
analysis of situation in countryside, 54-6 significance of economic issues in, 23
and anti-semitism, 85 populism, 7, 125, 183
Information Department, 10 Postyshev, P. P., 123
and reports on opinion, 9-14 priests, 77-81, 206 n. 34
role in Kirov murder, 117-18 private plots, see peasants
and terror, 121-3 propaganda, 4-7, 14, 31, 39, 42, 95-6, 114,
non-aggression pact, see Molotov-Ribbentrop 147-54
pact of atheism, 73-4, 78
norms, revision of, 33-6, 42 of Constitution and elections, 102, 106
Nove, A., 30 discussion about, at February-March 1937
Novosibirsk, 19 plenum, 108
distrust of, 123
obshchestvennitsa movement, 64 greater emphasis upon, 118
Old Believers, 74, 112 of'everyday issues', 31
Ong, W., 175 of family values, 65, 67
oprichniki, 135 ineffectiveness of, 183
Ordzhonikidze, Sergo, 88, 118-20, 132, 151, of internationalism, 95-6
166, 169 of loan of 1936, 36
Ossowski, S., 124 paternalist, 62, 157—8, 162
of Russian nationalism, 89-90
party, see Bolshevik party of Seventeenth Party Congress, 25
party congresses, of slogan 'life has become better . . .',
Eighteenth Party Congress, 165 34^5, 38-9
Seventeenth Party Congress, 25-6, 30, 36 relating to terror, 113-23
and Stalin cult, 148 of a united people, 2, 124
Stalin's speech to, see under Stalin purges, see terror
Passerini, L., 6 Pushkin, A. S., 73, 107
Pasternak, Boris, 151, 157
peasants, 49-58 rabfaJri, 69
attitudes to kolkhozy, 50—8 Radek, K. B., 118, 148
and Constitution, 105—6 rations,
and defeatism, see defeatism on bread, 27-8
and education, 69 demands for, 40-1
end of rations on bread, 28, 52 end of, on bread, 14, 28-9, 63, 66, 116, 140
living standards, 50 end of, on food, 15, 23, 29-30, 64
model kolkhoz charter, 18, 53 unofficial, 55-6
during NEP, 2, 49 see also workers
and private plots, 52, 57—8 Red Army, 150, 155, 178, 180
and religion, 76—7 religion, 3, 73-82

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 Index 235
and children, 75 in chastushh and poems, 51, 94, 117, 176-7
festivals and rituals, 75-7 and collectivisation, 17, 49-50
numbers of believers, 74—5 contrasted with other leaders, 178-82
primitive forms of, 199 n. 5 cult of, see leader cult
repression, 4-5 as election candidate, 111-12, 129
see also terror and elections, no
revisionists, 5-6 and end of bread rations, 29
Ribbentrop, J. von, 98 ignorance about, 168-9
see also Molotov-Ribbentrop pact images of, as benefactor, 155-7
Rigby, T., 8, 186 and intelligentsia, 157
rights, 8, 102-8 and Kirov murder, 116
Rittersporn, G., 138 as leader, 127, 158
Riutin, M. P., 179 and 'little people', 150, 162-3
Roosevelt, F. D., 78, 114 and national stereotypes, 88
Rossman,J., 17 petitions to, 157, 160-2
rumours, 7, 34, 40, 45, 47, 50-1, 80-1, 94, prizes, 144, 157
100-1, 114-18, 183, 122 and religion, 78—9
Russian national sentiments, see under and revolution from above, 2—3, 23
nationalism and national identity speech to Ail-Union Conference of
Russian Orthodox Church, 73-4, 82, 90 Stakhanovites, 34
Russian Revolution, 1, 49 speech to Seventeenth Party Congress, 26,
Rykov, A. I., 81, i n , 118-19, I2I> l32> 180-2 29, 52, 82, 139, 170
suggestions on how to honour, 165-6
Scott, J., 184 and terror, 3, 113, 122, 131
Second World War, 2, 73, 90 threats to kill, 5, 12, 132
Seifullina, L., 157 traditional images of, 157-63
self-criticism campaign, 129 Steinberg, M., 133, 137
serfdom, 46, 50 suicides, 15, 45
'shadow culture', 8, 186 Suvorov, A., 73
Short Course, 152 swastikas, 97
show trials, 3, 114, 118-21, 126, 130—2
Simonov, Konstantin, 157 terror, 1, 3, 11-13, 37-8, 83, 113-23
sluzhashchie, 84, 139-40 comparison with Cultural Revolution, 130
allowed more bread, 55 and Jews, 87
and drinking, 136 and labour decree of 1940, 47-8
and maternity leave, 67 lack of reports on reactions to, 14
Smolensk, 19 numbers of victims, 113, 188 n. 3
Smol'nii, 86, 114-15, 117 prosecutions for anti-Soviet agitation
soldiers, 101, 155-6 during, 5
sources, 9-17, 183 and social identity, 124-44
Sovnarkom, 71, 129 Thalmann, E., 114
Spain, civil war in, 62, 87, 93, 96 Thermidor, 1
SR, language of, 125 Thompson, E. P., 184
Stakhanov, Aleksei, 31 Thurston, R., 33
Stakhanovism, 23, 24, 31-4, 35, 43, 69, 140, Tikhonov, N. S., 178
171 Timasheff, N., 1, 44, 73
in the countryside, 53-4 Tolstoi, A. N., i n
sermons on, 78 Tomsk, 27
TsK decree on sabotage of, 33 Torgsin, 86, 141-2
Stakhanovites, 3, 6, 25, 150, 153 totalitarian model, 5-6
criticism of, 13, 32-4 Trotsky, L. D., 46, 107, i n , 118, 120, 130,138
Stalin, I. V., 1, 13, 28, 33, 36, 54, 67, 86, 90, analysis of USSR, 1-2, 63, 73, 141
120, 123, 124, 130, 132-3, 142, 166, 185-6 and anti-semitism, 87
in anecdotes, 28-9 attitudes to, 12-13, 31, 96, 180-2
charismatic images of, 162-7 cult of, 216 n. 38

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236 Index
tsar, 120, 177, 181 attitudes to 'bourgeois' women, 64
petitions to, see petitions and concern for children, 61-4
TsK plenums, as election candidates, 60-1, i n
November 1934, 28-9 gender roles, 71
June 1935, 131 literacy levels, 60
December 1935, 34 and prices and loans, 63—4
February-March 1937, 108-9, l&9 promotion of, 60
October 1937,131 proportion of in industry, 59-60
Tukhachevskii, M. N., 118-19, 121, 132,180 stereotypes about, 60-1, 96
Tupolev, A. N., 119 workers, 23-48
Turkey, 117, 172 and labour decrees, 43-7
Tvardovskii, Aleksandr, 157 loyalty to regime, 6
and rations, 27-31
Ugarov, F. la., 116, 149 standard of living of, 24—5, 27, 31
Ukraine, west, 40, 98 suspicion of peasants, 28
Ukrainians, 83, 99 and war, 95-6
United States, 128 Workers' Opposition, 183
Ushakov, Z. M., 123
Zakovskii, L. M., 123
Viola, L., 80 Zhdanov, A. A., 109, 166
Volkov, S., 159 cult of, 154
Voloshinov, V., 7 as leader, 127-8, 178
Voroshilov, K. E., 99-101, i n , 116, 119, 151, as recipient of letters and petitions, 15,
30—1, 36, 86, 101, 107-8, 130, 135, 137,
as leader of Red Army, 178 142, 158, 160, 163, 165, 173-4, !79»
yydvizhensty, 6, 155 182
Vyshinskii, A. la., 119 Zheliabov, A., 116, 165
zhenotdely, abolition of, 65
war, in Europe, 40, 44, 95, 98 Zinoviev, G. E., 2, 3, 81, 180-1
scares, 83, 93-5 involvement in Kirov murder, 118
see also First World War; Second World as Leningrad party secretary, 18
War; Winter War sentencing in 1935 of Kamenev and, see
war communism, 1—2 under Kamenev
Winter War, 13, 40-1, 93, 95, 99-101 trial and sentencing in 1936 of Kamenev
women, 59-68 and, see under Kamenev

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