Name :- Kabira} Khatet Roll _n0.- 30 Registration No - 024416-18 tel Under graduate Class'- CIEG iT Sublect :- CIEG 2o4r Date :- 3°4 Ta 2020 CULL ‘Scanned with CamScanner024416-18 @2=o0 J: Grieg explain_the ebay Aepporont constriction niatevtals ‘avatlable oF . fn our? docaltis. Shay ae Include the ba. Ei cuyrent shatis with ther fun. ctions and appkcations 57. constriction materials. (Location of Ke tnctvidual sh- ldents must bo specigied tn_ this _explan- lations.) = ans:- the materials Or= products vusedt fn_stwctures—ov buildings are called co- netruction materiale or” building materials. enetmction materiale are the 9g material oundafion yall construction engineering IGonstruchtow mabertals are mainly claccii wd as_natwal and artificial mabeWals. vetous conctriction maberfals found! fn my areq Budhanilkantha ,Katimandu) are _dicSuacod below + Ol Bmberx : @ Background '— The wood which fs sutbable for engmeering constriction or engineerin, purpese i= call A timber. Both ogenon, land endogenous trees are found in Buch - hantlkantha The dominant mecenf trees fo_the forest of Buchenilkantha-13 are _ Salla (Prous cpecies) , vite (Alnus nepalen - sis), Schima wallichty Cstanopeis and Rhododendron . Bamboo is aleo foued. an. some parts . a Scanned with CamScanner0244 16-18 OQ Crment _ctatus i Most oF the forest 7 Budbani]— lkantha-13 come under the jiriedition shivapuri_ Nageriun National fask Tus tee yorest 7s still thick compared to otb- ex parts athmandu. The trunks of pine_and Uttis ore used as timbor for constriction © finctions and Applications '- Tas = The fer -Hon of timber fm conct= quckion works te to act as load carrying o stucures and to provide support. as forwete ox scagpolding during conetrcton 7 fre applications at. timber are'- @& is uc0ed yor constriction of houce J pests beams maples bridger piles, poles ,ete - (QD Le fo ucod ae percniberes or cabmet making » (QD Te i used floor and voindSouws fre lames, columnz™, beams, Jintel=, eft Sand Ca aggregate i @ Background ‘= Because re vivers Like Dhobi Khela and Biehumafi «ver, sanct fe found seggrcenlly iq_mg- le cebite Scanned with CamScanner0244 16-18 Qz-——O Sand fe a_ niAlar materfal corn, Occ sinel gre f Avided vock and mineral )_particlec . = Use eg .obh-| ___|_qmaded sand j<_ considered Lo B ome | he land _derabil; fo the construction. De fe bettes a _—|-ese_sand pee prom slit clay and Dens az ae fe oO nic mM ee —_Th_present time, sand js collected from mivers: and then washed to cep tk gorcomm- lercial Pubposes Acs he wiers ore ing up the amoundlt a and deposited om bre bes Cea Ieivercs fs aled decreadna . Due to over exploration op naturally available Yond , emfronmenk ceogra- dahon ia curing in some posts areas of my locality : s Sa, functions and Appltcabrons \- The functors of 2andl tn —mostar gre t- Low prevent bnigkoge of mortar \ Fe_prevent cracking ct” mortar (i) 1o_provide strength ~ Ar the dunchons wand in concrete is b gill te votde behueen _ OES 8G ES GCISE — and to provide strength - _ fhe applreations oF. sand are OL ts used as a jor _Angate Pipraciont A mor bar plaster concrehe and pavements - () Te te uced in making a bricks gad blocks _ aC, Lac wobl . aa Ba nr | Scanned with CamScanner PELE TERT eS024 916-18 Q| Cla @ Background :- Clay fs a finely - grained nahin loral rock soil MateHal” that alonz 7 with oH. eapPertale auch BO stone Sep wood has been used gory constriction U many years. Te is cornposed Rone tow meor® Clay minerals Couch ac _kaolin- thee oy _emeYuttes) , comehime.s with ermal quantré quarts, meteh oxides and Organic. mm. © Clay is qosmet lesly aca reoult Vor weatherng al eraci&y SF rock cla 7 fs grtcakey Ceo gor moattsne} bricks aiA po "ey. - I@ Current sbatuc :- The let houses of locality te made strom the brick? oStamad 1, moulding locally available elayyanc! Gs. ing lay ao mortar. However 5 such tony — es are barely cceen these- days as \ people usa prStectrial Lricke and cement forcone Eruchion @finctions and tpplicabions Ihe 4unckion oF. el fs _to poovide rang and _drmnete to tre. \shuchures and aleo ak as a bad 2G matersal - . fnd tre usec oe day are i- @ ° 7 “Scanned with CamScanner024416 -18 6=—O) Pege: If) Clay moter te Geedlatn construction Ie Some alias provide gah woher Feats lence to the structures Rock=: @ Ba nh An aggregeds of: mmerala ohich fowns Ithe earths cvust kehouen Qs rock - Rocke are. used jn making leuileten er. stones. Me tree hyp= op mock under logr cetefeafto: J Baneous wock., Gi) Seclimentary rock. and @Mleta- morc p hfe arock. Strotigied Uns fabigiod and olra ted wocks are three cabcgory of mocks under Saat Ficahion . © Siliceou eee and (D Colaresus rocks are three types of rocks dunder chemical classifieeHor ‘ Sedinentany? re. are mest common fq our areas . Current. ..s bafuss- for commercial purpose , rocks are. ~~ __|lfn_ ote cormmuni: by come industtes. However, ~_ we production Ye very low and the quality on broken dlovon bo obtain eftmes and gravels gkmes .ftoumed fe nob as qed. Locally eer lable qocks are metal used gor pavement leather than fa peng ox qoundation=- iS) Scanned with CamScanner024416 -18 © fin chions and Applications : fae main “panchcn frock ts_to provide ffrrness fh conshuction build Sand also tp provide found | biton. a ff he uses op rocks ave'!- Ot ts used wy wdls, columac, floors aschec coundatons _, eft. ZH building Pructures - me () Ro. _are_used i patent = @ Te ie used gor ballast gor railways flies in_ blast 4 mace and blocks fn he onstruction gp dam. jes, se fen ments weteiteg walls Straw : @ Backaround Straw is an agriculbrreal byprod- uct consisting oF aa balks oft co- weak plants Gytex tho ram and ch have been removed. Straw. has been used ma ears fn, viet Nowader strw-bale conchuckimn és bein popular where bal -Cf-strow are luced pe etruchural elements , burldin 7 insulation oy bolt. Ga Current _s Si | The lees mvolvement of pesple in | * © | ~ Scanned with CamScanner024416-18 perccaing and less availabilioy of. _ agnculiura) lane! have made use straw fork in _conshuection - Also, more reliable +e buildin matertals dike Hy and concrete lave suppressed Ure use 4. strovo Fn bai lectin - Wy at Ofseckoas and Appleton: ance Tae un chon of sha te bo provide fnculation tn louild ing, andl alea mectclance to water. g The -applcabions =F ectraw are \@_Tk te used dor srg : (Te is used “ae msulofors in houses. With the development OE hydration, concrete coil change from _ a plaid ‘bo 4 plaste aa fig.- Shrecso~ chrata > eusve SOS 4 Stage. : At 30% 07 ulfimate stress ~ Oy J ls Gibelzahon wp eracks start from ETZ 4 Trz ts stl) “stable Scanned with CamScanner024416 “1B - Ls Lengts number and coidth OF: craks Increaces a L Ly 412 elarir_to bese unstable a - - - —_ : ———— | \ Sage 3: At FS% op ultimate strecs a | ee | Ly Mrevocracks ore converted to mahi« fowms Ly erz uneeble, LS Mrcrecracks are vietble FLOM Surface J J ~ Cage 4: At 1007 Ls ultimabe strecs ed en eee AS [a A D ADS A we Toes Ws FTZ te serled — Ly TTZ lascomes wy unstable ly Cracks are now pty visible fren __—— USFA CE J x) Scanned with CamScanner024416 -18 | Gaglvence om olurra lot lity. of concrete : J @ Microcracks fq transition fsa obengty ltmika gator jn. concrete — Concrete is byttle material ¢ colich develsps microcrack.< “even before any. load is applied - (2) Under load, ese microcracks gurther prspa— OMicrocreks- at TTZ become mors permeable and amidst _atr and water causing corrocion steet welngorcement and saleo -cavbonaton is jacreased > @ Bus, the trandhm zmne rveduces the long. bes duccaleslite oF concrete . juen co. @ Mrevoeracks af TTZ fs a conctderahon gor pes— meabiltty in concrete . However, microcracks af CG fates chage are co emall that Coen mag not fhereaso Me pexsmeabilthy . Gut Hon of cree with time Taereasec Permeabii thy of norete . Ge size microcracks lave been weported to be bigger than capi ila cavities fn coment paste. With defing. eloinkage thermal shrinkage anol _ lexternall J lead , me size qe cracks alco pepe Scanned with CamScanner024 416-18 fnereases. @©whey.~ cracks are brager Goncrefe bec- ome s_imors pexmeable decrtacing he yyy dese er iri as well . sa And, bre qeunctions of transition zone Lave io IQ Transhion Ze js 2 pane of _wealen So tt he, vo tngluence on mechantaal prsper— ie oy concrete Like strength ancd elasticity @ ITZ jc the ctrenigt Jimittng phace of fre. U Ut concrete. + Te _fnereaces permneakitthy OF conerefe ancl alco =e porosities Pe ceduces bend belween cement pasts and de ie at bl. i and ereatm_ oT vorfads - $ —__l6 & es pen ion tom a jako the concreke. causing COSSTON OF creingorcements used . | @ ; | Scanned with camScanner004416 LE Oud .||How fs re dungbilth, fssue consicteree/ _a_mix_ design of concrete 2 Eepl. vor th, examples aS per your fn dividuak lexposure conditim and. strengt_. anc \- | bs Durradotlr: ; OF concrete fe ce _ jac the abtir concrefe to withstandk weather aclion. chemical atack and abrasion “while moatntaining jt deairect engineexing prsperties - Depending pen. the exposure envfronment and ctrengt, = Imegutred | concrefe show. pao Ay crobi lity . for example :- concrete exposed ‘ded seawater vill hove di¢perent mequtrements Han indeor concrete. Ta mix d. faa a—eeners rete, _gactorc agpe cba Be durabrirhy are @ Waber - cement} ratio + Use of ligher waher- cement rato leade to greater amealeility which cau- ses volume change 9 nae Tat re. salts in cracks eventually leading to dretabegration and yailuve a concrete ct d reuse . ereyore gor duralcle ncrete stuchures, lowest poccible water —-cement qratio shod be used while creating a G concrete mix. = €D) Scanned with CamScanner004416-18 GeO Ine aggregates usec! in mix dest- ga should be of goed quality : Ferber coun cho be avo? as ee aggregate chances of create = ulling fo wewmeles. anal decrewe rabi lity . mn tath “graded aggre gates chouwld bo used Bigger size op aggregates should b gvoided since Meco type SE. aggregates in weace cracks at [TZ due ov inkernadk bleeding land decreases ostreng th consequen Eley decreasing ducabi iby . - © Compacton : Tbe ‘concrete mix ch b tic te compacted bo Pnéveasce clurabkiltty . The co- meation=-should bexdone-usisthout segregation. Sa compaction fic nok dme cpampseley ters. wail be large number oF votds fn the mix ma— letng= cone: pero anc “More permeable anv ultimate. ducing durability of concrete . DO Ging peried ; Fasper and supgi rent curing clowd lhe done af mitral stage ‘ot concrete vase to permit proper strength development and te ensure lhydrotion procace occurs | complete! Face uggictent cursing _leads to moh sp cracks shal Le plactree lancicag ie na therm Cimes a corel ae ects , of2. recalling # in “decrease of dura ee ii ee! Scanned with CamScanner024416-18 6=—©0 © Permeabiliny : One oF re monk important | gece adg= | ecding dlurabi lt t_conerebe fs permealil; Tove permeabili here j qoumation on cracks leading to “dreintegration 5} concrete . Pew bilt mn en Hon extern agent Pb the concrete causing = Seteriormt— im concrete .To ensure durnabii7, permea —| Ps Lsir hy, 7s to -be prevented by ac ap lows water| | coman i stati and reductimm fn use y_fezz = olanic ma: [cis | | a ES S | “Ax concrete tn mix —oclesiqn i | condi HEhsand wireng SE B30 MPa fs chown | below : Tio data aceumed are l 1 Strength oF. concrefe = M30 | - Exposure. Atte = mild la. Cement Grade = 53 4. Standard deviation = 65 =. Spm gravity OF cemenf = 3:06 ¢. Workabi ly 2 160 mm (lump ) iz. PUx. namie size OL = 20mm 3. Mfatmum cement esnbenle = B20 kay hoa 8. 9. Methol op placing = enpin A uo. Max. cement conten Stee a Jn ENed | a Chemical admixhire = dapenpl irean | &. @® a Scanned with CamScanner0244le-1B 9 > Oz |Shop1: Calewlotion of tovgel mean strongly Sf, concrebe a t Eft Lébs Jax fa wheyea > fire target mean_strength_af 26 days 7 fer = characterise compressive. strength at 26 days s 2 cstindard deviatHon > See From Table 1 (f5 Jo2en:9009)3 s=5. Target strength = 30+ 1é65x5 = 38-DS N/mm? Step 2: Selechs ap water -~ cement watto © rem Table Sg ts 45¢- 2000 ; max. water- coment ratio = 055 (fox exposures: mild & Teingorced concrete) @ From Graph 3: water = cement vatie = 03¢ (2g da Compressive sheng) vs. water-cemenkt -wratte) \@) From Graph 2; water- cement vatto = 0:34 (28 days strength — Scanned with CamScanner_024416 -18 6=—=0 of cement. ve: cooler cesnernt )_— erotio graph Adepting minimum. water - cement watfo as 0:34. Shep 3: Gleutatim of water content From table 2 (Es-10 2e2 72009 Maximum water content for_20 mm agaregake = 186 Gor 2540 50 ym | _slum p acange ) sfze = ee water Sar or 150.mm_ _given slump = 166 +—€ x se : 160 s19F Lb fe Me wagher con As supesplashcizer fe uset bent can be reduced up te-20% andl ageove Baceol om tials sith superplastcizer water content. reduchion of 29% bes been achiev— ed - Hence parvived walter. content is: 197 - 29% op 197 sc 19p --295 x 19F 160 4 14o L . = content - Step ¥: Calewakon op cement Waler - cement watio = 0:34 ® Scanned with CamScanner0244 16-18 4oO : : tent 2 248 2 441-76 ko _ | Cement content = 22 = 4 7) Gom table 5 op fs 456 5 a4 a | nnimumn cement content gor ‘mitt? | posure conditsy = 30D kg m3 _ Sinée | 41 FE ke Zy2 S300 kg/m? ; o cement conten b= FILE be fon? Step 6: Prspoxtisn 5} volume Gy coarse agave, Fe and in 2gercg ate content . fom Table 2 €610262:2609) + Volume of coarce aggregate corre Spo - ng to 20 mm size aggregate and fine_aggregalsG—zene I for water cement ralfo OS = 080. fa the. present case ) + © - cement — watfo = 0:34 ..Merejore , volume of ae J care aggregate Ts rvegrired te_k — a Increased ¢o deereare tine aggregate s GO ontent - - we roto + Vel: ot C4. — sx(t) in(t) _ syv-(t) tx (L) a “to-os FOOL — * - _— aa Scanned with CamScanner024416 -1e Wester— cement retto js lowered logy : 0-50 ~0-24 — - 0-46 22, proportion xf volume oa re OG Gre = gote is Mmereaced ba GOL pie = O'03B2 Oos Cat the mathe . =/+ 0:01 4or Ses th 0.05 ange in end nratte ) . herepore covrectec! prspostion of value of coarse agaregate 4 4or the Locher —cement wato op O34 = 060 + 0035 =0°'639 Shep-e for _pumpable re as doese value, hansen bes wveduiceA by 105 So; = 0: -~ 10% Volume Of coars agqgregake 622- 10% 3 O632 ~ = 0568 And; x Volume Fp. fine aggre gake = 1-0-5683 = 0-422 Step 6: Mix caleulatfons The Wik calculations -per unit volume og novels shall be as Follows In Q)|\Volume op concrete = tei" E @|Velume op scement a SF F_ SMSO + a Sp. gravity oy cement 1600 : 4 ee @ BAS 1630 Scanned with CamScanner—— saber Volume of _woker ie GES OP Ee og OB water _ 140 4 ood Lovo = 0-14 m3 _____ Specigic gravity y 1600 024g lé-1B Velume op chemical admixhire (@ 2:07 tay mass Of cementitfous material’) ie o ™ chemr a Super plactieey = ead ee =r eeeciaia arab a 6s pacigin grog 4 admixhire 2% OL 411-46 1 L145 1000 82352 2b L14s 1000 = 0:007912 m? a Volume of. all in aggre gate = la-Corerd)] J Ug CO 1- (0431+ 0-149 +0-009912) = 1- 0-248 0:422 m? . Mass Gf coarse aggregates = ex volume Op_coaxse aggregate X_specigzic gravity of coarse aggre gake x 1000 oO vo U ics = OF22 x 0-568 X 2:74 x L000 = 119% kg. —| Scanned with CamScanner02 Lo, — 44 le -1e @= oO) = | @|Mass 1 tme aggregate = ex volume 7 pine | Jt o ot | aa pecific gravthy of od v C gq J fine agagregafe x 1000 ____ S G = 0-729 x 0452 x 2F 1000 2 855 ko Mix _prsportion ensuning durabitliby tor tial vumber 1 are - 1|| Cement = 411-76 kg ‘m all looker = 160 kg/m 7 I Sk ed 3 lFine aggregate 855 kg /m 5 A| Coarse ate = 1124 ka Ym 5\| Chemical admixhire = 8:235 kg/m Wwater—cement ratio = 0-34 tL ‘Scanned with CamScanner