Lec - 6 - 7 - Failure Modes - Stress - and Elementary Profile of Dam

Lecture_6: Review of Forces in Gravity Dam
Contents:
o Different forces acting in dam (Review)
o Modes of failure of gravity dam (Review)
o Determination of forces in dam (Numerical)
Prepared By: Mahesh Raj Bhatt, Lecturer, Kathmandu University

Forces acting on Dam (Review)
1. Self weight of Dam
2. Hydrostatic force
3. Up thrust
4. Inertia force due to earthquake
5. Hydrodynamic force due to Horizontal Earthquake
6. Wave force
7. ICE, Temperature, silt etc.
Prepared By: Mahesh Raj Bhatt, Lecturer,

Kathmandu University
1. Self weight of Dam
Weight of Dam
(self-weight)
𝑊 = 𝛾𝑐 𝑉𝑐
2) Hydrostatic force
1
𝑃ℎ = 𝛾𝑤 𝐻 2
2
1
𝑇𝑎𝑖𝑙 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 (𝑃ℎ ′) = 𝛾𝑤 𝐻′2
2
3) Up thrust 𝑼 = 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒐𝒇 𝒖𝒑𝒍𝒊𝒇𝒕 𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒎

4) Hydrodynamic force due to horizontal earthquake
i) Von Karman expression
2 4𝐻
𝑃𝑒 = 0.555𝑘ℎ 𝛾𝑤 𝐻 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 (iv)
3𝜋
Where kh is fraction of gravity and γw is unit weight of water and H is
height of water.

4) Hydrodynamic force due to horizontal earthquake
ii) Zanger's formulae
𝑃𝑒 = 0.726 × 𝑝𝑒 × 𝐻 (v)
Where,
𝑝𝑒 = 𝐶𝑚 𝑘ℎ 𝛾𝑤 𝐻, 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑠 0.412𝐻 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒
𝜃
𝐶𝑚 = 0.735
90
Where θ, is the angle in degrees, which the U/S face of the dam makes with
the horizontal.

6) Wave force due to air
1
ℎ𝑤 = 0.032 𝑉𝐹 + 0.763 − 0.271 𝐹 4 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐹 < 32 𝐾𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (vii)
ℎ𝑤 = 0.032 𝑉𝐹 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐹 > 32 𝐾𝑚

6) Wave force due to air
ℎ𝑤
𝑝𝑤 = 2.4 × 𝛾𝑤 ℎ𝑤 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑡 8
𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 (viii)
1 5
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑃𝑤 = 2.4 × 𝛾𝑤 ℎ𝑤 ℎ𝑤 = 2𝛾𝑤 ℎ𝑤 2
2 3
𝑘𝑁 3
= 19.62ℎ𝑤 2 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑡 ℎ 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑜𝑖𝑟 𝑠𝑢𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑒
𝑚 8 𝑤

Modes of failure of Gravity Dam (Review)
1) Overturning
𝑴𝑹
𝑭𝑶𝑺 = (i)
𝑴𝑶
2) Crushing
𝑷𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝑽 𝟔𝒆
𝑷𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝟏± (ii)
𝑩 𝑩
Where, ΣV, is Total vertical force, B is base width

and e is Eccentricity of the resultant force from
the center of the base.
3) Development of tension
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑉 6𝑒 𝑉 6𝑒
𝑃𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 1± → 1±
𝐵 𝐵 𝐵 𝐵
=0
For no tension
𝑉 6𝑒 𝐵
𝑃𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 1− =0→𝑒= (iii)
𝐵 𝐵 6
Modes of failure of Gravity Dam (Review)
4) Shear failure (sliding)
i) Factor of sliding against sliding
𝑹𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆 𝝁 𝑽
𝑭𝑺𝑺 = = (iv)
𝑺𝒍𝒊𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆 𝑯
ii) Factor of safety against shear friction

𝑹𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆 𝝁 𝑽 𝑨×𝑪 𝝁 𝑽+𝑨×𝑪
𝑺𝑭𝑭 = = + = (iv)
𝑺𝒍𝒊𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆 𝑯 𝑯 𝑯
Where,
C = average cohesion/shear strength of the joint and A= area of
joint
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑗𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 = 𝐴 = 𝐵 × 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ = 𝐵 × 1 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ = 𝐵

Example (1) Find out the different forces acting on the dam
section given
• Given unit weight of water and unit weight of concrete is 10 kN/m3 and 24 kN/m3
respectively.
• The earthquake force may be taken as equivalent to 0.1g for horizontal forces and
0.05g for vertical forces. (Horizontal inertial force acts towards downstream and
vertical inertial force due to earthquake acts towards upward i.e. in antigravity
direction) Kathmandu University
Solution:
Various forces acting on the dam section are

1) Self-weight of dam
2) Hydrostatic pressure in upstream face and downstream face of the dam
3) Uplift pressure
4) Hydrodynamic force due to earthquake in horizontal direction
5) Vertical inertia force due to earthquake
6) No consideration of ice, temperature and wind pressure here
Solution:
Considering unit length of dam

𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐷𝑎𝑚 𝑊 = 𝛾𝑐 × 𝑉 (i)
Here Unit weight of dam γc = 24 kN/m3 and V is volume of the dam section
i) Weight of section I
1 1
𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑊𝐼 = 𝛾𝑐 × 𝑉 = 24 × 𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 × 𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 24 × 6 × 60 =
2 2
4320 𝑘𝑁 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑡 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝐶𝐺
6
𝐶𝐺 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐼 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐷𝑎𝑚 𝑡𝑜𝑒 𝑖𝑠 = 63 + = 65 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
Prepared By: Mahesh Raj Bhatt, Lecturer, 3
Solution:
ii) Weight of section II

𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑊𝐼𝐼 = 𝛾𝑐 × 𝑉 = 24 × 7 × 90 = 15120 𝑘𝑁 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑡 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝐶𝐺
𝐶𝐺 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐼𝐼 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐷𝑎𝑚 𝑡𝑜𝑒 𝑖𝑠 = 56 + 7/2 = 59.5 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
iii) Weight of section III
1 1
𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑊𝐼𝐼𝐼 = 𝛾𝑐 × 𝑉 = 24 × 𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 × 𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 24 × 56 × 80
2 2
= 53760 𝑘𝑁 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑡 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝐶𝐺
𝐶𝐺 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐷𝑎𝑚 Raj
Prepared By: Mahesh 𝑡𝑜𝑒 𝑖𝑠 Lecturer,
Bhatt, = 2 56/3 = 37.33 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
Solution:
Magnitude of Force in kN.
Moment (kNm)
Designation Horizontal (Toward U/S Lever Arm (Resisting is (+Ve) and Remarks
S.N. Number of Forcse
if any Vertical (Downward +ve and Towards D/S is (m)
+ve and Upward (-Ve) Overturning is (-Ve)
(-Ve)
WI 4320 65 280800
1 Dam Weight WII 15120 59.5 899640
WIII 53760 37.33333333 2007040
Sum (V1) 73200 Sum (M1) 3187480
Pv1 1560 66 102960
Weight of Supported water on
2 Pv2 1800 67 120600
U/S and D/S face of dam
Pv' 126 1.4 176.4
Sum (V2) 3486 Sum (M2) 223736.4
U1 -4140 34.5 -142830
3 Uplift Pressure
U2 -27600 46 -1269600
Sum (V3) -31740 Sum (M3) -1412430
WI' -216 65 -14040
Upward Inertil force Due to
4 WII' -756 59.5 -44982
Earthquake of 0.05g
WIII' -2688 37.33333333 -100352
Sum (V4) -3660 Sum (M4) -159374
Ph -36980 28.66666667 -1060093.333
5 Horizontal Hydrostatic Force
Ph' 180 2 360
Sum (H1) -36800 Sum (M5) -1059733.333
WI'' Prepared By: Mahesh Raj Bhatt, -432
Lecturer, 20 -8640
Horizontal inertial force due to Kathmandu University
6 WII'' -1512 45 -68040
Solution:
2) Self-weight of water supported on the U/S and D/S face of the Dam
Considering unit length of dam
i) Vertical water weight of U/S (Pv1)

𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑃𝑣1 = 𝛾𝑤 × 𝑉1 = 10 × 𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 × 𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 10 × 6 × 26 =
1560 𝑘𝑁 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑡 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝐶𝐺
6
𝐶𝐺 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐼 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐷𝑎𝑚 𝑡𝑜𝑒 𝑖𝑠 = 56 + 7 + = 66 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
2
Solution:
ii) Weight of section II

1
𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑃𝑣2 = 𝛾𝑤 × 𝑉 = 10 × × 6 × 60 = 1800 𝑘𝑁 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑡 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝐶𝐺
2
6
𝐶𝐺 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐼𝐼 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐷𝑎𝑚 𝑡𝑜𝑒 𝑖𝑠 = 56 + 7 + 2 × = 67 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
3
iii) Weight of section at D/S due to vertical water
1 1
𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑃𝑣′ = 𝛾𝑤 × 𝑉 = 10 × 𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 × 𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 10 × 4.2 × 6
2 2
= 126 𝑘𝑁 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑡 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝐶𝐺
Prepared By: Mahesh Raj Bhatt, Lecturer, 4.2
𝐶𝐺 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚Kathmandu
𝐷𝑎𝑚 𝑡𝑜𝑒 𝑖𝑠 = 𝐻′2/3
University = = 1.4 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
3
Solution:

Moment (kNm)
(-Ve)
WI 4320 65 280800
1 Dam Weight WII 15120 59.5 899640
WIII 53760 37.33333333 2007040
Sum (V1) 73200 Sum (M1) 3187480
Pv1 1560 66 102960
2 Pv2 1800 67 120600
Pv' Prepared
126By: Mahesh Raj Bhatt, Lecturer, 1.4 176.4
Sum (V2) 3486 Sum (M2) 223736.4
Solution:
3) Uplift pressure due to Water in U/S and D/S
i) Uplift pressure (U1)

Uplift U1 = Area of Diagram
= 69 × 60 = 4140 kN
and it acts at 34.5 meter from toe
ii) Uplift pressure (U2)

i) Uplift U2 = Area of Diagram =
1
2
600 × 69
ii) = −27600 kN and it acts at 2 ×

Moment (kNm)
(-Ve)
WI 4320 65 280800
1 Dam Weight WII 15120 59.5 899640
WIII 53760 37.33333333 2007040
Sum (V1) 73200 Sum (M1) 3187480
Pv1 1560 66 102960
2 Pv2 1800 67 120600
Pv' 126 1.4 176.4
Sum (V2) 3486 Sum (M2) 223736.4
U1 -4140 34.5 -142830
3 Uplift Pressure
U2 -27600 46 -1269600
Sum (V3) -31740 Sum (M3) -1412430
WI' -216 65 -14040
4 WII' -756 59.5 -44982
Earthquake of 0.05g
WIII' -2688 37.33333333 -100352
Sum (V4) -3660 Sum (M4) -159374
Ph -36980 28.66666667 -1060093.333
Ph' 180 2 360
Sum (H1) -36800 Sum (M5) -1059733.333
WI'' -432 20 -8640
Horizontal inertial force due to
6 WII'' -1512 45 -68040
Earthquake of 0.1g
WIII'' Prepared By: Mahesh Raj Bhatt,-5376
Lecturer, 26.66666667 -143360
Kathmandu
Sum (H2) University-6888 Sum (M6) -220040
Solution:
4) Upward (antigravity) vertical forces due to
Inertia due to earthquake
i) Inertial force due to Weight of section I
𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑊𝐼′ = 0.05 × 4320 =
− 216 𝑘𝑁 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑡 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝐶𝐺
𝐶𝐺 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐼 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐷𝑎𝑚 𝑡𝑜𝑒 𝑖𝑠 =
6
63 + = 65 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
3
ii) Inertial force due to Weight of section II

𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑊𝐼𝐼′ = 0.05 × 15120 =
− 756 𝑘𝑁 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑡 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝐶𝐺
𝐶𝐺 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐼𝐼 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐷𝑎𝑚 𝑡𝑜𝑒 𝑖𝑠
= 56 + 7/2 = 59.5 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
iii) Inertial force due to Weight of section III
𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑊𝐼𝐼𝐼 = 0.05 × 53760
= −2688 𝑘𝑁 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑡 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝐶𝐺
𝐶𝐺 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐷𝑎𝑚 𝑡𝑜𝑒 𝑖𝑠
= 2 56/3 = 37.33 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
Solution:

Moment (kNm)
(-Ve)
WI 4320 65 280800
1 Dam Weight WII 15120 59.5 899640
WIII 53760 37.33333333 2007040
Sum (V1) 73200 Sum (M1) 3187480
Pv1 1560 66 102960
2 Pv2 1800 67 120600
Pv' 126 1.4 176.4
Sum (V2) 3486 Sum (M2) 223736.4
U1 -4140 34.5 -142830
3 Uplift Pressure
U2 -27600 46 -1269600
Sum (V3) -31740 Sum (M3) -1412430
WI' -216 65 -14040
4 WII' -756 59.5 -44982
Earthquake of 0.05g
WIII' Prepared
-2688By: Mahesh Raj Bhatt, Lecturer, 37.33333333 -100352
Sum (V4) -3660 Sum (M4) -159374
Solution:
5) Horizontal Hydrostatic Pressure
i) Hydrostatic force due to U/S water

1 1 𝐻
𝑃ℎ = 2 𝛾𝑤 𝐻2 = 2 10 × 862 = −36980 𝑘𝑁 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑡 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑡 ( 3 = 28.66𝑚 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒)
ii) Hydrostatic force due to D/S tail water

1 2 1 𝐻
𝑇𝑎𝑖𝑙 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 (𝑃ℎ ′) = 𝛾𝑤 𝐻′ = 10 × 62 = 180 𝑘𝑁 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑡 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑡 (
2 2 3
= 2 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒) Kathmandu University
Solution:
5) Horizontal Hydrostatic Pressure

Moment (kNm)
S.N. Number of Forcse Vertical (Downward
if any +ve and Towards D/S is (m)
(-Ve)
WI 4320 65 280800
1 Dam Weight WII 15120 59.5 899640
WIII 53760 37.33333333 2007040
Sum (V1) 73200 Sum (M1) 3187480
Pv1 1560 66 102960
2 Pv2 1800 67 120600
Pv' 126 1.4 176.4
Sum (V2) 3486 Sum (M2) 223736.4
U1 -4140 34.5 -142830
3 Uplift Pressure
U2 -27600 46 -1269600
Sum (V3) Magnitude
-31740 of Force in kN. Sum (M3) -1412430
Moment (kNm)
Upward Inertilofforce Due to Designation
WI' -216 Horizontal (Toward U/S Lever65Arm -14040
S.N.
4 Number Forcse Vertical (Downward (Resisting-44982
is (+Ve) and Remarks
Earthquake of 0.05g ifWII'
any -756
+ve and Towards D/S is
59.5
(m)
WIII' +ve and Upward
-2688 (-Ve) 37.33333333 Overturning
-100352is (-Ve)
Sum (V4) -3660 (-Ve) Sum (M4) -159374
Ph
WI 4320 -36980 28.66666667
65 -1060093.333
280800
Ph' 180 2 360
1 Dam Weight WII 15120Sum (H1) -36800
59.5
Sum (M5)
899640
-1059733.333
WIII
WI'' 53760 -432 37.33333333
20 2007040
-8640
6 Sum (V1)
WII'' Prepared By:
73200 Mahesh Raj Bhatt, Lecturer,
-1512 Sum45(M1) 3187480
-68040
Earthquake of 0.1g Kathmandu University-5376
WIII'' 26.66666667 -143360
Solution:
6) Horizontal earthquake induced earthquake force
i) Weight of section I
𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑊𝐼′′ = 0.1 × 4320 = −432 𝑘𝑁 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑡 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝐶𝐺
60
𝐶𝐺 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐼Prepared
𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚By:𝐷𝑎𝑚
Mahesh𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑖𝑠 Lecturer,
Raj Bhatt, = 3 = 20 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
Solution: 6) Horizontal earthquake induced earthquake force
ii) Inertial force due to Weight of section II

𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑊𝐼𝐼′′ = 0.1 × 15120 = −1512𝑘𝑁 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑡 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝐶𝐺
𝐶𝐺 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐼𝐼 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐷𝑎𝑚 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑖𝑠 = 90/2 = 45 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
iii) Inertial force due to Weight of section III
𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑊𝐼𝐼𝐼 = 0.1 × 53760 = −5376 𝑘𝑁 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑡 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝐶𝐺
𝐶𝐺 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐷𝑎𝑚 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑖𝑠 = 80/3 = 26.66 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
Solution: 6) Horizontal earthquake induced earthquake force
Moment (kNm)
(-Ve)
WI 4320 65 280800
1 Dam Weight WII 15120 59.5 899640
WIII 53760 37.33333333 2007040
Sum (V1) 73200 Sum (M1) 3187480
Pv1 1560 66 102960
2 Pv2 1800 67 120600
Pv' 126 1.4 176.4
Sum (V2) 3486 Sum (M2) 223736.4
U1 -4140 34.5 -142830
3 Uplift Pressure
U2 -27600 46 -1269600
Sum (V3) Magnitude
-31740 of Force in kN. Sum (M3) -1412430
Moment (kNm)
Upward Inertilofforce Due to Designation
WI' -216 Horizontal (Toward U/S Lever65Arm -14040
S.N.
4 Number Forcse Vertical (Downward (Resisting-44982
is (+Ve) and Remarks
any -756
+ve and Towards D/S is 59.5
(m)
-2688 (-Ve) 37.33333333 Overturning
-100352is (-Ve)
Sum (V4) -3660 (-Ve) Sum (M4) -159374
WI
Ph 4320 -36980 65
28.66666667 280800
-1060093.333
1 Dam Weight Ph'
WII 15120 180 2
59.5 360
899640
Sum (H1) -36800 Sum (M5) -1059733.333
WIII 53760 37.33333333 2007040
WI'' -432 20 -8640
Horizontal inertial force due to Sum (V1) 73200 Sum
6 WII'' -1512 45(M1) 3187480
-68040
Earthquake of 0.1g
WIII''
Pv1 1560 -5376 26.66666667
66 -143360
102960
Weight of Supported water on Prepared By:Sum (H2)
Mahesh Raj Bhatt, -6888
Lecturer, Sum (M6) -220040
2 Pv2 1800Kathmandu University-3771.17 67 120600
U/S and D/SPressure
7 Hydrodynamic face of dam Pe 35.432 -133620.0954
Solution: 7) Hydrodynamic force induced due to horizontal earthquake
As the U/S face is inclined, so Zanger's expression is suitable
𝑃𝑒 = 0.726 × 𝑝𝑒 × 𝐻
Where,
𝑝𝑒 = 𝐶𝑚 𝑘ℎ 𝛾𝑤 𝐻, 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑠 0.412𝐻 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒
Where,
𝜃
𝐶𝑚 = 0.735 90
Where θ, is the angle in degrees, which the U/S face of the dam makes with the
horizontal.

𝑯 𝟖𝟔
For this case 𝒉 > 𝒊. 𝒆. 𝟔𝟎 > = 𝟒𝟑 ,
𝟐 𝟐
𝟖𝟔
𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜽 = ↔ 𝜽 = 𝟖𝟔 𝒅𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒆𝒆
𝟔
𝜃
𝑃𝑒 = 0.726 × 𝑝𝑒 × 𝐻 = 0.726 × 𝐶𝑚 𝑘ℎ 𝛾𝑤 𝐻 × 𝐻 = 0.726 × 0.735 × 𝑘ℎ × 𝛾𝑤 ×
90
86
𝐻 × 𝐻 = 0.726 × 0.735 × 0.1 × 10 × 86 × 86 =
90
3771.17 𝑘𝑁 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑡(0.412𝐻 =35.432 meter from base of dam

Moment (kNm)
(-Ve)
WI 4320 65 280800
1 Dam Weight WII 15120 59.5 899640
WIII 53760 37.33333333 2007040
Sum (V1) 73200 Sum (M1) 3187480
Pv1 1560 66 102960
2 Pv2 1800 67 120600
Pv' 126 1.4 176.4
Sum (V2) 3486 Sum (M2) 223736.4
U1 -4140 34.5 -142830
3 Uplift Pressure
U2 -27600 46 -1269600
Sum (V3) -31740 Sum (M3) -1412430
Moment (kNm)
Designation
WI' -216 Horizontal (Toward U/S Lever65 Arm -14040
S.N. Number
Upward Inertilofforce
Forcse
Due to Vertical (Downward (Resisting is (+Ve) and Remarks
4
any -756 +ve and Towards D/S is (m)
59.5 -44982
-2688 (-Ve) 37.33333333 Overturning
-100352is (-Ve)
Sum (V4) -3660
(-Ve) Sum (M4) -159374
WI
Ph 4320 -36980 65
28.66666667 280800
-1060093.333
1 Dam Weight Ph'
WII 15120 180 2
59.5 360
899640
Sum (H1) -36800 Sum (M5) -1059733.333
WIII
WI''
53760 -432
37.33333333
20
2007040
-8640
6 Sum (V1)
WII'' 73200 -1512 Sum45(M1) 3187480
-68040
Earthquake of 0.1g
WIII'' -5376 26.66666667 -143360
Pv1 1560 66 102960
Weight of Supported water on Sum (H2) -6888 Sum (M6) -220040
2 7 Hydrodynamic Pressure Pv2
Pe Prepared By: Mahesh Raj Bhatt, Lecturer,
1800Kathmandu University
-3771.17 67
35.432 120600
-133620.0954
Sum (H3) -3771.17 Sum (M7) -133620.0954
SUMMARY OF THE CALCULATED FORCES
Moment (kNm)
(-Ve)
WI 4320 65 280800
1 Dam Weight WII 15120 59.5 899640
WIII 53760 37.33333333 2007040
Sum (V1) 73200 Sum (M1) 3187480
Pv1 1560 66 102960
2 Pv2 1800 67 120600
Pv' 126 1.4 176.4
Sum (V2) 3486 Sum (M2) 223736.4
U1 -4140 34.5 -142830
3 Uplift Pressure
U2 -27600 46 -1269600
Sum (V3) -31740 Sum (M3) -1412430
WI' -216 65 -14040
4 WII' -756 59.5 -44982
Earthquake of 0.05g
WIII' -2688 37.33333333 -100352
Sum (V4) -3660 Sum (M4) -159374
Ph -36980 28.66666667 -1060093.333
Ph' 180 2 360
Sum (H1) -36800 Sum (M5) -1059733.333
WI'' -432 20 -8640
6 WII'' -1512 45 -68040
Earthquake of 0.1g
WIII'' -5376 26.66666667 -143360
Sum (H2) -7320 Sum (M6) -220040
7 Hydrodynamic Pressure Pe -3771.17 35.432 -133620.0954
Prepared By:Sum
Mahesh
(H3) Raj Bhatt, Lecturer,
-3771.17 Sum (M7) -133620.0954
Sum (V) 41286
Sum(H) -47891.17
Sum (MR) 3411216.4
Sum (Mo) -2985197.429
Sum (M) 426018.9712
Determine maximum and minimum compressive stress in the heel and
toe of the dam
𝑷𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝟏±
𝑩 𝑩
Where,
ΣV = 41286 Kn, B = 69 m
𝑩
𝒆 = − 𝑿
𝟐
𝑴 𝟒𝟐𝟔𝟎𝟏𝟖.𝟗𝟕𝟏𝟐
𝑴= 𝑽×𝑿→𝑿= = = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟑𝟏𝟖 𝒎
𝑽 𝟒𝟏𝟐𝟖𝟔
𝟔𝟗
𝒆 = − 𝟏𝟎. 𝟑𝟏𝟖 = 𝟐𝟒. 𝟏𝟖 𝒎
𝟐
𝑷𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝑽 𝟔𝒆 𝟒𝟏𝟐𝟖𝟔 𝟔×𝟐𝟒.𝟏𝟖
𝑷𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝟏± = 𝟏± = 𝟏𝟖𝟓𝟔. 𝟓 𝒌𝑵 𝒂𝒏𝒅 −
𝑩 𝑩 𝟔𝟗 𝑩
𝟔𝟓𝟗. 𝟓𝟏 𝒌𝑵 Kathmandu University
Reference:
Irrigation Engineering and Hydraulic Structures By SK
Garg

Lecture_7: Stresses on dam and Elementary profile
Contents:
o Principal stress in dam toe/heel
o Shear stress in dam toe/heel
o Elementary profile of dam (forces)
o Base width of elementary profile (stress and
stability criteria)
o Stresses in the elementary profile of dam

Lecture_7: Stresses on dam and Elementary profile
o Principal stress in dam toe/heel
𝑩 𝑩

o Principal stress in dam Toe
𝑩 𝑩
 This equation gives the maximum and minimum compressive stress action on the
dam base.
 This is not the maximum stress anywhere in the dam section. When the dam is full
with water maximum stress will be at toe and minimum at the heel from above
expression.
However there will be

maximum normal stress
which will act on the normal
to the principal plane. To
study the principal stresses
that will develop near the toe
let us consider a small
element ABC at toe as in
figure Prepared By: Mahesh Raj Bhatt, Lecturer, Kathmandu University
 The face AB is D/S face
of dam and Face BC is at
perpendicular to the face
AB, so that these both are
principal planes
perpendicular to each
other
 D/S face of dam makes
angle α with vertical
direction
Here,
 Stress due to tail water P' is acting perpendicular to face AB and similarly
 Consider Stress along BC is σ which is normal stress
 Assume length of AB, BC and AC are ds, dr and db respectively
 Pv is vertical stress acting on the face AC and
All the stress P', Pv and σ are normal to the faces and considered to be uniform on the face of
considered element ABC as the element is small, however these are not uniform
Considering unit length of the dam section
Forces on each sides are

𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝐹 = 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 × 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎
Forces on face AB = P' ds and in face BC = σ dr and on AC = Pv db
Resolving all the force in vertical and horizontal direction

𝑉=0
𝑃𝑣 𝑑𝑏 = 𝜎 𝑑𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 + 𝑃′ 𝑑𝑠 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼
𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑠
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼 =
𝑑𝑏 𝑑𝑏 𝑑𝑟
𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑟
𝑃𝑣 𝑑𝑏 = 𝜎 𝑑𝑟 + 𝑃′ 𝑑𝑠
𝑑𝑏 𝑑𝑏
𝑑𝑏 2 𝑑𝑠 2
𝑃𝑣 𝑑𝑏2 =𝜎 𝑑𝑟 2 + 𝑃′ 𝑑𝑠 2 →𝜎 𝑑𝑟 2 = 𝑃𝑣 𝑑𝑏2 − 𝑃′ 𝑑𝑠 2 ↔𝜎= 𝑃𝑣 𝑑𝑟 − 𝑃′ ↔
𝑑𝑟
𝑃𝑣 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝛼 − 𝑃′ 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝛼
𝝈 = 𝑷𝒗 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝜶 − 𝑷′ 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝜶 (i)
For maximum value of principal stress from equation (i)
P'= 0 i.e. no tail water, so that
𝜎 = 𝑃𝑣 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝛼 − 0 = 𝑃𝑣 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝛼 (ii)
From equation (ii) sec2α = is always greater than 1 > 1 𝝈𝒎𝒂𝒙 =
𝑷𝒗 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝜶 (𝒘𝒉𝒊𝒄𝒉 𝒊𝒔 𝒈𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒏 𝑷𝒗 )
𝜎 = 𝑃𝑣 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝛼 − 0 = 𝑃𝑣 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝛼 (ii)
Case (1) if earthquake force is also considered

acting towards the reservoir
Hydrodynamic force acts at the toe of dam,
𝝈 = 𝑷𝒗 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝜶 − (𝑷′ −𝑷𝒆 ′)𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝜶 (iii)
Note:
Above equation (i) (ii) and (iii) are derived for the element at dam toe is also applicable to the
element at heel, the equation at the heel is given by
𝝈 𝒂𝒕 𝒉𝒆𝒆𝒍 = 𝑷𝒗 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝜱 − 𝑷 + 𝑷𝒆 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝜱 (iv)
Where
Φ is the angle made by U/S face of dam with vertical.
SHEAR STRESS ON THE HORIZONTAL PLANE NEAR TOE OF GRAVITY DAM:
Shear stress will act on the face CA on

which the vertical stress is acting. Resolving
all the forces in element ABC in horizontal
direction
𝜏 𝑑𝑏 = 𝜎 𝑑𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 − 𝑃′ 𝑑𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼
𝑑𝑟 ′
𝑑𝑠
𝜏 = 𝜎 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 − 𝑃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼
𝑑𝑏 𝑑𝑏
= 𝜎 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 − 𝑃′ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 (𝜎 − 𝑃′ )
From equation (i) put the value of σ in equation

𝝈 = 𝑷𝒗 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝜶 − 𝑷′ 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝜶
𝜏 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 𝜎 − 𝑃′ = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 𝑷𝒗 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝜶 − 𝑷′ 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝜶 − 𝑃′

= 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 𝑷𝒗 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝜶 − 𝑷′ (𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝜶 + 1 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 𝑷𝒗 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝜶 − 𝑷′ 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝜶
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼
= 2 𝑷𝒗 − 𝑷′ = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼 𝑷𝒗 − 𝑷′
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼
SHEAR STRESS ON THE HORIZONTAL PLANE NEAR TOE OF GRAVITY DAM:
𝜏 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 𝜎 − 𝑃′
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 𝑷𝒗 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝜶 − 𝑷′ 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝜶 − 𝑃′
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 𝑷𝒗 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝜶 − 𝑷′ (𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝜶 + 1
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 𝑷𝒗 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝜶 − 𝑷′ 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝜶
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼
= 2
𝑷𝒗 − 𝑷′ = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼 𝑷𝒗 − 𝑷′
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼
Neglecting the tail water pressure P' =0

Then
𝜏 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼 𝑷𝒗 − 𝑷′ = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼 𝑷𝒗 − 𝟎 = 𝑃𝑣 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼 (vii)
If earthquake effect is considered
𝜏 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼 𝑷𝒗 − 𝑷′ − 𝑷𝒆 ′ (viii)
AND FOR HEEL PART
𝜏 (ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑙) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛷 𝑷𝒗 − 𝑷 + 𝑷𝒆 (ix)
ELEMENTARY PROFILE OF DAM
If all the forces are neglected except water pressure, the profile of the dam will be triangular like
as water static pressure diagram having zero width at top and maximum at base where
maximum water static pressure acts.

DIFFERENT FORCES ACTION ON THE ELEMENTARY PROFILE OF DAM
1. SELF WEIGHT (W)

Self-weight of the dam
1
(𝑊) = 2 𝐵 × 𝐻 × 𝛾𝑐
If specific gravity of the dam material is 𝑆𝑐 =
𝛾𝑐
𝛾𝑤 ↔ 𝛾𝑐 = 𝑆𝑐 𝛾𝑤
1
𝑊 = 2𝐵 × 𝐻 ×
2𝐵
𝑆𝑐 𝛾𝑤 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑇𝑜𝑒 (i)
3
2. WATER PRESSURE (P)

1 1 𝐻
𝑃 = 2 𝛾𝑤 × 𝐻 × 𝐻 = 2 𝛾𝑤 × 𝐻2 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 (ii)
3
3. UPLIFT (U)
1 2𝐵
𝑈 = 𝛾𝑤 × 𝐻 × 𝐶 × 𝐵 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑇𝑜𝑒 (iii)
2 3
Here, C is uplift pressure intensity coefficient may be 0 for no uplift and 1 for full uplift.

DETERMINATION OF BASE WIDTH OF THE ELEMENTRY PROFILE
1. Stress criteria (when reservoir if full 2. Stability criteria (the dam should be safe
then resultant of all the forces should in sliding)
passes through outermost point of
middle third of the dam base)

1. Stress criteria (when reservoir if full then resultant of all the forces should passes through
outermost point of middle third of the dam base)
• Point C' is the lower most point of the
middle one third of the dam base.
• So for no tension the resultant should lie in
the point C'. So taking moment about point
C' as the resultant lies at C' so the sum of
moment at the point C' is zero.
𝐵 𝐵 𝐻
𝑊× −𝑈× −𝑃× =0
3 3 3
Where
1
(𝑊) = 𝐵 × 𝐻 × 𝑆𝑐 𝛾𝑤
2
1 1
𝑃 = 2 𝛾𝑤 × 𝐻 × 𝐻 = 2 𝛾𝑤 × 𝐻2
1
𝑈 = 2 𝛾𝑤 × 𝐻 × 𝐶 × 𝐵

𝐵 𝐵 𝐻
𝑊× −𝑈× −𝑃× =0
3 3 3
Where
1
(𝑊) = 2 𝐵 × 𝐻 × 𝑆𝑐 𝛾𝑤
1 1
𝑃 = 2 𝛾𝑤 × 𝐻 × 𝐻 = 2 𝛾𝑤 × 𝐻 2
1
𝑈 = 2 𝛾𝑤 × 𝐻 × 𝐶 × 𝐵
1 𝐵 1 𝐵 1 𝐻
𝐵 × 𝐻 × 𝑆𝑐 𝛾𝑤 × 3 − 2 𝛾𝑤 × 𝐻 × 𝐶 × 𝐵 × 3 − 2 𝛾𝑤 × 𝐻2 × 3 = 0
2
𝐵2 𝐵2 𝐻3
𝐻 × 𝑆𝑐 𝛾𝑤 × − 𝛾𝑤 × 𝐻 × 𝐶 × − 𝛾𝑤 × =0
6 6 6
𝛾𝑤
𝐻 (𝑆𝑐 × 𝐵2 − 𝐶 × 𝐵2 − 𝐻2 ) = 0 From this
6
(𝑆𝑐 × 𝐵2 − 𝐶 × 𝐵2 − 𝐻2 ) = 0
𝐻2
𝑆𝑐 × 𝐵2 − 𝐶 × 𝐵2 = 𝐻2 ↔ 𝐵2 𝑆𝑐 − 𝐶 = 𝐻2 ↔ 𝐵2 = 𝑆
𝑐 −𝐶
𝐻2 𝐻
𝐵= 𝑆𝑐 −𝐶
= (ii)
𝑆𝑐 −𝐶 Prepared By: Mahesh Raj Bhatt, Lecturer, Kathmandu University
DETERMINATION
Cases OF BASE WIDTH OF THE ELEMENTRY PROFILE
𝐻2 𝐻
𝐵= = (ii)
𝑆𝑐 −𝐶 𝑆𝑐 −𝐶
Cases
I. If 100% uplift C=1
𝐻 𝐻
𝐵= =
𝑆𝑐 −𝐶 𝑆𝑐 −1
II. If no uplift C=0

𝐻 𝐻
𝐵= =
𝑆𝑐 −𝐶 𝑆𝑐

2. Stability criteria (the dam should be safe in sliding)

𝐻=𝑃 →
𝑉 = 𝑊−𝑈 ↑
And resisting force due to friction in dam base is
𝐹𝑓𝑟 = 𝜇𝑅 = 𝜇 (𝑊 − 𝑈)
For safety
𝐹𝑓 ≥ 𝐻
1
𝜇 (𝑊 − 𝑈) ≥ 𝑃 ↔ 𝜇 (𝑊 − 𝑈) ≥ 2 𝛾𝑤 × 𝐻2
1 1 1
𝜇 (2 𝐵 × 𝐻 × 𝑆𝑐 𝛾𝑤 − 2 𝛾𝑤 × 𝐻 × 𝐶 × 𝐵 ) ≥ 2 𝛾𝑤 × 𝐻2
𝛾𝑤 ×𝐻×𝐵 1
𝜇 2
(𝑆𝑐 − 𝐶 ) ≥ 2 𝛾𝑤 × 𝐻2
𝐻
𝜇 × 𝐵 𝑆𝑐 − 𝐶 ≥ 𝐻 ↔ 𝐵 ≥ 𝜇 𝑆𝑐 −𝐶
𝑯
𝑩≥ (iii)
𝝁 𝑺𝒄 −𝑪 Prepared By: Mahesh Raj Bhatt, Lecturer, Kathmandu University
2. Stability criteria (the dam should be safe in sliding)

𝑯
𝑩≥ (iii)
𝝁 𝑺𝒄 −𝑪
Cases
I. If 100% uplift C=1
𝐻 𝐻
𝐵≥ ≥
𝜇 𝑆𝑐 −𝐶 𝜇 𝑆𝑐 −1
II. If no uplift C=0

𝐻 𝐻
𝐵≥ ≥
𝜇 𝑆𝑐 −𝐶 𝜇 𝑆𝑐

STRESS DEVELOPED IN THE ELEMENTARY PROFILE OF DAM
I. When reservoir is empty
II. When reservoir is full

I. When reservoir is empty
U = zero and P = zero, only component is

self-weight W.
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑉 6𝑒
𝑃𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 1±
𝐵 𝐵
Where ΣV = W and for no tension e <=

(B/6) or e = B/6
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑊 6𝐵 𝑊
𝑃𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 1 ± = 1±1 =
𝐵 𝐵6 𝐵
2𝑊
𝑎𝑛𝑑 0
𝐵
2𝑊
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑡 ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑙
𝐵
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0 (𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑜𝑒) Prepared By: Mahesh Raj Bhatt, Lecturer, Kathmandu University
II When reservoir is full

There are all P, U and W
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑉 6𝑒
𝑃𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 1±
𝐵 𝐵
Where ΣV = W-U and

for no tension e <= (B/6) or e = B/6
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑊−𝑈 6𝐵 𝑊−𝑈
𝑃𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 1± = 1±1 =
𝐵 𝐵6 𝐵
2(𝑊−𝑈)
𝑎𝑛𝑑 0
𝐵
2(𝑊−𝑈)
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑜𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0 (𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑡 ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑙)
𝐵
2(𝑊−𝑈) 2 1 1
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = 𝐵 × 𝐻 × 𝑆𝑐 𝛾𝑤 − 𝛾𝑤 × 𝐻 × 𝐶 × 𝐵
𝐵 𝐵 2 2
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐻 × 𝑆𝑐 𝛾𝑤 − 𝛾𝑤 × 𝐻 × 𝐶
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝛾𝑤 𝐻 𝑆𝑐 − 𝐶 (a)
II. When reservoir is full
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝛾𝑤 𝐻 𝑆𝑐 − 𝐶 (a)
PRINCIPAL STRESS (σ)
𝝈 = 𝑷𝒗 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝜶 − 𝑷′ 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝜶
tail water P' =0 and Pv is 𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝛾𝑤 𝐻 𝑆𝑐 − 𝐶
𝝈 = 𝑷𝒗 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝜶 − 𝑷′ 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝜶 = 𝛾𝑤 𝐻 𝑆𝑐 − 𝐶 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝜶 − 𝟎 = 𝛾𝑤 𝐻 𝑆𝑐 − 𝐶 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝜶
𝑩𝟐
𝝈 = 𝛾𝑤 𝐻 𝑆𝑐 − 𝐶 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝜶 = 𝛾𝑤 𝐻 𝑆𝑐 − 𝐶 1 + 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝜶 𝛾𝑤 𝐻 𝑆𝑐 − 𝐶 1 + 𝑯𝟐
𝑩𝟐
𝝈 = 𝛾𝑤 𝐻 𝑆𝑐 − 𝐶 1+ (b)
𝑯𝟐
We have equation (ii) for B
𝐻2 𝐻 𝑩 𝟐 𝟏
𝐵= = =𝑺 Put it in (b)
𝑆𝑐 −𝐶 𝑆𝑐 −𝐶 𝑯 𝒄 −𝑪
𝟏 (𝑺𝒄 −𝑪+𝟏)
𝝈 = 𝛾𝑤 𝐻 𝑆𝑐 − 𝐶 1+𝑺 = 𝛾𝑤 𝐻 𝑆𝑐 − 𝐶 = 𝛾𝑤 𝐻(𝑺𝒄 − 𝑪 + 𝟏)
𝒄 −𝑪 𝑺𝒄 −𝑪
𝝈 = 𝛾𝑤 𝐻(𝑺𝒄 − 𝑪 + 𝟏) (iii)
SHEAR STRESS (τ)
Shear stress at a horizontal plane near the toe is given by the equation as
𝝉 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜶 𝑷𝒗 − 𝑷′
If P'=0 and Pv=Pmax = Pv at toe from equation (i)
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝛾𝑤 𝐻 𝑆𝑐 − 𝐶
′
𝐵
𝜏 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼 𝑷𝒗 − 𝑷 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼 𝛾𝑤 𝐻 𝑆𝑐 − 𝐶 − 𝟎 = 𝛾𝑤 𝐻 𝑆𝑐 − 𝐶
𝐻
= 𝐵𝛾𝑤 𝑆𝑐 − 𝐶
And
𝝉 = 𝜸𝒘 × 𝑯 × 𝑺𝒄 − 𝑪 (iv)
equation (ii) for B
𝐻2 𝐻
𝐵= =
𝑆𝑐 −𝐶 𝑆𝑐 −𝐶
𝐻
𝜏= × 𝛾𝑤 × 𝑆𝑐 − 𝐶 = 𝛾𝑤 × 𝐻 × 𝑆𝑐 − 𝐶
𝑆𝑐 −𝐶

Lec - 6 - 7 - Failure Modes - Stress - and Elementary Profile of Dam

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Lec - 6 - 7 - Failure Modes - Stress - and Elementary Profile of Dam

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Lecture_6: Review of Forces in Gravity Dam

Prepared By: Mahesh Raj Bhatt, Lecturer, Kathmandu University

Prepared By: Mahesh Raj Bhatt, Lecturer,

3) Up thrust 𝑼 = 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒐𝒇 𝒖𝒑𝒍𝒊𝒇𝒕 𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒎

Prepared By: Mahesh Raj Bhatt, Lecturer,

Prepared By: Mahesh Raj Bhatt, Lecturer,

Prepared By: Mahesh Raj Bhatt, Lecturer,

ℎ𝑤 = 0.032 𝑉𝐹 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐹 > 32 𝐾𝑚

Prepared By: Mahesh Raj Bhatt, Lecturer,

Prepared By: Mahesh Raj Bhatt, Lecturer,

Where, ΣV, is Total vertical force, B is base width

ii) Factor of safety against shear friction

Prepared By: Mahesh Raj Bhatt, Lecturer,

Various forces acting on the dam section are

Considering unit length of dam

ii) Weight of section II

i) Vertical water weight of U/S (Pv1)

ii) Weight of section II

Magnitude of Force in kN.

i) Uplift pressure (U1)

ii) Uplift pressure (U2)

ii) = −27600 kN and it acts at 2 ×

Prepared By: Mahesh Raj Bhatt, Lecturer,

ii) Inertial force due to Weight of section II

Magnitude of Force in kN.

i) Hydrostatic force due to U/S water

ii) Hydrostatic force due to D/S tail water

Magnitude of Force in kN.

ii) Inertial force due to Weight of section II

Prepared By: Mahesh Raj Bhatt, Lecturer,

Prepared By: Mahesh Raj Bhatt, Lecturer,

Prepared By: Mahesh Raj Bhatt, Lecturer,

Prepared By: Mahesh Raj Bhatt, Lecturer, Kathmandu University

Prepared By: Mahesh Raj Bhatt, Lecturer, Kathmandu University

However there will be

Forces on each sides are

Prepared By: Mahesh Raj Bhatt, Lecturer, Kathmandu University

Case (1) if earthquake force is also considered

Shear stress will act on the face CA on

From equation (i) put the value of σ in equation

𝜏 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 𝜎 − 𝑃′ = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 𝑷𝒗 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝜶 − 𝑷′ 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝜶 − 𝑃′

Neglecting the tail water pressure P' =0

Prepared By: Mahesh Raj Bhatt, Lecturer, Kathmandu University

1. SELF WEIGHT (W)

2. WATER PRESSURE (P)

Prepared By: Mahesh Raj Bhatt, Lecturer, Kathmandu University

Prepared By: Mahesh Raj Bhatt, Lecturer, Kathmandu University

Prepared By: Mahesh Raj Bhatt, Lecturer, Kathmandu University

II. If no uplift C=0

Prepared By: Mahesh Raj Bhatt, Lecturer, Kathmandu University

2. Stability criteria (the dam should be safe in sliding)

2. Stability criteria (the dam should be safe in sliding)

II. If no uplift C=0

Prepared By: Mahesh Raj Bhatt, Lecturer, Kathmandu University

Prepared By: Mahesh Raj Bhatt, Lecturer, Kathmandu University

I. When reservoir is empty

U = zero and P = zero, only component is

Where ΣV = W and for no tension e <=

II When reservoir is full

Where ΣV = W-U and

We have equation (ii) for B

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