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S-BIOL224LA MEB23 1st Sem ( 2022-2023 )

Sampling Technique

Lesson Overview
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Sampling is the process of getting a small portion (which is known as sample) from the whole (called population).  A sample
can be an organisms, activities, observations or measurements like weights, heights etc. that represents the population.  A
sufficient number of samples can best represent the entire population. Every researcher should be knowledgeable in choosing
the sample size, locating the samples and apply appropriate sampling methods.  A sampling technique should be used to
plot or collect the samples.

In this activity the simple random method will be applied using a square plot called quadrat. The samples will be
determined from the given population which in this case is the total area of the land in the map.
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S-BIOL224LA MEB23 1st Sem ( 2022-2023 )

Sampling Technique

Sample Size and Sample Selection

Immersive Reader

      

            In selecting a samples such as sites, you can obtain a topographic map like in Figure 1.1. The total area will be
considered as the population and you are task to get a sample of the area to be studied.

Take note of the scale  measurement of the map. Determine the area of the site by multiplying the length and width of your
topo map.

                             

      Figure1.1 A topographic map with a scale of 1mm. 50,000mm or 1mm:5m

As an example we will use Figure 1.1. Assuming that the measurement of the length is 100 mm and the width is 70 mm. The
total area can be computed by multiply the length and the width. 

Total Area = Length X Width

                       70mm x100mm

                       7,000mm2   

We can now compute for the equivalent actual size of the area  using this formula:

Actual Total Area =  Total area x (topo map scale)/1mm2

Now try to compute for the sample size using the "slovin formula"  below with 10% error.

                n= N/1+Ne2          

where N= Total area or population

          e= percentage error

          n= sample size

For our activity we will use Quadrat sampling in selecting our samples.

Quadrat is any circular, rectangular or square plot used to count samples.

The size of quadrat may vary depending on the type of vegetation. The more diverse the site the bigger the quadrat size.

In order to determine the number of quadrats to be used, the sample size and the designated quadrat size should be
given/known. 

Now, determine the number of quadrats to be used by using this formula:, if the quadrat size is 25 mm 2

No of Quadrats =     Sample size

                                 Quadrat size

Are you done doing your computation?

You can check if you got it correctly by downloading this file

                           

files/804991/SAMPLING.pdf

             
 ACTIVITY 2
SAMPLING TECHNIQUE

I. OBJECTIVES
The main objective of the study is to know the sampling process. Specifically, it will

1. Determine the number of sample size.

2. Identify the sampling method in selecting the sample.
3. Locate the sample size using the GPS receiver.
.
II. MATERIALS
Ruler Topographic Map Pencil
Calculator GPS receiver Highlighter Pen

III. DATA PROCEDURES

A. Determining the Sample Size
1. In selecting the samples such as the sites one can obtain a topographic map like in
Figure 2.1 below. The total area of the site is the population and you are tasked to get
a sample of the area to be studied.

2. Take note of the scale of measurement in the map. Determine the area of the site by
multiplying the length and width of topo map. For this activity, use Figure 2.1 below.

Figure 2.1 A topographic map with scale of 1 mm: 50,000 mm or 1mm:5 m)

Example: Using the ruler the length of the topo map in Figure 2.1 is approximately 100
mm and width is 70 mm therefore the total area of the map is 7,000 mm 2 and
the equivalent actual size is 1,750,000,000,000 mm2 this can be computed as:

Total Area= Length (L) x Width (W)

= 70 mm x 100 mm
= 7,000 mm2
 (50,000 mm)2
2
Actual Total Area= 7,000 mm x ---------------
1 mm2

2,500,000,000 mm2
2
= 7,000 mm x ---------------------------
1 mm 2

= 1,750,000,000,000 mm2 or
= 1,750,000 m2 or in hectares (ha) in
which 1 ha:10,000 m2 thus, the
actual area in hectares is:
= 175 ha

3. Compute the sample size using the Slovin’s formula below with 10% as percentage
error.

N where: N: total area or population

n = e: percentage error
1 + N e2 n: sample size

Example: if the total area is 7,000 mm2 the sample size is :

7,000 mm2
Sample Size= -----------------------------------
1 + (7,000 mm2 )(0.1) 2

= 99.6 mm 2

B. Sampling Selection
1. Quadrat sampling is one of the methods used to obtain a sample from the field. A
quadrat is any circular, rectangular or square plot used to count the sample.

2. The size of the quadrat may vary depending on the type of vegetation. It can be 1
m x 1 m square plot, 2m x 2m, or depending on the diversity of the site. The more
diverse the site the bigger the quadrat size.

3. In order to determine the number of quadrats to be used, the sample size and the
designated quadrat size should be given. Compute for the number of quadrats using
the formula below if the quadrat size is 25 mm 2 (i.e. 5 mm x 5 mm) and the total
sample size is 99.6 mm2 .

Sample size
No. of Quadrats = ----------------------
Quadrat Size

99.6 mm2
No. of Quadrats = --------------------
25 mm 2

= 3.9 ~ 4
C. Sampling Sites
1. In plotting the quadrats, draw gridlines on the topographic map and designate a
number in each cell. The cell will serve as your quadrat. Look at Figure 2.2 as an
example:

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70
71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80
81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90
91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100

Figure 2.2 A site with gridlines and designated numbers

2. Using your calculator, use the Random key to choose the quadrat you are to locate.
The number that will be displayed in the calculator is the corresponding quadrat you
are to locate. Given the total quadrats in Figure 2.2 as 100. Press 100 in your
calculator and press Ran # then press =. The calculator will display different
numbers as you press the =. Notice that the numbers displayed do not exceed 100.

3. Shade the quadrat for the corresponding number displayed by the calculator.

4. The Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver will able to locate the quadrat in the
field.

D. Global Positioning System

1. A typical GPS receiver calculates its position using the signals from four or more
GPS satellites.. These values are then turned into more user-friendly forms, such as
latitude/longitude or location on a map, then displayed to the user.

2. Obtain a GPS receiver and turn on the handy gadget. Allow the GPS receiver to be
connected to the satellites until it will have a full bar signal indicator.

3. Press the enter key to set your first mark point. Press the display button to know the
elevation, latitude and longitude.

4. In determining the distance from one point to another, look at the trip odometer, from
0.0 distance walk from starting place going to the first quadrat take note of the first
distance displayed from the odometer and proceed to the second and third site. Take
note of the change in the distance from one site to another. Record the distance of
the sites.
 Using the computed area, we can Actual Total Area = Total area x (topo map scale)/1mm2
compute for the Actual Total Area

• Total Area = Length (L) x Width (W)

= 70 mm x 100 mm
= 7,000 mm2
 Sampling Selection
Compute the sample size using the Slovin’s
formula below with 10% as percentage If the quadrat size is 25 mm 2 (i.e. 5
error. mm x 5 mm) and the total sample size
is 99.6 mm2
7,000 mm2
Sample Size= ----------------------------------- Sample size
No. of Quadrats = ----------------------
1 + (7,000 mm2 ) (0.1)2
Quadrat Size

= 99.6 mm2
99.6 mm2
No. of Quadrats = ----------------------
25 mm2

= 4