UE21MA141B LINEAR ALGEBRA AND ITS APPLICATIONS

.Unit 3: Orthogonality

Linear Transformations , Algebra of Linear Transformations, Invertible maps,

Isomorphisms, Orthogonal Vectors and Subspaces, Orthogonal Bases, Cosines and
Projections onto Lines, Projections and Least Squares.

Class No. Portions to be covered

31,32 Linear Transformations , Examples, Transformations

Represented by Matrices
33 Algebra of Linear Transformations, Invertible maps, Isomorphisms
34-35 Rotations, Reflections and Projections
36-37 Orthogonal Vectors and Subspaces, Orthogonal Bases
38-39 Cosines and Projections onto Lines
40 Projections and Least Squares
41 Applications
42 Class room Assignment
43 Matlab Class Number 4 – LU Decomposition
44 Matlab Class Number 5 –Four fundamental Subspaces of A
45 ISA

Classwork problems:

1. (i) Write down the co-ordinates of the image of the point (3, -2) when:
(i) reflected in the x-axis
(ii) reflected in the y-axis
(iii) reflected in the x-axis followed by a reflection in the y-axis
(iv) reflected in the origin.
(ii) Find the image of these points after applying the transformation
given:
(i)Reflect (-3,2) across 90o line and then project on x-axis.
(ii)Project (3,4) on y-axis and then rotate by 45o in clockwise direction.

2. Find the Linear Transformation that maps that maps (1,1) to

(-1,4) and (-1, 3) to (-7,0)

3. For each of the following linear transformations T, find a basis and the
dimension of the range and kernel of T:
(i) T : R2 → R3 defined by T ( x , y ) = ( x + y , x – y , y )
(ii) T : R2 → R2 defined by T ( x , y ) = ( y, 0 )
4. Find the matrix of the linear transformation T on defined by
T(x,y,z)=(x+2y-z, y+z, x+y-2z) with respect to
(i)the standard basis (1,0,0),(0,1,0), ((0,0,1)
(ii)the basis (1,1,1), (1,1,0), ((1,0,0)

5. From the cubics P3 to the fourth degree polynomials P4, what matrix
represents multiplication by 3t – 5 ?
6. What multiple of a = ( 1, 1, 1 ) is closest to b = ( 2, 4, 4 ) ? Find also the
point on the line through b that is closest to a.

7. Find the projection of b = ( 1, 2, 7 ) onto the column space of A spanned

by ( 1 , 1, -2 ) and ( 1 , -1 , 4 ). Split b into p + q with p in C(A) and q in
N(AT ).

8. Let P be the plane in with equation x+y+z+t=0. What is the basis for
⊥
P ? what matrix has the plane P as its null space?

9. Find the matrix P that projects every point in onto the line of
intersection of the planes x-2y+3z=0 and y-z=0. What are the column
space and row space of this matrix.

10. Let A=[2 -2 1] and let V be the nullspace of A. Find (i)a basis for V
and a basis for V ⊥ (ii)a projection matrix P1 onto V ⊥ (iii)the projection
matrix P2 onto V.

11. If S is the subspace of R3 containing only the zero vector, what is S ⊥ ? If

S is spanned by (1,1,1), what is S ⊥ ? If S is spanned by (2,0,0)and
(0,0,3), what is S ⊥ ?

12. Find the point on the plane 2x+5y+z=0 that is nearest to (2,0,1).

13. Project b = ( 1, 0, 0 ) onto the lines through a1 = ( -1 , 2, 2 ) , a2 = ( 2, 2,

-1 ) and a3 = ( 2 , -1 , 2 ). Add the three projections to get the sum b.
Also find the corresponding projection matrices P1, P2 and P3. Check
that their sum is I and the product is 0.
14. Find E 2 = Ax − b 2 and solve the normal equations AT Axˆ = AT b .Find the
solution x̂ and the projection p=A x̂ . (Use Least squares method) Given
2 1  3
  u   
1 0   1
A= , x = v ,b =  
0 -1  w  2
     
 -1 1  -1 

15. An ice- cream vendor records the number of hours of sun shine (x)
versus the number of ice- creams sold in an hour ( y ) at his shop from
Monday to Friday and found the following data :
x: 2 3 5 7 9
y: 4 5 7 10 15
Find the best values of m and c that suit the equation y = mx + c. If
there is a weather forecast that says there would be 8 hours of sun shine
the next day, estimate the number of ice- creams that he expects to sell
on that day.