Human Wellbeing Assessment Scaffold

Definition of
human It refers to the degree to which an individual, family, or larger social grouping (e.g. firm,
wellbeing community) can be characterized as being healthy (sound and functional), happy, and
prosperous. (Pollnac et al., 2006)
Human wellbeing is the recognition that everyone around the world, regardless of
geography, age, culture, religion or political environment, aspires to live well. Wellbeing is
not necessarily bound by income, rather, it is an individual’s thoughts and feelings about
how well they are doing in life, contentment with material possessions and having
relationships that enable them to achieve their goals. Many factors impact upon an
individual’s ability to live well including war, conflict, social fragmentation, inequality,
poverty, malnourishment as well as access to resources.
How can human wellbeing be measured? Human wellbeing is measured by combining facts
and figures with indicators that have a bearing on people’s lives. By measuring Gross
Domestic Product (GDP), wealth, occupation and housing, and then balancing these with
quality of life indicators such as health status, employment rate, work/life balance,
education, social connections, civil engagement, personal security and environment quality,
a broader picture of an individual’s or country’s wellbeing can be obtained. The King of
Bhutan stated in 1972 that the goal of happiness was more important than the goal of
wealth. His belief that society should be measured by the health, education and
contentedness of its people, rather than material indicators, led to the development of
Bhutan’s Gross National Happiness Index. By measuring the value of the nation’s natural,
human, social and cultural wealth rather than the manufactured and financial capital,
Bhutan has become a role model for the rest of the world, so much so that in April 2012,
the nation hosted the United Nations Happiness and Wellbeing conference.

Overview of
the human
wellbeing India is impacted by more hydrological disasters than any other country in the world
issue in a Due to the nature of its natural ecological systems, namely monsoon, the highly silted river systems and the steep, highly erodible
developing mountains (especially Himalayan ranges)
country of
Average rainfall in India is 1150 mm, lots of variation across nation
your choice.

“Hydro-meteorological events are on the rise,” says Muralee Thummarukudy, operations manager at the crisis management branch of
the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP). “But in India, especially, more people are also living in vulnerable areas and leading
more affluent lifestyles than before. So more individual and community resources are at risk.”

The number of floods in India rose to 90 in the 10-year period from 2006 to 2015, up from 67 in the 10 years between 1996 to 2005,
according to the UN Office for Disaster Risk Reduction. Globally, floods made up 47 percent of all climate-related disasters from 2006
to 2015, up from 40 percent in the 1996-2005 period, says the agency’s 2015 report

The Asian Development Bank has estimated that floods are the most devastating among climate-related disasters in India. They account
for more than 50 per cent of all climate-related disasters in the country. The trend of extreme rainfall and erratic monsoon pattern has
just added to this.  

Over the last 20 years, the global financial damages due to natural hazards are over 2,440 billion USD (EM-DAT database https://www.
emdat.be/). About 74% of these natural hazards were related to water. Floods and storms accounted for 69% of the financial damages,
exposing over three billion people and causing 166,000 deaths globally. Between 2000 and 2020, South Asia alone experienced 11% of
the world’s natural disasters and 12% of floods and droughts, exposing over 700 million people and 190 million ha of agricultural land
[2,3].

The sub-national variability of natural disasters is especially prevalent in large countries. India, the second-most populous country in the
world, has 1.4 billion people spread across 28 major states Climate 2020, 8, 123; doi:10.3390/cli8110123
www.mdpi.com/journal/climate Climate 2020, 8, 123 2 of 17 and eight small union territories in an area of 32,87,263 km2 . These states
have considerable spatial and temporal variation in climate. Floods and droughts accounted for 51% of all natural hazards and 76% of
the damages caused in India between 2000 and 2020 [3]. Other natural hazards—earthquakes, landslides, wildfires, storms, and high
temperature and rainfall events—affect several regions [2]. However, a lack of reliable information on the impacts of natural disasters on
economic growth and human development at the sub-national level is a significant lacuna for regional policy planning and targeted
climate investments [14,17].

Based on the statistics, it is plausible to argue that India experiences several catastrophic floods in a year. Attri and Tyagi (2010) indicate
that the death toll due to floods in India was at 75,000 in a period of 50 years running to 2010. Echoing the gravity of the issue, National
Disaster Management Authority of India, NDMAI (2008), indicates that annual average human fatalities due to flooding in India stands
at 1,600. The Authority also singles out the flood disaster of 1977 as being the most catastrophic flood event in the history of India,
which registered a death toll of 11,316.

2
Outline of According to World Resources Institute approximately 21 million people worldwide could be affected by river floods, on average each
the spatial year

dimensions The 15 countries that have people with the most exposure to flooding account for nearly 80 percent of the total population affected in an
of the average year

wellbeing In India around 12 million people are affected by flooding, particularly in the northern states of Assam and Bihar
issue Floods due to monsoon season mean a high proportion of South Asia’s population is vulnerable to diseases such as dengue, malaria,
leptospirosis and cholera

Location :
e.g.
hemisphere, In a study published in journal Nature Communications in October 2019, researchers estimated that coastal flooding risk in India had
increased significantly. Some 36 million people in India were under risk, which was six times more than the earlier estimates.
continent,
coastal,
landlocked ,
latitude and
longitude.

3
Is it an issue
across the
whole
country or
any
particularly
area /city ?

Any specific
groups
affected (e.g.
age, gender,
race)
A description
of the
causes of
the human
Causes of Floods3 Inadequate capacity of the rivers to contain within their banks the high
wellbeing flows brought down from the upper catchment areas following heavy rainfall, leads to
issue flooding. The tendency to occupy the flood plains has been a serious concern over the
years. Because of the varying rainfall distribution, many a time, areas which are not
traditionally prone to floods also experience severe Page 3 of 46 inundation. Areas with
poor drainage facilities get flooded by accumulation of water from heavy rainfall. Excess
irrigation water applied to command areas and an increase in ground water levels due to
seepage from canals and irrigated fields also are factors that accentuate the problem of
water-logging. The problem is exacerbated by factors such as silting of the riverbeds,
reduction in the carrying capacity of river channels, erosion of beds and banks leading to
changes in river courses, obstructions to flow due to landslides, synchronisation of floods in
the main and tributary rivers and retardation due to tidal effects. The primary causes for
Floods are:  Intense rainfall when the river is flowing full.  Excessive rainfall in river
catchments or concentration of runoff from the tributaries and river carrying flows in
excess of their capacities.  Cyclone and very intense rainfall when the EL Nino effect is on a
decline.  Synchronization of flood peaks in the main rivers or their tributaries.  Landslides
leading to obstruction of flow and change in the river course.  Poor natural drainage
system.  Backing water in tributaries at their confluence with the main river.
Flood prone areas 4 India is one of the most flood prone countries in the world. The
principal reasons for flood lie in the very nature of natural ecological systems in this
country, namely, the monsoon, the highly silted river systems and the steep and highly
erodible mountains, particularly those of the Himalayan ranges. The average rainfall in India
is 1150 mm with significant variation across the country. The annual rainfall along the
western coast and Western Ghats, Khasi hills and over most of the Brahmaputra valley
amounts to more than 2500 mm. Most of the floods occur during the monsoon period and
are usually associated with tropical storms or depressions, active monsoon conditions and
break monsoon situations. Floods occur in almost all rivers basins in India. The main causes

4
of floods are heavy rainfall, inadequate capacity of rivers to carry the high flood discharge,
inadequate drainage to carry away the rainwater quickly to streams/rivers. Ice jams or
landslides blocking streams; typhoons and cyclones also cause floods. Flash floods occur
due to high rate of water flow as also due to poor permeability of the soil. Areas with
hardpan just below the surface of the soil are more prone to, floods as water fails to seep
down to the deeper layers.
Brahmaputra, Ganga, Narmada, Tapti, Mahanadi, Krishna & Cauvery are the most flood
prone areas. Survey by Rashtriya Barh Ayog in 1980 says that 40 million hectares areas are
flood affected. Heavy rain in Himalayas during South west monsoon causes flood in the
rivers of U.P., Bihar, W.Bengal & Assam while Central & Southern rivers get flooded by
heavy rainfall due to depression in Bay of Bengal during south-west monsoon season. In
most flood prone states, land depression, low-pressure areas are the two most important
synoptic systems responsible for floods. In Bihar 100% and in U.P. 82% flood is caused due
to land depression and well marked low pressure. In W.Bengal main reason for flood is
cyclonic circulation. Whereas in Punjab, Gujarat, Rajasthan & Jammu & Kashmir the main
reason is low pressure areas. Flood in Orissa and Andhra Pradesh is due to monsoon
depression.

Observations have shown a decline in mean monsoon rainfall since the 1950s partly due to
the rapid warming of the Indian Ocean, which weakens monsoon circulation. The
conversion of forests to farmland is also reducing evapotranspiration, which contributes
significantly to rainfall, especially in the latter half of the monsoon season. But this century,
an increase in land warming appears to be pulling in more moisture from the ocean
and reviving the overall monsoon — at least for now.

Monsoon rain is the main factor that determines floods (mainly between June and
September) and agricultural droughts thereafter (October to May). For floods, the analysis
considers data of 2003, 2010 and 2013, years with above average monsoon rainfall. For
droughts, the focus is on 2002, 2009, and 2015, the years with below average monsoon
rainfall.

Among all natural disasters, floods are the most frequent to

befacedbyIndia.FloodsintheeasternpartofIndia dueto the notorious rivers like Ganga and its
major tributaries such as Yamuna, Ramganaga, Gomti, Ghaghra, Gandak, Kosi,
Damodar(U.P., Bihar, Bengal, Orissa) in the recent past, are striking examples. The annual
precipitation, in India, including snowfall is estimated at 4,000 Billion Cubic Meter (BCM).
Out of this, the seasonal rainfall in monsoon is of the order of 3,000 BCM. The rainfall in
India shows great temporal and spatial variations, unequal seasonal distribution and
geographical distribution and frequent departures from the normal. As per the information
published by different government agencies, flood prone area in India has been increasing
dramatically. As reported by Central Water Commission (CWC) under Ministry of Water
Resources, government of India, the annual average area affected by floods is 7.563 million
ha. This observation was based on data for the period 1953 to 2000, with variability ranging
from 1.46 million ha in 1965 to 17.5 million ha in 1978. On an average,floods have affected
about 33 million persons between1953-2000.

5
Discussion
of the Social Impacts:

 social Loss of livelihoods: As communication links and infrastructure such as power plants, roads and bridges are damaged and disrupted,

 econo economic activities come to a standstill, resulting in dislocation and the dysfunction of normal life for a period much beyond the
duration of the flooding. Similarly, the direct effect on production assets, be it in agriculture or industry, can inhibit regularly activity
mic and lead to loss of livelihoods. The spill over effects of the loss of livelihoods can be felt in business and commercial activities even in
 enviro adjacent non-flooded areas.
nment
al
Floods killed 109,412 people in the span. Over 258 million hectares of crops were damaged and 81,187,187 houses were raged. The
 physic total economic losses due to crop, house and other property damages came to Rs 4.69 trillion.   
al
 emoti
Psychosocial effects: The huge psycho-social effects on flood victims and their families can traumatize them for long periods of time.
onal
The loss of loved ones can generate deep impacts, especially on children. Displacement from one’s home, loss of property and
 politic livelihoods and disruption to business and social affairs can cause continuing stress. The stress of overcoming these losses can be
al overwhelming and produce lasting psychological impacts.
impac Mass migration: Frequent flooding, resulting in loss of livelihoods, production and other prolonged economic impacts and types of
ts suffering can trigger mass migration or population displacement. Migration to developed urban areas contributes to the overcrowding
in the cities. These migrants swell the ranks of the urban poor and end up living in marginal lands in cities that are prone to floods or
of the other risks. Selective out-migration of the workforce sometimes creates complex social problems.
huma Loss of lives and property: Immediate impacts of flooding include loss of human life, damage to property, destruction of crops, loss of
n livestock, non-functioning of infrastructure facilities and deterioration of health condition owing to waterborne diseases. Flash floods,
wellbe with little or no warning time, cause more deaths than slow-rising riverine floods.
ing
issue. “Extreme precipitation and flooding causes large-scale impacts on people, and are further intensified by rapid urbanisation,
infrastructure expansion, and large numbers of people residing in informal settlements in destitute conditions,” according to a study
commissioned by the Asian Development Bank Impacts of Natural Disasters on Households and Small Businesses in India.

Economic impacts:

Decreased purchasing and production power: Damage to infrastructure also causes long-term impacts, such as disruptions to clean
water and electricity, transport, communication, education and health care. Loss of livelihoods, reduction in purchasing power and loss
of land value in the flood plains lead to increased vulnerabilities of communities living in the area. The additional cost of rehabilitation,
relocation of people and removal of property from flood-affected areas can divert the capital required for maintaining production.

Hindering economic growth and development: The high cost of relief and recovery may adversely impact investment in infrastructure
and other development activities in the area and in certain cases may cripple the frail economy of the region. Recurrent flooding in a
region may discourage long-term investments by the government and private sector alike. Lack of livelihoods, combined with

6
migration of skilled labour and inflation may have a negative impact on a region’s economic growth. Loss of resources can lead to high
costs of goods and services, delaying its development programmes.

The economic damages are also high considering that India is a developing country. Kumar and Singh (2012) place the economic losses
at US$16 billion where the 2000 floods alone attracted economic damages worth US$1.6 billion.

Environmental impacts:

China declared 2016 monsoon floods as the second-costliest on record. Heavy monsoon rains after two straight years of drought also
caught India unaware. Asian monsoon was never so unpredictable with unprecedented volume of rainfall within a short span of time
causing spillover effects.

In India, extreme precipitation events in the first-half (June 1-July 31) of the southwest monsoon season led to sporadic flood-like
occurrences in several districts of Assam, Bihar, Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh. Over 5.1 million people were affected in just three
states: Assam, Bihar and West Bengal.

Study of:

Flood in deltaic region is a disaster which can destroy the total environmental set up of the area. It causes river bank erosion,
depression of land, shifting of river course, river channel widening etc due to it‟s high discharge, elevation, volume and longer
duration. It leads to create agricultural deficiency, unemployment, sexual exploitation, and even starvation death. So, proper and
scientific management of the flood in this district is necessary to solve the environmental problems to give better life for the next
generation population. The district of Murshidabad is in the northern part of Brahmaputra Delta. It is a low flat terrain having elevation
of 10-30m above the m.s.l in Ganga Brahamputra Delta. Delta building processes are active over southern part, while northern part in
which the Murshidabad district is situated, shows the characteristics of a mature deltaic landscape.

Shifting of river course The eastward migration of Ganges near Panchanandapur [situated at Malda District, just before the
Murshidabad Distrct entrance in the northern side of Farrakka] reduces the distance between two rivers Pagla and Ganga which can
take a vital role to make Farrakka Barrage,useless.It was estimated that the distance between two rivers along a fixed line was 8.53kms
in 1923,2.05kms in1966,and 0.95km in 1975.It reduced to 300m in 1998. In the month of August 2001, the encroaching Ganga
swallowed the narrow interfluves between two rivers. So if those rivers are joined together in future then the water will flow through
Pagla and the present Ganga tract will remain abandoned. Thus Farakka barrage will be useless. The migrating river course, mainly
occurred during flood, can change the district or state administrative boundary and making a big barrage useless because of its
destructive nature. Such shifting nature is found in almost all the rivers of the study-area but among them the Bhagirathi river is
dominating (Figure 3). River Channel widening River channel widening is a perpetual processes in the study-area. It is mainly due to
lateral erosion. It is noted that the Groves of the flood plain‟s in the study-area which were developed on the river banks now their
locations are existing within the channel beds. Sometimes 30m100m from the present bank which have submerged. The process of
River channel widening repeats in the study-area and responsible for more destruction in the existing floodplains. Surface Channel
Scour During floods, over bank flow is often concentrated in braid-like threads on the flood plain surface. These channels can erode
the surface to depth of 30 cm and do not necessarily aggraded during the waning stages of the flow. The confined back channels are
more effective agents of both lateral and vertical erosion, the lateral extension of back channel by erosion of the scarp of the adjacent,
higher flood plain is commonly observed. Flood plain stripping Stripping of floodplains is a process that removes alluvium from
floodplains surfaces. In the study area this mechanism operates at a verity of scales. For example, a strip of flood plain alluvium
approximately 40 cm in depth and 3 m in width near Bhaghwangola was removed from the flood plain surface along it‟s 300m length.
More commonly, flood plains are stripped to 2m depth in width of 30-40 m distance up to 500 m mainly in the relatively upstream
areas. If stripping occurs repeatedly in the same place during different flood then it results rills and gullies which ultimately appears as
water logging area. Detachment of settlements during the flood and water logging is also one of the important features in the study-
area.

7
Floods have significant consequences for the environment

In many natural systems, floods play an important role in maintaining key ecosystem functions and biodiversity. They link the river
with the land surrounding it, recharge groundwater systems, fill wetlands, increase the connectivity between aquatic habitats, and
move both sediment and nutrients around the landscape, and into the marine environment. For many species, floods trigger breeding
events, migration, and dispersal. These natural systems are resilient to the effects of all but the largest floods.

The environmental benefits of flooding can also help the economy through things such as increased fish production, recharge of
groundwater resources, and maintenance of recreational environments.

Areas that have been highly modified by human activity tend to suffer more deleterious effects from flooding. Floods tend to further
degrade already degraded systems. Removal of vegetation in and around rivers, increased channel size, dams, levee bank and
catchment clearing all work to degrade the hill-slopes, rivers and floodplains, and increase the erosion and transfer of both sediment
and nutrients.

While cycling of sediments and nutrients is essential to a healthy system, too much sediment and nutrient entering a waterway has
negative impacts on downstream water quality. Other negative effects include loss of habitat, dispersal of weed species, the release of
pollutants, lower fish production, loss of wetlands function, and loss of recreational areas.

Many of our coastal resources, including fish and other forms of marine production, are dependent on the nutrients supplied from the
land during floods. The negative effects of floodwaters on coastal marine environments are mainly due to the introduction of excess
sediment and nutrients, and pollutants such as chemicals, heavy metals and debris. These can degrade aquatic habitats, lower water
quality, reduce coastal production, and contaminate coastal food resources.

Physical impacts:

Flash flood disaster threat to Indian rail bridges: a spatial simulation study of Machak River flood, Madhya Pradesh

Case study og Machak River:

In india thousands of rail tracks are over 100 years old

Many prone to floods due to change in hydrological conditions

Climate change has caused increase of flash floods in last decade which has increased damage

The Kamayani express headed to Varasni was derailed due to floodson machak river

Many dies, over 100 injured (4 august 2015)

Emotional impacts:

Political impacts:

Political implications: Ineffective response to relief operations during major flood events may lead to public discontent or loss of trust in
the authorities or the state and national governments. Lack of development in flood-prone areas may cause social inequity and even

8
 social unrest posing threat to peace and stability in the region.

Overview of death tolls continued to rise, from 13,660 from 1996 to 2005, to 15,860 from 2006 to 2015.
ONE Experts say this is a sign that despite improved warnings and response, India needs to do
government more to reduce risk. Chief among those steps is regulation of housing and infrastructure in
or non- floodplains — a trend that has intensified in recent years as India’s urban population and
government economy have grown.
response to A 2017 global analysis by the World Resources Institute said that India has the most GDP
the issue- exposed to river flooding ($14.3 billion), a number that could rise 10-fold by 2030 as the
 Who economy continues to grow. “However good the emergency response,” says
is Thummarukudy, “the damages will keep coming unless we tackle the problem head on.”
doing
what? One key to preventing or reducing flood damage is understanding the shifting contours of
 What the summer monsoon, which brings about 35 inches of rainfall to India every summer.
is A complex weather system influenced by both global atmospheric circulation and regional
there meteorological forces, the monsoon is an important piece of the climate puzzle — any
goal? change in the system affects the food and water security of billions in the Indian
subcontinent, many of them extremely poor.

The main thrust of the flood protection programme undertaken in India so far has
been an attempt to modify the flood in the form of physical (structural) measures to
prevent the floodwaters from reaching potential damage centres and modify
susceptibility to flood damage through early warning systems.

The following structural measures are generally adopted for flood protection:

 Embankments, flood walls, sea  walls

 Dams and reservoirs
 Natural detention basins
 Channel improvement
 Drainage improvement
 Diversion of flood waters.

Of these measures, embankments are the most commonly undertaken in order to

9
 provide quick protection with locally available material and labour. The major
embankment projects taken up after independence are on the rivers Kosi and Gandak
(Bihar), Brahmaputra (Assam), Godavari and Krishna (Andhra Pradesh), Mahanadi,
Brahmani, Baitarni and Subarnarekha (Orissa) and Tapi (Gujarat). These
embankments play an important role in providing reasonable protection to vulnerable
areas. Realizing the great potential of the reservoirs in impounding floods and
regulating the flows downstream for flood moderation, flood control has been sought
to be achieved as one of the objectives in multipurpose dams. Reservoirs with a
specifically allocated flood cushion have been constructed on the Damodar system in
Jharkhand and the Hirakud and Rengali dam in Orissa. However, many other large
storage dams, e.g. Bhakra dam, without any earmarked flood storage, have also
helped in flood moderation.
During the post-independence period, multi-purpose projects such as the Damodar
Valley Corporation (DVC)  reservoirs, the Bhakra-Nangal project, Hirakud dam,
Nagarjuna Sagar project etc., have been constructed to increase food production,
energy generation, drinking-water supply, fisheries development, employment
generation, flood moderation, etc. These large dams have played a significant role in
reducing damage by way of flood moderation. One of the important flood
moderation examples achieved by dams is that of Damodar Valley, where four
reservoirs were constructed with flood management as one of the objectives. During
the 2000 monsoon, DVC reservoirs saved the life and property of people from a
possible disaster through flood moderation.
Up to 2005, 34 398 km of new embankments and 51 318 km of drainage channels
were constructed. In addition, 2400 town protection works were completed and
4 721 villages were raised above flood levels. Barring occasional breaches in
embankments, these works gave reasonable protection to an area of some 16.5
million ha.

Evaluation of
response. If well-constructed, riverside embankments can be relatively effective in stopping water
spilling over onto adjacent land, but in so doing, the natural floodplain is isolated from the
river, flood storage capacity for the catchment is reduced, and valuable wildlife habitat is
 Finan
lost.
cially
embanking rivers has been a controversial technology and was known not to have worked
viable
well in China and the USA. They found it hard to maintain the embankments and any
?
breach in them would frequently offset benefits accrued over past many years in one go.
 Delive suffered huge losses after embanking rivers in Odisha and finally with the Damodar,
rable There is, however, a practical limit to which the embankments can be raised and
?

10
  Meas maintained. The river water seeps through these embankments and causes water
urable logging in the countryside. The countryside is deprived of the nutritious silt that it
? would have otherwise got if the river was allowed to flow freely. The embankments
 Fit for also prevent the flow of the tributaries from getting into the main river and sluice
purpo gates have to be constructed to allow the tributaries’ water to flow into the main
se ? river.
 Sustai
nable
? Embankments are expensive to install. Also, if the embankment fails the surrounding area
 Equita will be rapidly flooded.
ble ?

Evidence to MTech Engineer from IIT and a Ph D Structural Engineer, Dr Dinesh Kumar Mishra, Mishra ji

support
whether the Mishraji believes that India’s flood control policy revolves mainly around
government embankments resulting in severe environmental problems. The maintenance
or non- of such structures is in the hands of “indifferent technocracy” which does not
government take cognizance of the fact that investment in the flood control sector is doing
response to more harm than good. Rising flood prone area of the country is a pointer to
the issue is that. There are a wide range of aspects that need to be looked into afresh
working or like agriculture, non-farm employment, migration, health, education, and
not ? access to civic amenities etc. He finds it intriguing that reciprocal
inaccessibility of the flooded areas during the peak season and prolonged
water-logging during the peace-time has not attracted the imagination of most
Examples : of the responsible people. He is trying to learn from the people, their
 Expert perception of the problem and take it up with those in power while keeping in
opinio touch with the people about the probable official intervention.  These bridges
n? are rare and much-needed in India. He has raised the issue of floods and
water-logging and the links with infrastructure in state, national and
international levels.
 Quant
itative
Data He has highlighted the futility of embankments as a flood control measures in
which rivers like Kosi and its tributaries. Through his persistent efforts of over more
shows than three decades, Mishraji has helped change the way river floods are
chang understood and managed. Using an approach which respects the natural
es cycle of floods, founded on local knowledge, he has robustly challenged the

11
 over
time?

 Qualit
ative main stream flood control approach. For him, the long-term sustenance of
data – rivers as well as their natural processes is the key, supported by meticulous
intervi research into the historical and cultural aspects of rivers.
ews
with
those
who
have
benefi
tted /
or not
as a
direct
result
of a
imple
mente
d
strate
gy/res
ponse

Proposal for Ecosystem-based Disaster Risk Reduction (Eco-DRR) is an approach where the
possible
regulatory functions of ecosystems (such as forests, wetlands and mangroves) are
further action
on the issue- systematically harnessed to mitigate, prevent, or buffer against disasters.
what else
could be Eco-DRR recognizes that ecosystems can provide disaster risk reduction services
done?
as well as offer other ecosystem services of productive and cultural value, which
also contribute to building local resilience to disasters and climate change.

The main aim of this project is to develop different models for demonstrating
implementation of Eco-DRR, which can be scaled up using existing programmes,
which advance implementation of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk
Reduction and the Sustainable Development Agenda.

12
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