Reynaldo Abrea Cabual (2021) indicates that recognizing the learner’s style and

preferred learning modalities is a way to achieve success in teaching and students'

learning. This is focused on the thought that students have different preferred learning

styles. VARK model of learning which stands for Visual, Auditory, Reading/Writing

Choice, and Kinesthetic learning styles was a theory by Neil Fleming that was selected

as a basis of this study. And after conducting the survey, the researchers had seen that

most of the students that they asked preferred “visual” or the use of pictures, flow

charts, diagrams, demonstrations, etc. Knowing the most dominant style of teaching

and learning will be beneficial for both the learning and performance of the students.

Jose M. Cardino Jr. & Ruth A. Ortega-Dela Cruz (2020) say that teaching

strategies have a significant influence on the academic performance of the students in

mathematics. This will be led by knowing the students’ learning styles to be made as a

basis for improvements in teaching. Demonstration, cooperative learning, lecture-type,

and repetitive exercise were some of the strategies that the help the students in their

maths lessons. The study had known that most of the students have observed that their

teachers usually use cooperative learning and demonstration. This indicates that

interactive teaching and showing ways in solving and practicing formulas were their

usual way of teaching math.

Ridwan (2019), a learning style is a method that each individual differs which

helps them learn in unique ways. Students gain knowledge depending on how they

process and perceive knowledge in their preferences of learning styles. Fleming’s

VARK (Visual, Auditory, Reading/Writing Choice, and Kinesthetic) model of learning

was used as a basis because it was widely used to identify the learning modes of the

students. Some prefer a single modality of learning, some were multi-modal, and also

some people prefer the usage of all modalities in learning.

Awaisha Inayat & Amena Zehra Ali (2020) tackle the influences of teaching styles

on how the students act and participate in the lessons. This says that a good teaching

style and interaction highly affect the performance of the learners. That it is not about

the grades of the students but how they’ve achieved the learning and what ways the

teacher made for the students to achieve it. Autonomous-Supportive and Controlling

Teaching Style was one of the styles which promote self-learning and concentration on

a topic.

Velusami Deepika et al. (2017) was a study about what style of teaching is more

applicable for a medical student who was known to be like lifetime learners. VARK

model of learning or “Visual, Auditory, Reading/Writing Choice, and Kinesthetic”

learning styles were used as a basis and guide for different teaching strategies. It was

found that the majority of the medical students were unimodal learners; followed by the

quad modal learners who were used to being more productive when more learning

methods were used. And it also shows that among those unimodal learners, visual

learning is the most dominant style that was observed. The study also analyzed that

gender also varies when it comes to the style of learning; wherein the majority of
females were used to visual learning and the majority of males were more dominant in

the kinesthetic way of learning.

Anne Bosman (2018) was a study about the relationship between the learning

style and mathematics achievement of secondary school learners. There is a

relationship between visual, auditory, and kinesthetic when it comes to learning

especially when it is group learning. The study shows that it is better than a learner

could keep up with more than one learning style and is confirmed by the results that the

multimodal learners were the top achievers in Mathematics. Together with the help of

the teachers’ competencies and learning materials(visual media like modules and

PowerPoint presentations) the students will be able to learn easily at school and even in

their own houses.

According to (Sabiston, D. & Leung. A, 2020), among the 217 participants, 45%

cannot identify the most dominant learning style for them on the VARK learning model.

This doesn’t mean that they do not prefer any modality of learning, but the thought that

they could be used of the four modalities and adapted to these learning styles. And the

remaining 55% have one to three dominant learning styles. When it comes to those who

have a dominant learning style, kinesthetic has the highest total percentage which

shows that the learners need to manipulate or touch material to learn. Generally, this

study found a lot of notable connections between VARK learning style preferences and

student performance in economics concepts.

 Based on (Noor ayuernie Ibrahim et al., 2019) visual, aural, read/write and

kinesthetic way of learning contributes greatly to the academic performance of the

students. Wherein the results had shown that the undergraduates are usual to be

unimodal. And it is found that the kinesthetic learning model was the most dominant

learning style and preferred by high-achiever learners. On the other hand, findings also

show that visual learning style was used more dominantly by those low-achievement

learners. And recommends that teachers may aim to encourage a wider diversity of

learning styles in the future because the majority of students were unimodal learners.

According to (Veena Khongpit et al. 2018), a good result of teaching and learning

does not only depend on how good the teacher has. But it is about the cooperation of

students and the teacher together with the learning materials that a teacher provides.

And based on the VARK learning style questionnaires, the survey on the computer

coursed students had shown that the learners were mostly bimodal (VK, AK, VA, VR,

RK, and AR). Then among those bimodal learning styles, “VK” is the most dominant;

which means that those students easily learn the lessons by seeing their teacher’s

virtual demonstration and having the actual practice on a real computer.

Khamphaya (2018) was a study about the application of VARK and GRSLSS-

mixed methods to enhance the learning results and achievements in toxicology in team-

based learning. The teaching style is a factor that makes the students participate in the

class and engage their knowledge which increases their performance and

understanding. The participants of this study from the Department of OHS, School of
Public Health, Walailak University, Thailand had shown that reading/writing and

collaborative styles of learning as the dominant way of learning in team-based learning

(TBL). The participants adopted both the VARK learning model and GRSLSS

preferences in terms of working and learning in groups. In this way of learning, the

students could give better performance and a better understanding of the topics

compared to individual learning.

According to (Khawar Khurshid, 2020) each person has their own preferred

learning style wherein they could easily understand the information. VARK is the most

widely used learning style model, and it categorizes learners based on their sensory

qualities. Learners can be classified as uni-modal, bi-modal, tri-modal, or quad/multi-

modal based on the number of preferred learning modalities. This study was conducted

to see how the VARK learning model affects tertiary education that seems like it

depends on the course of the learner but there are also insights provided that students

of the same field of discipline have different learning style preferences. It was also

indicated that VARK’s learning model doesn’t define what was a learner’s strengths or

weaknesses so the teacher must think of ways to be creative and find ways to help give

the proper education to their class. And lastly was the thought given by the study that

when multimodality was used by the students and teachers, it will be beneficial and will

create a positive result for their performance.

Gilbert C. Magulod Jr.(2018) contains the study about the learning styles, study

habits, and academic performance of Filipino university students in applied science

courses. Students in applied sciences courses prefer visual, group, and kinesthetic
learning styles as major learning styles and considered tactile, auditory, and individual

learning styles as their minor learning preferences. There were also factors that affect

the student performance and some of those were their study habits, skills, and time

management. This thing shows that the performance of a learner does not just depend

on their learning style but also on their study habits, capacity or capabilities and skills,

and the strategies made by the teachers to fulfill the needs of the students.
https://www.scirp.org/journal/paperinformation.aspx?

paperid=108297&fbclid=IwAR2_r9BnSSxlGJQgItzH6pO4BqrivLebvQWLpmZpapm4sK_

lqgfX1ZLLasQ

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/

341631526_Understanding_of_learning_styles_and_teaching_strategies_towards_impr

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https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2021.732550/full

https://publications.waset.org/10011198/impact-of-vark-learning-model-at-tertiary-level-

education

https://publications.waset.org/10011198/pdf

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1742-6596/1318/1/012028/pdf

https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1259918.pdf

https://njppp.com/fulltext/28-1492756815.pdf

https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1173186.pdf

https://www.iier.org.au/iier30/sabiston.pdf

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/

338485217_VARK_LEARNING_STYLES_TOWARDS_ACADEMIC_PERFORMANCE_

AMONG_STUDENTS_OF_PRIVATE_UNIVERSITY_IN_SELANGOR

http://www.ijlt.org/uploadfile/2018/0528/20180528100104475.pdf

https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1210888.pdf