• DANGERİOUS GOODS and

• HANDLING
Introduction
There are differences in the transportation of dangerous goods by air
according to the process followed for normal shipments.
The most important reason for this is to ensure that these substances
are transported safely due to the risks they carry.
Because during the transportation of dangerous goods, new risks
arise in terms of human, environment and flight safety.
In order to minimize these risks, regulations have been made by
aviation authorities.
The purpose of the regulations to be specified is to determine the
rules to be followed for the transportation of dangerous goods by air
and to ensure safe transportation.
Dangerious Goods Concepts and Regulations
• The concept of dangerous goods is defined in the most general
sense as substances and objects that pose a risk to living and
non-living beings and the environment due to some of their
chemical, physical and biological properties.
• The concept of dangerous goods in aviation is expressed as
substances or objects that carry the risk of harming health,
safety, other assets and the environment during transportation.
In fact, the basic things we use in our daily life are also can
create a risk during air transportation. Lighters, clips, hair sprays,
deodorants, substances such as lithium batteries are examples
of this situation.
The main purpose of the rules applied in the transportation of
dangerous goods by air is to ensure the safe transportation of
dangerous goods.
As in most of the aviation activities, there are risks in the
transportation of dangerous goods. The important thing is to
manage the existing risks and to keep the risks at an acceptable
level during the operation of aviation activities.
• UN Subcommittee of Experts on the Transport of Dangerous Goods,
SCoETDG) and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
institutions are in a decisive position in establishing regulations for
transporting dangerous goods by air.
• The regulations prepaid by SCoETDG do not cover radioactive
materials. The regulations on radioactive materials are included in
IAEA regulations.
• With the regulations prepared as a result of the studies carried
out by these institutions, the rules in all transportation areas and
therefore in air transportation are determined.
• Regulations in aviation are created by the International Civil
Aviation Organization (ICAO), which is affiliated to the United
Nations.
• Dangerous goods regulations created by ICAO have sanctions
on countries that are members of the organization.
• In ICAO Annex 18 and (Technical Instructions for the Safe Transport of
Dangerous Goods by Air, ICAO-TI)documents, the related regulations
take place.
• Dangerious Goods Regulations Information Flow

UN Subcommittee of Experts on the Transport of Dangerous Goods,

SCoETDG International Atomic Energy Agency, IAEA

International Civil Aviation Organisation, ICAO

International Air Transport Association

IATA
Rules, Instructions and Documents

Institute Documents
UN Subcommittee of Experts on the Advicws of UN related to transportation of
Transport of Dangerous Goods, Dangerious Goods.
SCoETDG
International Atomic Energy Agency, Regulations associated to the transportion of
IAEA dangerious goods in safe
International Civil Aviation Annex-18 (Ek-18) and
Organisation, ICAO Technical Instructions for the Safe Transport of
Dangerous Goods by Air, ICAO-TITehlikeli
International Air Transport Dangerious Goods Rules
Association (IATA) (IATA-DGR)
• Parties and Responsibilities in the Transport of Dangerous
Goods
• There are two parts in transporting of Dangerious Goods
• Sender
• Carrier
• The sender is the party that identifies, marks, labels the dangerous substance and
prepares the relevant documentation and delivers it to the carrier.
• The carrier, on the other hand, is the air cargo or airline company, which takes
delivery of the dangerous substance, carries out the necessary handling
processes and carries out the transport.
Responsibilities of the Sender
• It should make sure that the rules related to the matter and Origin, destination
and transit countries are obeyed.
• Ensure that the transport of dangerous goods is not prohibited
• It must correctly classify and identify the dangerous substance.
• Should use appropriate package type in the packaging of the dangerous
substance and should obey the amount limits.
• Ensure that packages are properly marked and labeled.
• Unless otherwise specified in IATA-DGR, dangerous goods are not put into
consolidated package. Package groups (overpack) and load units (Unit Load
Devices-ULD) should be paid attention to these when preparing.
• Pay attention to whether dangerous goods should be transported only on cargo
aircraft.
• It should be sure that there are no hidden dangerous substances in the
shipments.
• The sender must prepare the declaration form fully and accurately. The sender's
declaration form and other necessary documents, if any, must be kept by the
sender for at least 3 months.
• Responsibilities of The Carrier:
• The responsibilities of the carrier are the acceptance, storage, loading, inspection
of dangerous goods, providing the necessary information completely and
accurately, reporting, keeping records and providing training to the relevant
employees.
• The carrier must keep the dangerous goods records for at least 3 months after
the flight. In addition, necessary warnings and information should be kept for
both passengers and employees by the carrier and its authorized sub-
organizations in passenger and cargo reception areas.

• The carrier has to check the dangerous goods packages for leakage and damage
in the process from acceptance to loading.
• Consolidated Cargo: The cargo which belong to different persons and take place
under different classes and unitized in a single pack.
• Concealed Hazardous Substance: Despite there is no danger in normal case,
when investigated, they include dangerous substance in its structure.
• Security for Dangerious Goods
involved in the transport of dangerous goods, sender, air carriers and other all
employees are responsible for the transporting of dangerious goods in secur.
Belirtilen kisilerin eğitim almaları zorunludur.
The specified persons are required to receive
training.
And during transporting of dangerious goods ,
materials require more attention and care.
DANGERIOUS GOODS LIMITS
It is strictly forbidden to transport some of the dangerous goods.
Carriage of dangerous goods on cargo or passenger aircraft is possible within
certain limits.
Therefore, according to the limits of dangerous goods and other restrictions, there
are limitations in the , IATA DGR book.
According to these limitations, dangerous goods are divided into certain groups.
Strictly Forbidden Substances which will be carried by Air
Those are the ones which cause the conditions such as exploding,
making dangerious reaction, being poisonous, erosive and emitting
smoke, and endanger the safety of flight . They have never been carried
by aircraft and the «forbidden» term is put
Hidden Dangerious Goods
As mentioned before;
These are substances that are in the cargo or accompany the passenger and
contain substances that fall under the definition of dangerous goods.
The training and awareness of the employees who try to minimize the risk of the
dangerious goods. The list of this type of materials take place in IATA-DGR.
Passenger baggages, Company Materials, kryojenic liquids( liquidification of gases
by cooling them) are in this class.
Dangerous Goods That Can Be Carried With Passengers and Crew
Generally, dangerious goods in the checked-in, and/or cabin baggages and/or on
the passengers and crew personals cannot be carried.
In particular, even if radioactive materials are in exceptional amounts, passengers
and crew cannot be carried with them under any circumstances. However
It is possible for some items to be transported with passengers and flight crew
within certain limits and conditions, and these items are clearly stated in the IATA-
DGR book.
Dry ice not exceeding 2.5 kg, alcoholic strength of 70% or less Substances such as
alcoholic beverages, aerosols, etc., are included under this division.
The portability of the dangerous goods in the table in the IATA-DGR book according
to the following situations is changing:
• Carrying in cabin baggage or as cabin baggage
• Carriage in checked baggage or as checked baggage
• The state of being on the person
Attention should be paid to the necessity of obtaining carrier approval for each of
the dangerous goods included in this definition and the necessity of informing the
responsible captain.
Dangerous Goods That Can Be Transported By Mail
• The International Postal Union Convention prohibits the transportation of
dangerous goods by mail, except for some items.
• The items out of the the forbidden materials take place in IATA-DGR BOOK.
Dangerous Goods Under Carrier Ownership
The rules in IATA-DGR are not applied to the transport of dangerous goods under
this division. Detailed list is of these materials are limited in IATA-DGR

 Aircraft Equipments
 Consumer materials
 Dry Ice
 Electronic equipments with bataries (Electronic Flight Bag, In Cabin
Entertainment equipments, credit cards readers..
 Spare parts of the aircraft
Excepted Quantites ( Istisna Miktardaki Tehlikeli Maddeler)
In this case, Very small amounts of some dangerous goods can be carried without
exposing labeling, marking and documentation requirements
Shipper declaration form for exceptional amount of dangerous goods not prepared.
The number of package with only exception amount dangerous goods definition in
AWB is specified.
Regarding the packaging of exceptional amounts of dangerous goods The packaging
rules in the IATA-DGR book must be followed.
During the transportation of dangerous goods within the limits in exceptional
amounts, within the limits and If necessary, packaging should be done using inner
and outer containers.
In the packages with exceptionally dangerous, It is sufficient to use only the sign in
Table7.8 below showing this situation
• Limited Quantites-Sınırlandırılmıs Miktardaki Tehlikeli Maddeler
• Packages used for the safe transportation of dangerous goods have the feature of
being specially produced and passed certain tests or fulfilling certain conditions.
• These packages, which are subjected to performance tests in accordance with the
recommendations of the United Nations (UN) or fulfill certain conditions, are also
called UN type packages.
• However, some dangerous goods do not require the use of UN type packages
specified in IATA-DGR.
• However, dangerous goods should still be packed by using good quality inner and
outer containers within the packaging rules in IATA-DGR.
• Labeling with the letter "Y" should be made on the packages of limited quantities
of dangerous goods.
• The limited amount of a dangerous substance ready for transport cannot exceed
30 kg under any circumstances.
• A sender's declaration form should be prepared for limited quantities of
dangerous goods.
• Package marking is given in the Table 7.8
CLASSIFICATION OF DANGERIOUS GOODS
For classification of dangerious goods, The Globally Harmonized System for
Classification and Labeling of Chemicals (GHS) is used.
9 hazard classes have been determined in the GHS.
Dangerious goods are defined within the hazard class they contain. A dangerous
substance may contain more than one hazard class.
Taking into account the classes of dangerous goods, the UN has set a separation
standard for packaging groups according to the degree of danger they carry.
Packaging groups and hazard levels are as follows:
• Packaging Group I: High Level Danger
• Packaging Group II: Medium Level Danger
• Packaging Group III: Low L evel Danger
As in other modes of transport, GHS classification is used in the transport of
dangerous goods by air, and the rules are applied in this direction.
Dangerious Goods classes;
Class 1: Explosives
Class 2 : Gases
Class 3: Inflammable liquids
Class 4 Inflammable solids
Class 5: Inflammable solids
Class 6 Oxidizing agents and Organic Peroksites
Class 7 Poisonous and Contaminating Substances
Class 7 Radioactive Materials
Class 8 Corrosive Materials
Class 9 Miscellaneous Materials
• Table Dangerious Goods classes and labels
•
• Air Waybill (AWB): (Hava konşimentosu ya da havayolu tasıma senedi)
• It is the document issued by the airline or air cargo operators and showing that
the goods have been received for transportation.
• Havayolu ya da hava kargo isletmelerince düzenlenen ve malların taşınmak üzere
teslim alındıgını gösteren belgedir.
• If this document is issued by a freight forwarder, a House Air Waybill (Ara
Havayolu Tasıma Senedi) is formed.
RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS
Substances that spontaneously and continuously emit radiation are called
radioactive materials.
Radiation emitted by these materials can not be seen, heard, touched, smelt, and
tasted.
This situation, which cannot be perceived by any sense organ, can be detected with
specially manufactured devices that can only be used for this purpose
Measuring of radiation can be made by an equipment called as Geiger-Müller
Counter.
Atomic nuclei of radioactive materials by spreading particles or electromagnetic
radiation, they are spontaneously disintegrated and this is called radioactivity.
The standard unit of measurement for the activities of radioactive materials is
Becquerel (Bq).
Certain isotopes of certain substances are radioactive and these isotopes are called
radioisotopes or radionuclides.
The period during which the activities of radioactive substances go into half are
called as radioactivity half-life.
• Radioactivity is a kind of energy and this energy is transferred by radiation. The
energy emissions of substances with different radioactivity values are also
different.
• The emission of alpha, beta, gamma, neutron and x-ray radiations is expressed as
radiation and they have different energy levels and different properties.
• Properties according to the activity of each radioactive substance change and
appropriate measures should be taken accordingly.
• In our daily life, we are constantly exposed to radiation that exists in nature.
• However, the effects of radiation below a certain level on living tissue can be
tolerated.
• Thanks to the self-renewal of the human body, the harmful effects of a very small
amount of radiation are eliminated.
• When the amount of radiation is high, it can cause permanent damage to the live
tissues.
• In other words, it is known that radiation above a certain level harms the human
body.
• This is especially true for radioactive materials used for industrial purposes.
• The regulations applied in the transport of radioactive materials are basically
based on the regulations of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). In
addition, UN regulations are also taken into account.
• In line with IAEA regulations, detailed regulations for the transport of radioactive
materials by air are included in ICAO-TI and IATA-DGR.
• IATA-DGR Book is the most important reference for transporting of radioactive
materials by air as in the transport of other dangerious goods.
• Radiation Protection Program
• Radioactive material transportation by air must be subjected to a radiation
protection program.
• The radiation protection program is a set of systematic arrangements applied to
keep the radiation doses and effects on the employees involved in the transport
of radioactive materials to minimum.
• Within the scope of this program, the possibility of exposure of employees to
radiation and the magnitude of the radiation to be exposed should be considered
together.
• In order to keep the effects of radiation on employees to a minimum, a radiation
protection program should be implemented by the employees themselves and
the businesses they are affiliated with.
In order to measure the effect of the radiation to which the employees are
exposed, the measurement unit indicating the radiation dose equivalent value is
Severt (Sv).
The monitoring of the effective dose in the radiation protection program is carried
out in the following ways.
• If radiation exposure is expected between 1 mSv – 6 mSv (millisievert) per year
business monitoring or individual monitoring should be implemented in the
programme.
•If more than 6 mSv radiation exposure per year is expected, individual
monitoring should be applied.
Radiation monitoring program records should be kept by the relevant parties.
Exposed dose limits should be followed in the direction of radiation and the doses
to be exposed should be regulated. is Employees must be trained to limit exposure
to radiation.
• Restrictions of Radioactive Materials
• Radioactive substances are divided into 6 classes according to the forms they are
in and the properties they have.
• 1. Special Form (Özel Form)
• They are radioactive substances that do not disperse, in solid form or in a special
capsule.
2. Low Specific Activity, LSA (Düsük Özgül Aktiviteli Madde )
Those are the radipoactive materials having inherently limited specific activity or an
estimated average specific activity radioactive substances to which limits apply
LSA materials are divided into 3 groups;
 LSA-I
 LSA-II
 LSA-III
3. Surface Contaminated Object, SCO-Yüzeyine Radyasyon Bulasmıs Maddeler)
Solid substances that are not radioactive on their own but have radioactive
material on their surface.
SCO divided into two groups:
• SCO-I
• SCO-II
4. Fissle Materal- Fissile Madde
They are radioactive substances that have the property of easily cleavage.
Uranium-233, Uranium-235, Plutonium-239 ve Plutonium-241 are fissile materials.
5. Low Dispersible Materal-Dagılma Özelligi Düsük Maddeler
They are substances that are not in powder form and have limited dispersibility,
either in solid form or in a special capsule.
6. (Other Form-Diger Form )
Those are the radioactive materials that do not have features defined in Special
Form definition.
• HANDLING PROCESS OF DANGERIOUS GOODS Tehlkel maddelern The handling
process includes the steps of the carrier's acceptance, storage, loading and
unloading of the dangerous goods shipment.
• In addition, making the necessary notifications about the dangerous goods to be
transported and the reporting processes that should be done in case of any
dangerous substance incident or accident are also included in the handling
process.
• All the mentioned process is under the responsibility of the carrier.
• The carrier is also responsible for the training of all employees who take part in
the transport of dangerous goods and are under the responsibility of the carrier.
• The trainings given must be renewed within a maximum of 24 months. Personnel
whose training is not valid.
• Taking part by personnel whose training is not valid in this process will risk the
process of safe transportation of dangerous goods.
• For this reason, the personnels whose education related to the subject is not
valid should not be included in the process.
• There are Responsibilities of both the sender and the carrier for the safety of
dangerous goods.
The process of handling hazardous materials consists of the following steps:
• Acceptance of Dangerious goods
• Storing of dangerious goods
• Loading of DG to the aircraft
• Inspecting of DG
• Informing the relevant parties about DG
• Reporting Responsibility of the Carrier.
Acceptance of Dangerious Goods
Receipt of the dangerous goods shipment by the cargo acceptance personnel of the
carrier process.
Relevant personnel in line with the identification and detection of dangerous
materials must have taken the necessary training.
In addition, the documents containing the rules for the steps such as packaging,
marking and labeling of hazardous materials should also be provided by the carrier
to the officials involved in this.
Packaging, marking and labeling responsibilites is assigned to the sender.
However, the carrier personnel receiving the shipment should also be
knowledgeable about these steps.
Carrier's cargo acceptance staff should be careful about concealed dangerous goods
and other undeclared dangerous goods.
• Storing of Damgerious Goods
• Responsibility for the storage of accepted packages of dangerous goods during
the period until their loading belongs to the carrier.
• There are special conditions that must be taken into account for some dangerous
substances in the storing process.
• Those are;
• Storing of Radioactive Materials
• While storing radioactive materials, care should be taken to keep sufficient
distances so that people are not affected by radiation.
• Storage should be done so that workers working near the storage area are not
affected by radiation more than 5 mSv per year.
• If the public near the storage area is affected Storage should be done in such a
way that these people are not affected by radiation more than
1 mSv per year.
• During the temporary storage of Category-II and Category-III radioactive material
packages, minimum separation distances should be maintained between the
packages and other people.
• In the storage of fissle materials, the critical safety index (CSI) of the package,
package group (overpack) or container should not exceed 50. A minimum
distance of 6m should be left between these types of posts.
Storage and Organic Perovskites and Self-Reactive Substances Depolanması
• These types of hazardous materials should be stored away from direct sunlight
and other heat sources.
• In addition, it is made sure that the necessary ventilation is provided in the
storage area
• Except for the special cases mentioned above, measures should be taken to
prevent the packages from being damaged or leaking during the storage of other
hazardous materials.
• In addition, necessary precautions should be taken for the security of dangerous
substances.
• Loading Dangerious Goods to Aircraft
• Except for the dangerous goods that can be carried with the
passengers and crew, the dangerous goods in the carrier's
possession and the radioactive materials in exceptional quantity, the
dangerous goods cannot be carried in the passenger and pilot cabin.
• Cargo compartments on aircraft where hazardous materials can be
be carried must meet Class B or C requirements.
• These requirements are such that the cargo compartment has
features such as detectors and fire extinguishing systems. In
addition, dangerous goods packages with the "Cargo Aircraft Only"
label cannot be carried on passenger planes.
• Tehlikeli maddelerin uçaga yüklenirken dikkat edilmesi gereken bir diger
nokta da sıvı
• tehlikeli madde paketleridir. Bu paketler üzerinde paketin yönünü belirten
handling etiketler bulunur ve etiketin belirttigi yön dikkate alınarak paketler
dik olarak yüklenmelidir.
• Üzerinde “Cargo Aircraft Only” etiketi bulunan tehlikeli madde paketleri C
sınıfı gerekliliklerini kargo kompartımanında tasınmalıdır. Acil bir durumda
kargo uçagı ekibinin
• tehlikeli madde paketlerine erisebilmesi mümkün olacak sekilde yükleme
yapılmalıdır.
• Ilgili paketlerin etiketlerinin tümü kargo uçagı ekibi tarafından görülebilir
olmalıdır.
• Fissle maddeler için kritik emniyet indisine göre hareket edilmektedir ve diger radyoaktif
maddelerin yüklenmesine göre farklılıklar bulunmaktadır. Bu durumun baslıca
• nedeni fissile maddelerin daha yüksek risk taşıyor olmasıdır. Kritik emniyet indisi (CSI)
• 50’ye kadar olan fissile maddeler yolcu ve kargo uçakları ile sadece kargo uçaklarında,
• büyük ve küçük kargo konteynerler içerisinde tasınabilmektedir. Kritik emniyet indisi
50’den 100’e kadar olan fissile maddeler ise sadece kargo uçaklarında ve büyük kargo
• konteyneri içerisinde taşınabilmektedir. 50-100 arası kritik emniyet indisine sahip fissile
• madde tasımaları özel kullanımlar için yapılmaktadır. Ayrıca özel kullanımlar dısında fissile
• maddelerin taşıma indisleri (TI) 50’yi, özel kullanımlarda 100’ü geçmemelidir.
• Organik perokstlerin ve kendiliginden tepkimeye giren maddelerin
depolanmasında oldugu gibi uçaga yüklenmesi sırasında da günes
ısıgına ve ısıya maruz kalmaları engellenmeli, yeterli havalandırma
saglanmalıdır.
• Tehlikeli Maddeler ile Ilgili Taraflara Gerekli Bilgilendirmelerin Yapılması
• Sorumlu Kaptana Bilgi Verilmesi
• Tasıyıcı, tasınan tehlikeli maddeler ile ilgili olarak sorumlu kaptana bilgi
vermelidir. Bu bilgilendirme NOTOC (Special Load Notification to Captain)
formu ile kaptana iletilir.
• NOTOC’da yer alması gereken bilgiler şunlardır:
• • Tehlikeli maddelerin yüklendiği nokta
• • Tehlikeli maddenin uçaktan boşaltılacağı nokta
• • Konşimento (AWB) numarası
• • Uygun gönderi adı (PSN)
••
• Tehlike sınıfı ve bölüm kodu
• • UN/ID numarası
• • Yan risk sınıfı ve bölüm kodu
• • Paket sayısı ve paket başına miktarlar
• • Radyoaktif maddeler için kategori ve taşıma indisi
• • Varsa paketleme grubu
• • Kargo IMP kodu
• • Acil durum rehberi kodu (ERG)
• • Tehlikeli maddenin kargo uçağında taşınmasının zorunlu olup olmadığı
• Kargo IMP kodu: Hava kargo tasımacılıgında taraflar arasında
• kritik kargo operasyon bilgi alısverisinde kullanılan standart
• üçlü kodlardır. Üçlü kısaltmalardan tehlikeli madde ile ilgili olanların
• birkaçı ICE-Kuru buz, RCMAsındırıcılar, ROX-Okstleyclerdr.
• Bu kodların tümü IATA’nın Cargo-IMP el ktabında yer almaktadır.
• Uçustaki Acil Durumda Pilotun Bilgi Vermesi
• Eger uçus esnasında tehlikeli maddeler ile ilgili herhang bir acil durum ortaya çıkarsa
sorumlu
• kaptan ilgili hava trafik servis birimini ilgili otoritelere iletilmek üzere bilgilendirimelidir.
Bilgilendirme esnasında mümkünse sorumlu pilot tarafından asagıdak bilgiler
saglanmalıdır:
• • UN/ID numarası
• • Uygun gönderi adı (PSN)
• • Tehlikeli madde sınıf ve bölüm kodu
• • Varsa tehlikeli maddenin yan risk sınıf ve kodu
• • Tehlikeli madde miktarı
• • Tehlikeli maddenin yüklendiği nokta
• • NOTOC kopyasına ulaşılabilecek telefon numarası
• Tasıyıcı Çalısanlarının Bilgilendirilmesi
• Tehlikeli maddelerin tasınması süreci ile ilgili sorumlulukların yerine
getirilmesi amacıyla tasıyıcı süreçte yer alan çalısanlarını
bilgilendirmelidir. Özellikle operasyonda görev alan personele ve uçus
ekibine tasınan tehlikeli madde ile ilgili detaylı bilgi saglanmalıdır.
Bunun yanı sıra yer hzmetlerinde görev alan personel basta olmak
üzere diger ilgli personel de tasınan tehlikeli maddei ile ilgili olarak
bilgilendirilmelidir.
• Yolcuların Bilgilendirilmesi
• Emniyetli bir sekilde uçusun saglanması
amacıyla tasıyıcı yolcuları tehlikeli maddeler
• hakkında bilgilendirmelidir. Yolcuların
bilgilendirilmesndeki amaç tasınması yasak
• olan tehlikeli maddelerin farkında olmadan
uçaga sokulmasını önlemektir. Bu amaçla
aşağıda belirtilen noktalarda yolculara
bilgilendirme yapan unsurlar
bulundurulmalıdır:
• • Bilet satış alanları
• • Check-in alanı
• • Boarding alanı
• Kargo Kabul Alanındak Bilgilendirme
• Tasıyıcı ya da tasıyıcı tarafından yetkilendirilen yer hizmetleri acentesi
kargo kabul alanında tehlikel maddeler hakkında gerekli
bilgilendirmeleri yapmalıdırlar. Burada yapılan
• bilgilendirmedeki amaç hava yolu ile tasınması yasak olan tehlikeli
maddelerin uçaga kabulünü engellemektir. Yapılan bilgilendirmeler
görsel unsurlarla desteklenerek çalışanların konu ile ilgili hata
yapmalarını önleyici nitelikte olmalıdır.
• Radyoaktif Maddelern Uçaga Yüklenmesi
• Radyoaktif maddeler uçağa yüklenirken taşıma insilerine (TI) göre
aralarında gerekli ayrım yapılmalıdır. Bunun en önemli neden
radyoaktif madde paketlerinin bir arada olduğunda yaydıkları
radyasyonun birlikte daha etkili olmasıdır. Bu durum da çevredeki
• canlılara zarar verebilme riskini artıracaktır. Radyoaktif maddelerin
uçağa yüklenmesi esnasında dikkat edilmesi gereken ayrım
gereklilikleri IATA-DGR kitabında detaylı olarak belirtilmektedr.