UDC:657.

8
Mariia Ochichenko
Student of the Faculty of Transport,
Management, and Logistics
National Aviation University, Kyiv
Scientific supervisor: Khotsianovska N.F

LEGAL REQUIREMENTS FOR THE SHIPPING OF HAZARDOUS GOODS

BY AIR TRANSPORT

Every year more than one and a half million dangerous goods are transported by
air in the world. With the projected annual growth of air transport by 4.9% over the next
5 years, the number of transports will increase significantly. Among the hazardous
goods, three types of cargo rank prominently in terms of shipment frequency. These are
flammable liquids, dry ice, and lithium batteries. For instance, dry ice poses an
explosion hazard as it releases a large volume of carbon dioxide gas in case of
sublimation. Therefore, regulations and requirements for hazardous materials must be
adhered to and guidance for stakeholders on the safe handling and transportation of
hazardous goods provided. The purpose of this work is aimed at clearly define the
necessary requirements for the transportation of hazardous materials, their application at
each stage of the supply chain, and the specifics of their legislation by Ukrainian
aviation regulations.

The rules for the transportation of dangerous goods were formed by the
International Air Transport Association (IATA), which is based on the instructions of
the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). According to the IATA,
hazardous materials are objects or substances that pose a potential danger to human
health and the environment in case of inappropriate handling, which means improper
unloading, loading, or transportation, as well as transportation conditions that do not
meet requirements[2].

Among the most common hazardous substances transported by air are aerosols,
lithium batteries, infectious substances, fireworks, dry ice, gasoline engines and
machines, lighters, and paint. For IATA safety is the first priority which includes
training of personnel functions of who is the preparation, receiving, and transport of
such types of goods. Besides this, another responsibility of IATA is to regulate and
ensure proper conditions for the flow of hazardous goods throughout the supply chain.
ICAO classifies hazardous objects and substances into nine classes, and every
dangerous material will fall into at least one of the classes. For shippers and freight
forwarders as well as receiving agents it is essential to correctly identify such materials
and classify them according to the nine classes list in order to share the information
through the transport chain[1]. Dangerous goods are divided into the following classes:

 Class 1— Explosives
 Class 2— Gazes
 Class 3 — Flammable liquids
 Class 4 — Flammable solids, substances capable of spontaneous combustion
 Class 5 — Oxidizing substances and organic peroxides
 Class 6 — Toxic and infectious substances
 Class 7— Radioactive material
 Class 8 — Corrosive substances
 Class 9 — Miscellaneous

In order for dangerous goods to be delivered safely and in accordance with legal
regulations, it is necessary to enable the implementation of specific procedures. First of
all, the shipper must properly complete the hazardous goods declaration and prepare the
cargo for transportation. The next step is to thoroughly work out the cargo acceptance of
goods. Additionally, the shipper is also obliged to fulfill the hazardous goods checklist
that complies with the regulations for the transportation of these materials.

Transportation of dangerous goods by air transport in Ukraine is regulated by

ICAO Technical Instructions for the Safe Transport of Dangerous Goods by Air.
According to the Aviation rules of Ukraine "Procedure and conditions of air
transportation of dangerous goods" when storing hazardous goods at cargo terminals,
warehouses, and airports, it is necessary to comply with the rules established by the
Technical Instructions regarding the separate placement of incompatible dangerous
goods, the separate placement of explosives with compliance with the minimum
permissible safe distances from the surface of packages containing radioactive
materials. No less important to mention that the processing of hazardous goods must be
carried out only in specially designated places. The places have to be equipped
according to ICAO regulations which means the availability and right quantity of fire
extinguishers, first aid kits, and personal protective equipment. This equipment can be
used during work with hazardous goods or/and in case of urgent situations. Packaging,
labeling, and the application of danger signs must be carried out in accordance with the
ICAO technical instructions. The marking procedure is carried out with the indication of
the proper shipping name, its contents, and the number according to the UN list if it is
assigned by the manufacturer.

The duties of the consignor include drawing up, signing, and handing over the
consignment note together with the consignor's declaration, which states that the
hazardous goods are properly and clearly defined in accordance with their cargo names,
classified, packed, marked as well as equipped with danger signs. After fulfilling each
of these steps, hazardous goods are prepared for air transportation. The duties of the
operator include the proper processing of hazardous materials, which means checking
the correctness of labeling, packaging, and classification of goods. The operator
controls and ensures the correctness and reliability of the securing of hazardous goods
on board the aircraft, in order to avoid any movement of them during the flight and
changes in the location of cargo spaces. As for cargo spaces with radioactive materials,
they must be fixed in such a way that during the entire time of transportation,
compliance with the requirements for safe distances is ensured[3].

Conclusion. Legal requirements for the shipping of hazardous goods by air

transport play a crucial role in the regulation of air shipping. Technical instructions
ICAO ensures a rigorous regulatory process for dangerous goods to be transported by
air safely and securely if all guidelines are strictly followed. It also has to be
underscored, that proper and adequate training for personnel involved in the dangerous
goods supply chain activity is vital to ensure that the possible hazards associated with
dangerous goods are understood and that each employee is competent to perform the
functions for which they are in charge.
 References

1. Huo, H., Xing, Y., Pecht, M., Züger, B. J., Khare, N., & Vezzini, A., 2017. Safety
Requirements for Transportation of Dangerous Goods, 10(6).
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en10060793.
2. “What You Need to Know about the Transport of Dangerous Goods by Air.”
IATA, https://www.iata.org/en/publications/newsletters/iata-knowledge-hub/
what-you-need-to-know-about-the-transport-of-dangerous-goods-by-air
3. “Українське Законодавство у Сфері Перевезення Небезпечних Вантажів.”
https://labadr.com.ua/ua/dovidnik/normativne-regulyuvannya-perevezennya-
nebezpechnix-vantazhiv/