AGRICULTURAL HISTORY AND

DEONTOLOGY: THE RELATIONSHIP

BETWEEN THE AGRICULTURAL
REVOLUTION AND MODERN
CIVILIZATION (L1)

Dr. Nevzat BİRİŞİK

MAN-471: AGRICULTURAL-FOOD POLICIES AND
AGRICULTURAL FOREIGN TRADE (2022-2023)
 Agrifood policy and principles…
Agricultural policies in general; It can be expressed as the set of rules, norms and practices
determined in order to ensure the food security of the society, to enable sustainable
agriculture and fair trade, and to increase rural and social welfare.
 Agricultural policies are a part of a country's general development and strategic plans and
form the basis of food policies. For this reason, agricultural and food policies also include
agricultural and food production control and monitoring activities, agricultural support and
incentive system, and also environmental and social regulations.
 These arrangements are governed by different principles, priorities and guiding processes
determined by governments. The priority issues are that the regulations are based on
scientific data and have a legal basis, and that the management process should be
participatory and transparent.
 The regulations must be in accordance with international laws and agreements. Implemented
practices are carried out as sectoral, regional or national targets, plans and projects
developed to respond to national economic and political expectations, and are regularly
monitored and reported.
Content of lecture

1. Agricutural history
2. Agricultural revaluation/s
3. Relation between agricultute and civiliziaton
4. Relation between agriculture and food
5. Agriculture and environment
6. Agriculture and trade
7. Agricultural ethics
8. Food security
9. Conclusion
1. Agricutural history
 It is widely known that agriculture has a long history. Starting approximately 12,000 years ago,
the domestication of plants and animals began independently in several different places,
including centers in West Asia, East Asia, Central America, and South America.
 Domestication also may have occurred in other locations, although convincing archeological
evidence has not been found.
 In the domestication process, humans manipulated animals, plants, and the environment in
various ways to increase the availability of the desirable species and desired traits of these
species.
 It is less widely known that religious, political, and philosophical reflection on agriculture and
the environment also has a long history.
 Centuries later, the Greek philosopher Plato discussed the importance of reconstructing
agriculture after the mythical Deluge, and his student Aristotle commented on the importance
of agricultural knowledge in the quest for the “good life” by the individual and the polity.
 The fundamental value of agriculture was highlighted by Enlightenment thinkers from John
Locke to Thomas Jefferson, who underscored the political, economic, and philosophical
importance of “tillers of the soil” (Spiegel 1991).
 2. Agricultural revaluation/s

I. Tarım Devrimi (Bitkilerin ve hayvanların kültüre alınması/Domestification)

II. Tarım Devrimi (Tarımsal aletlerin geliştirilmesi ve tarım ticareti/Commercialization):

III. Tarım Devrimi (Endüstriyel tarımın başlaması/Intansification):

IV. Tarım Devrimi (Biyoloji ve teknolojinin birleşmesi/Digitalization):

 2. Agricultural revaluation/s

I. Tarım Devrimi (Bitkilerin ve hayvanların kültüre

alınması/Domestification): M.Ö: 9500 ile M.S: 700
Bu dönemde yoğun bir şekilde hayvanların evcilleştirmesi ve
bitkilerin kültüre alınma çalışmaları yapılmıştır. İnsanoğlunun
temel besin ve enerji kaynağı olan buğday, çeltik, baklagiller,
turunçgiller vb. bitkiler bu dönemde kültüre alınmış, köpek,
koyun ve keçi gibi hayvanlar ise yine bu dönemde
evcilleştirilmiştir.
Bereketli Hilal; birkaç asır sonra Çin’i ortadan ikiye bölerek
doğuya doğru ilerleyen Sarı Irmak ile Hindistan’ı kuzeyden
güneye doğru bölen İndus Nehri etrafında benzer bir tarım
medeniyeti doğmaya başlamıştır.
“Man Power (İnsan Gücü)” dönemi, kısacası bu dönemde ne Tarım devrimin başladığı coğrafya (Bereketli Hilal)
kadar çok kişi iseniz o kadar güçlüsünüzdür
2. Agricultural revaluation/s

Tarım devrimin başladığı coğrafya (Bereketli Hilal)

Agricultural Hearths –1st Agricultural Revolution

 2. Agricultural revaluation/s

II. Tarım Devrimi (Tarımsal aletlerin geliştirilmesi ve

tarım ticareti/Commercialization): M.S. 700 ile M.S.
1800 yılları
Tarım işçiliğinde at, katır vb. hayvanlar ile demir
sabanın kullanımı, sulama amaçlı kuyu ve su
kanallarının yapılması, ticaret yoluyla kültüre alınan
bitkilerin başka yerlere taşınması, üçlü ve dörtlü
rotasyon (ekim nöbetinin) sisteminin kullanılması bu
döneme denk gelmektedir. Bu dönemin en önemli
itici gücü gelişen ticaret ve buna bağlı olarak yeni
bitki ve bilgilerin farklı coğrafyalara taşınmasıdır.
Tarihi ticaret yolları olan İpek ve Baharat yollarının güzergâhı
“Land Power (Arazi Gücü)” dönemi. Ne kadar çok
araziniz-toprağınız varsa o kadar güçlüsünüz.
 2. Agricultural revaluation/s

III. Tarım Devrimi (Endüstriyel tarımın

başlaması/Intansification): MS. 1800-2000 yılları
Bu dönemin en belirgin özelliği tohum ıslahına başlanması,
sulama imkân ve kabiliyetinin gelişmesi ve üretimde gübre,
aşı, tarım ilacı ve makine kullanılmasıdır. Bu yolla tarımsal
üretimde; insan sayısına ve arazi varlığına daha az, ancak
makine ve girdiye daha çok bağımlı bir sisteme geçilmiştir.
Bu süreçte özellikle makine, ilaç ve gübrede geliştirilen
teknolojilerin büyük çoğunluğu endüstri devriminin
ürünleridir. Bu döneme “Yeşil Devrim” denilebilir. Bu
isimlendirme kendi içinde son derece tutarlıdır, çünkü
dünyadaki temel gıda üretimi bu süreç içinde yaklaşık 15 Modern tarımın en önemli göstergesi olan Traktör
kat artmıştır.
“Hard Power (Zorun Gücü)” dönemi. Ne kadar çok
makinanız ve girdiniz varsa o kadar çok güçlüsünüz
 2. Agricultural revaluation/s

Green (3rd) Revolution Acreage and Yield Trends

 Invention and quick diffusion of agricultural
techniques during 1960’s-80’s
 Main techniques
 Genetic Engineering
 Higher-yield seeds – Norman Borlaug
 Drought/disease resistance
 Quicker growing season (double-cropping)
 Expanded use of fertilizers
 Need tractors, irrigation pumps & other machinery
to take full advantage
 Replaced older grains and beans for rice and wheat
 Mechanization, Modern tarımın en önemli göstergesi olan Traktör
 chemical farming with synthetic fertilizers, and
pesticides
 globally widespread food manufacturing
 Processing, canning, refining, packing, packaging
 2. Agricultural revaluation/s
IV. Tarım Devrimi (Biyoloji ve teknolojinin
birleşmesi/Digitalization): 21.yy-….ve sonrası
Bu dönemde tarımsal üretim; emek yoğun bir süreçten,
bilgi yoğun bir sürece, doğal risklere açık bir üretimden,
planlama ve kontrollü koşullarda yapılan bir üretime
dönüşecektir. Bitki ıslahı, biyoloji ve genetik biliminden
daha çok etkilenecek, ülkeler kendi arazi varlığı ile sınırlı
olmayan bir üretim modeline doğru yönelecek, bazı girdi
piyasalarında monopoli riskleri doğabilecektir. Gelecek
dönemde tarım sadece bir üretim ve ihtiyaç giderme
alanı değil, özellikle biyolojik bilgi ve teknolojilerin
üretildiği ve başka sektörlere biyoloji ilminden güç ve
know-how aktarılan bir dönem olacaktır.
“Bu dönemin adı Smart Power (Akıllı Güç)” olacaktır.
Bu dönemin kazananı; çok arazisi, çok insanı, çok
makinesi olan değil, ekoloji, biyoloji ve biyoinformatik
bilgiye sahip bilgiye ve bilgi üretmeye değer verenler
olacaktır
 2. Agricultural revaluation/s
IV. Tarım Devrimi (Biyoloji ve teknolojinin birleşmesi/Digitalization): 21.yy-….ve sonrası
IV. Tarım devrimi iki ana bileşene dayanmaktadır
1. Biyoteknoloj: GDO, CRSPR, Hücre kültürü, doku kültürü vb…
2. Bilişim teknolojileri ve yeni nesil mekanizasyon: TARIM 4.0 BU ALANA VERİLEN İSİMDİR ve iki anan
bileşeni vardır.
a. Dijital tarım: (Digital agriculture): veri toplama
b. Akıllı tarım: (Smart/precision farming): hassas uygulamalar

Bilişim teknolojileri
Biyoteknoloj
2. Agricultural revaluation/s

Endüstri, 4.0 yolunda tarımsal teknoloji dönüşümü

3. Relation between agricultute and civiliziaton

Foraging is hard. It takes a long time to find the food and materials needed to feed a
village. Foragers often have to walk long distances to get everything they need.
Throughout the year, they had to move from place to place as they used up resources
or to follow the seasons. It is not an easy life.
One day, someone came up with the idea of farming. It is easy to assume farming
always existed, but it hasn’t. Humans invented agriculture. Farming enabled people to
grow all the food they needed in one place, with a much smaller group of people. This
led to massive population growth, creating cities and trade.
Since not everyone in a community was needed to run a farm, this freed up some
people to specialize in other things, like government, armies and the arts. Civilizations
were born.
Wherever agriculture flourished, humans came together in larger populations,
stockpiled resources, and developed complex infrastructures. Farming radically
transformed almost every aspect of human society.
3. Relation between agriculture
and civiliziaton
3. Relation between agriculture
and civiliziaton
3. Relation between agriculture and civiliziaton
4. Relation between agriculture and food
1. Agriculture: the science or practice of farming, including cultivation of the soil for the
growing of crops and the rearing of animals to provide food, wool, and other products.
2. Food: any nutritious substance that people or animals eat or drink or that plants absorb
in order to maintain life and growth.
3. Agrifood: whole business activities to produce food by agricultural means.
4. Food security:  Food security is defined as meaning that all people, at all times, have
physical, social, and economic access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food that meets
their food preferences and dietary needs for an active and healthy life. (UN)
5. Food safety: Access to sufficient amounts of safe and nutritious food is key to sustaining
life and promoting good health. Unsafe food containing harmful bacteria, viruses,
parasites or chemical substances can cause more than 200 different diseases (WHO)
6. Agriculture is main source of food production:
4. Relation between agriculture and food
4. Relation between agriculture and food
5. Agriculture and environment
1- Dünya nüfusunda % 40 (9-10 milyar),

2- Gıda talebinde % 60-70,

3- Sera gazı salınımı %160,

4- Küresel ısınma 4 0C,

5- Hastalık ve zararlı baskısında artış.

6- Bitkisel biyoçeşitlilikte % 36,

7-Kişi başına arazi varlığında % 24,

8- Tarımda kullanılan suda %24,

9- Birim alandaki verimde % 8 azalma.

 5. Agriculture and environment

Küresel ısınma ve iklim değişikliği artıyor

Atmosferde
karbondioksit
Biyo-enerji kullanımı yaygınlaşıyor
Fosil yakıtlar Karbonhidrat
Kırsal nüfus azalıyor tüketildiğinde
ve toprak
üretimi için
Solunum esnasında
işlendiğinde atmesfere karbon fotosentezde
Tarım yapan nüfus yaşlanıyor atmesfere
karbon salınır
salınır kullanılır.

Göçler artıyor
Toprak bozunuyor

Sular kirleniyor
Atık ve çürümede
karbondioksit Bitkilerin
İsraf ve kayıp artıyor Fosil yakıtlarda
çürümesi
karbondioksit
Diyet daralıyor
 5. Agriculture and environment

Yıl: 2080 Türkiye:-%15

Kaynak: Graphic by Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal, Projected agriculture in 2080 due to climate change,
UNEP/GRID
6. Agriculture and trade
7. Agricultural ethics

Ethics, simply put, refers to the rightness or wrongness of actions. Persons, groups,
or institutions act ethically when they do “the right thing,” and act wrongly when they
do “the wrong thing.” Obviously, one of the first problems encountered when thinking
about ethics is “What makes actions right or wrong?” This thinking is referred to as
the problem of finding ethical standards or criteria.
Ethical concerns have always been important in agriculture. It is fair to say, however,
that ethics has not always been given an explicit place in the structure of
organizations dedicated to agricultural leadership, decision making, education, and
research.
Ultimately, though, the issue of institutionalizing ethics in the food system comes
down to the responsibility of each of us involved in this system to accept the fact that
if ethical issues are going to be understood, and if ethical conflicts are going to be
resolved, it is our responsibility, within the limits of our place in the system, to
understand and contribute. The word “ethics,” after all, means “way of life.”
 7. Agricultural ethics
 Farm Structure refers to the general social and economic features of agriculture in a given society. These features include the
average size of farms, relative market shares of different-sized farms, numbers of people employed in farming, and whether or not
farms are owner-operated. The situation and rights of farmworkers can also be included here.

 Animal Ethics focuses on the use of animals, the intensive production of meat and poultry, and feed for animals, and impacts on
the environment due to intensive and concentrated production. The “happiness” or welfare of animals would also be included
here.

 Food Safety is an issue because of modern food production-transportation-processing-marketing chains that expose consumers
to chemical additives, microbial pathogens and other human health concerns. Inspection and transparency of food is included
here.

 Environmental Impacts are a great concern and raises many questions in how crop agriculture and livestock production is
managed: locally, nationally and globally. Areas of concern include chemical residues on food, pesticide exposure on workers,
wasteful use of soil and water resources, and untargeted yet obvious impacts on the natural ecosystem and wildlife.

 International Trade is a question of fairness in how rules are set, who sets the rules and who benefits versus those who are
pushed out of the market. The ethical questions revolve around human rights and the equitable distribution of benefits and
harms.

 Food Security is a broad term and covers many aspects of the global food system. The essential question deals with hunger and
how to provide sufficient food for all. The ethical debate swirls around the balance of global trade (and food relief) with
widespread agricultural development. Bioterrorism is also a concern here.

 Agricultural Biotechnology is debated in terms of food safety and consumer consent, the broader environmental effects of its use
in crop and livestock production, its impact on the structure of agriculture, and its potential to address problems of hunger basis.
 8. Food security

1.Food insecurty: the state of being without reliable access to a sufficient quantity of affordable, nutritious food.
2.Hunger: a feeling of discomfort or weakness caused by lack of food, coupled with the desire to eat. "more
than 800 million people live every day with hunger or food insecurity as their constant companion"
 8. Food security

Food security:  Food security is defined as meaning that all people, at all times, have physical, social, and
economic access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food that meets their food preferences and dietary needs
for an active and healthy life. Food securty could be evaluated basis on four main pillars or colons as listed;

Affordability: Measures the ability of consumers to purchase food, their vulnerability to price shocks and the presence of
programmes and policies to support consumers when shocks occur.

Availability: Measures agricultural production and on-farm capabilities, the risk of supply disruption, national
capacity to disseminate food and research efforts to expand agricultural output.

Quality and Safety: Measures the variety and nutritional quality of average diets, as well as the safety of
food.

Sustainability and Adaptation: Assesses a country's exposure to the impacts of climate change; its
susceptibility to natural resource risks; and how the country is adapting to these risks.
8. Food security

https://impact.economist.com/sustainability/project/food-security-index/
 8. Food security
When food safety cannot be ensured; 1-
Nutritional disorders
2- Increase in health problems
3- Social depression
4- Public order disorder
5- Internal disturbances-Civil wars
6- Mass migrations
7-Wars
8- Famine and mass deaths
9. Conclusion

 Agriculture is the first and most ancient uprush of humanity

 Agriculture and food continue to be an indispensable field of activity for human life.
 The way of production of agricultural and food products is very influential on culture,
civilization, arts and environment.
 Agriculture and food production technology continues to evolve by the new technologies
 Trade in agricultural and food products is the most established and widespread trade
 The production and trade of agricultural and food goods is a well-established and tightly
regulated area since the beginning of the civilization
 The production, standard and use of agricultural and food products are highly variable according to
geography and culture